SLPI in periodontal Ligament is not sleepy during biophysical force-induced tooth movement.

AIM: We aimed to identify a key molecule that maintains periodontal tissue homeostasis during biophysical force-induced tooth movement (BTM) by orchestrating alveolar bone (AB) remodelling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Differential display-PCR was performed to identify key molecules for BTM in rats. To investigate the localization and expression of the identified molecules, immunofluorescence, real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed in rats and human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Functional test and micro-CT analysis were performed to examine the in vivo effects of the identified molecules on BTM. RESULTS: Secretory leucocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI) in the PDL was revealed as a key molecule for BTM-induced AB remodelling. SLPI was enhanced in the PDL under both compression and tension, and downregulated by an adenyl cyclases inhibitor. SLPI induced osteoblastogenic genes including runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and synergistically augmented tension-induced Runx2 expression. SLPI augmented mineralization in PDL cells. SLPI induced osteoclastogenic genes including receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) and synergistically augmented the compression-induced RANKL and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF) expression. Finally, the in vivo SLPI application into the AB significantly augmented BTM. CONCLUSIONS: SLPI or its inhibitors might serve as a biological target molecule for therapeutic interventions to modulate BTM.

Digital panoramic radiographs are useful for diagnosis of osteoporosis in Korean postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether digital panoramic radiographs could be used for the diagnosis of osteoporosis through evaluation of the radiographs based on the correlation with bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS: One hundred and ninety-four post-menopausal women were selected from participants who had participated in the Dong-gu study. Panoramic radiographic indices measured are mental index (MI), mandibular cortical index (MCI) and simple visual estimation (SVE). BMD at the lumbar spine and proximal femur was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The Pearson's correlation test was performed to analyse the correlation between MI and age and BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and total hip. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to analyse the association of MI, MCI and SVE with BMD after adjusting for age, height and weight. To determine the optimal cut-off point of MI for the diagnosis of osteoporosis, the receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed. RESULTS: The MI was positively correlated with BMDs: lumbar spine: r = 0.36, femoral neck: r = 0.59 and total hip: r = 0.58 (p < 0.001). As age increased, MI decreased (r = -0.46). BMD at the lumbar spine and total hip were significantly lower in participants with reduction of mandibular width, thinning and resorption of mandibular cortex by the MI, SVE and MCI, respectively. The optimal cut-off value of MI for the diagnosis of spinal osteoporosis was 2.22 mm. CONCLUSION: Thickness and morphological changes of mandibular inferior cortical bone are associated with BMD, independent of age, height and weight. These results suggest that MI, MCI and SVE may be useful indices for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in a Korean population.

Periodontal disease associated with blood glucose levels in urban Koreans aged 50 years and older: the Dong-gu study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of periodontal disease and the number of teeth present with the risk of prediabetes and diabetes as well as with blood glucose and HbA1c levels in adult Koreans. BACKGROUND: The relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes has not been fully elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 5535 participants aged ≥50 years were obtained from 2008 to 2010. Periodontal status was measured as pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and bleeding on probing (BOP) recorded. The percentage of sites with a PD ≥4 mm, CAL ≥4 mm (CAL4) and BOP (BOP%) were recorded. Participants were divided into three groups according to PD4, CAL4 and BOP% measurements. Number of teeth present was divided into four groups. Participants were classified as normoglycaemic, prediabetic or diabetic based on HbA1c and fasting glucose levels. RESULTS: After full adjustment, the highest tertile of CAL4 (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.18-2.02, p < 0.001), PD4 (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.26-1.97, p < 0.001) and BOP% (OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.07-1.75, p = 0.012) had significantly increased odds of diabetes. The number of teeth present was inversely related to diabetes (p < 0.001) and prediabetes (p = 0.032) risk. Periodontal disease severity was positively associated with HbA1c and glucose levels. The number of teeth present was positively associated with HbA1c, but not glucose, levels. CONCLUSION: Periodontal disease and the number of teeth present are associated with an increased risk of diabetes and increased blood glucose and HbA1c levels in Koreans aged ≥50 years.

Relationship between periodontal disease and subclinical atherosclerosis: the Dong-gu study.

AIM: We assessed the association of periodontal disease and number of missing teeth with subclinical atherosclerosis in an adult Korean population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 5404 individuals aged ≥50 years were obtained from the 2008-2010 Dong-gu study. Periodontal examinations were conducted to determine the number of missing teeth, pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP). The percentages of sites with PD ≥ 4 mm (PD 4%), CAL ≥ 4 mm (CAL 4%), and BOP (BOP%) were recorded for each participant. B-mode ultrasound was performed to determine common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA IMT) and the presence of carotid plaques. Multivariate linear regression models were used to assess the associations between periodontal parameters and CCA IMT and carotid plaque. RESULTS: Number of missing teeth was associated with increased CCA IMT, and BOP% was associated with increased CCA IMT in females only. This association was robust in never smokers. CONCLUSIONS: The number of missing teeth was associated with CCA IMT, and BOP% was associated with CCA IMT in females only. These associations were robust in never smokers. Our results suggest that tooth loss due to oral disease may play a role in subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.

The association between periodontal disease, tooth loss and bone mineral density in a Korean population.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate whether clinical attachment loss (CAL), a measure of the severity of periodontal disease or number of teeth present is associated with bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS: The study population consisted of 5383 people aged 50 years and older who participated in the Dong-gu Study. BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Oral examination included assessments of the number of teeth present and CAL. Number of teeth present was categorized into three equal categories. CAL values were divided into tertiles in terms of the percentage of sites with CAL ≥4 mm. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the adjusted means of BMD according to the tooth number and the tertiles of CAL. RESULTS: There was a significant association between the number of teeth present and BMD in men. Compared with men with 22 or more teeth, men with 10 and less teeth had lower BMD. CAL was significantly associated with lower BMD at the lumbar spine in women. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that tooth loss and CAL were associated with low BMD. However, the magnitude of these associations was relatively small and the clinical significance was unclear.

Nitric oxide-induced apoptosis of human dental pulp cells is mediated by the mitochondria-dependent pathway.

Nitric oxide (NO) is recognized as a mediator and regulator of inflammatory responses. NO is produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and NOS is abundantly expressed in the human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). NO produced by NOS can be cytotoxic at higher concentrations to HDPCs. However, the mechanism by which this cytotoxic pathway is activated in cells exposed to NO is not known. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the NO-induced cytotoxic mechanism in HDPCs. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, reduced the viability of HDPCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We investigated the in vitro effects of nitric oxide on apoptosis of cultured HDPCs. Cells showed typical apoptotic morphology after exposure to SNP. Besides, the number of Annexin V positive cells was increased among the SNP-treated HDPCs. SNP enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) ameliorated the decrement of cell viability induced by SNP. However, a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (ODQ) did not inhibited the decrement of cell viability induced by SNP. SNP increased cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 expression levels. Moreover, SNP-treated HDPCs elevated activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9. While pretreatment with inhibitors of caspase (z-VAD-fmk, z-DEVD-fmk) reversed the NO-induced apoptosis of HDPCs. From these results, it can be suggested that NO induces apoptosis of HDPCs through the mitochondria-dependent pathway mediated by ROS and Bcl-2 family, but not by the cyclic GMP pathway.

Optimal concentration of mesenchymal stem cells for fracture healing in a rat model with long bone fracture.

BACKGROUND: There is still no consensus on which concentration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to use for promoting fracture healing in a rat model of long bone fracture. AIM: To assess the optimal concentration of MSCs for promoting fracture healing in a rat model. METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into four groups according to MSC concentrations: Normal saline (C), 2.5 × 106 (L), 5.0 × 106 (M), and 10.0 × 106 (H) groups. The MSCs were injected directly into the fracture site. The rats were sacrificed at 2 and 6 wk post-fracture. New bone formation [bone volume (BV) and percentage BV (PBV)] was evaluated using micro-computed tomography (CT). Histological analysis was performed to evaluate fracture healing score. The protein expression of factors related to MSC migration [stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-ß1)] and angiogenesis [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] was evaluated using western blot analysis. The expression of cytokines associated with osteogenesis [bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), TGF-ß1 and VEGF] was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Micro-CT showed that BV and PBV was significantly increased in groups M and H compared to that in group C at 6 wk post-fracture (P = 0.040, P = 0.009; P = 0.004, P = 0.001, respectively). Significantly more cartilaginous tissue and immature bone were formed in groups M and H than in group C at 2 and 6 wk post-fracture (P = 0.018, P = 0.010; P = 0.032, P = 0.050, respectively). At 2 wk post-fracture, SDF-1, TGF-ß1 and VEGF expression were significantly higher in groups M and H than in group L (P = 0.031, P = 0.014; P < 0.001, P < 0.001; P = 0.025, P < 0.001, respectively). BMP-2 and VEGF expression were significantly higher in groups M and H than in group C at 6 wk post-fracture (P = 0.037, P = 0.038; P = 0.021, P = 0.010). Compared to group L, TGF-ß1 expression was significantly higher in groups H (P = 0.016). There were no significant differences in expression levels of chemokines related to MSC migration, angiogenesis and cytokines associated with osteogenesis between M and H groups at 2 and 6 wk post-fracture. CONCLUSION: The administration of at least 5.0 × 106 MSCs was optimal to promote fracture healing in a rat model of long bone fractures.

Response of fetal rat calvarial cells to nanotubular titanium oxide surface.

This study examined the cell response to a TiO2 nanotubular surface (Ti-NT) for future biomedical applications. The level of cell attachment and spreading at 20 min and 60 min was evaluated by SEM. IL-6 and PGE2 secretion was evaluated by ELISA. In SEM analysis, the Ti-NT surface had more fully spread cells compared to the machined titanium surface (Ti-S). ELISA revealed that the level of IL-6 and PGE2 production was higher on the Ti-NT than on the Ti-S. These results suggest that a surface treatment with a nanotubular TiO2 surface enhances the early osteoblast responses, such as cell spreading and cytokine release, which are important for subsequent cell functions and bone healing in vivo.

Effect of a Er, Cr:YSGG laser and a Er:YAG laser treatment on oral biofilm-contaminated titanium.

OBJECTIVE: Implant surface decontamination is a challenging procedure for therapy of peri-implant disease. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of decontamination on oral biofilm-contaminated titanium surfaces in Er:YAG laser, Er, Cr:YSGG laser, and plastic curette. METHODOLOGY: For oral biofilms formation, six participants wore an acrylic splint with eight titanium discs in the maxillary arch for 72 hours. A total of 48 contaminated discs were distributed among four groups: untreated control; decontamination with plastic curettes; Er, Cr:YSGG laser; and Er:YAG laser irradiation. Complete plaque removal was estimated using naked-eye and the time taken was recorded; the residual plaque area was measured and the morphological alteration of the specimen surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The total bacterial load and the viability of adherent bacteria were quantified by live or dead cell labeling with fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: The mean treatment time significantly decreased based on the treatment used in the following order: Er:YAG, Er, Cr:YSGG laser, and plastic curettes (234.9±25.4 sec, 156.1±12.7 sec, and 126.4±18.6 sec, P=0.000). The mean RPA in the Er, Cr:YSGG laser group (7.0±2.5%) was lower than Er:YAG and plastic curettes groups (10.3±2.4%, 12.3±3.6%, p=0.023). The viable bacteria on the titanium surface after Er, Cr:YSGG laser irradiation was significantly lower compared to the decontamination with plastic curette (P=0.05) but it was not significantly different from the Er:YAG laser irradiation. CONCLUSION: We found that Er:YAG laser and Er, Cr:YSGG laser irradiation were effective methods for decontaminations without surface alterations.

Inhibitory effect of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14 on the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells through transforming growth factor-beta1.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14 (CXCL14) in pulpal and periodontal cells in vivo and in vitro, and investigate function of CXCL14 and its underlying mechanism in the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells. METHODS: To determine the expression level of CXCL14 in adult rat oral tissues and in hPDL cells after application of biophysical forces, RT-PCR, western blot, and histological analyses were performed. The role of CXCL14 in proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of PDL cells was evaluated by measuring dehydrogenase activity and Alizarin red S staining. RESULTS: Strong immunoreactivity against CXCL14 was observed in the PDL tissues and pulpal cells of rat molar, and attenuated apparently by orthodontic biophysical forces. As seen in rat molar, highly expressed CXCL14 was observed in human dental pulp and hPDL cells, and attenuated obviously by biophysical tensile force. CXCL14 expression in hPDL cells was increased in incubation time-dependent manner. Proliferation of hPDL cells was inhibited dramatically by small interfering (si) RNA against CXCL14. Furthermore, dexamethasone-induced osteogenic mineralization was inhibited by recombinant human (rh) CXCL14, and augmented by CXCL14 siRNA. rhCXCL14 increased transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF- ß1) in hPDL cells. Inhibition of the cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hPDL cells by CXCL14 siRNA and rhCXCL14 were restored by rhTGF-ß1 and SB431542, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that CXCL14 may play roles as a growth factor and a negative regulator of osteogenic differentiation by increasing TGF-ß1 expression in hPDL cells.

Synthesis, structure analyses, and characterization of novel epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) glycosides using the glucansucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-1299CB.

In this study, three epigallocatechin gallate glycosides were synthesized by the acceptor reaction of a glucansucrase produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-1299CB with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and sucrose. Each of these glycosides was then purified, and the structures were assigned as follows: epigallocatechin gallate 7-O-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (EGCG-G1); epigallocatechin gallate 4'-O-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (EGCG-G1'); and epigallocatechin gallate 7,4'-O-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (EGCG-G2). One of these compounds (EGCG-G1) was a novel compound. The EGCG glycosides exhibited similar or slower antioxidant effects, depending on their structures (EGCG > or = EGCG-G1 > EGCG-G1' > EGCG-G2), and also manifested a higher degree of browning resistance than was previously noted in EGCG. Also, EGCG-G1, EGCG-G1', and EGCG-G2 were 49, 55, and 114 times as water soluble, respectively, as EGCG.

Effect of a Er, Cr: YSGG laser and a Er: YAG laser treatment on oral biofilm-contaminated titanium

Abstract Implant surface decontamination is a challenging procedure for therapy of peri-implant disease. Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of decontamination on oral biofilm-contaminated titanium surfaces in Er:YAG laser, Er, Cr:YSGG laser, and plastic curette. Methodology: For oral biofilms formation, six participants wore an acrylic splint with eight titanium discs in the maxillary arch for 72 hours. A total of 48 contaminated discs were distributed among four groups: untreated control; decontamination with plastic curettes; Er, Cr:YSGG laser; and Er:YAG laser irradiation. Complete plaque removal was estimated using naked-eye and the time taken was recorded; the residual plaque area was measured and the morphological alteration of the specimen surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The total bacterial load and the viability of adherent bacteria were quantified by live or dead cell labeling with fluorescence microscopy. Results: The mean treatment time significantly decreased based on the treatment used in the following order: Er:YAG, Er, Cr:YSGG laser, and plastic curettes (234.9±25.4 sec, 156.1±12.7 sec, and 126.4±18.6 sec, P=0.000). The mean RPA in the Er, Cr:YSGG laser group (7.0±2.5%) was lower than Er:YAG and plastic curettes groups (10.3±2.4%, 12.3±3.6%, p=0.023). The viable bacteria on the titanium surface after Er, Cr:YSGG laser irradiation was significantly lower compared to the decontamination with plastic curette (P=0.05) but it was not significantly different from the Er:YAG laser irradiation. Conclusion: We found that Er:YAG laser and Er, Cr:YSGG laser irradiation were effective methods for decontaminations without surface alterations.

Humoral immune responses to periodontal pathogens in the elderly.

PURPOSE: Elderly people are thought to be more susceptible to periodontal disease due to reduced immune function associated with aging. However, little information is available on the nature of immune responses against putative periodontal pathogens in geriatric patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serum IgG antibody responses to six periodontal pathogens in geriatric subjects. METHODS: The study population consisted of 85 geriatric patients and was divided into three groups: 29 mild (MCP), 27 moderate (MoCP) and 29 severe (SCP) chronic periodontitis patients. Serum levels of IgG antibody to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared among the groups. RESULTS: All three groups showed levels of serum IgG in response to P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and P. intermedia that were three to four times higher than levels of IgG to T. forsythia, T. denticola, and F. nucleatum. There were no significant differences among all three groups in IgG response to P. gingivalis (P=0.065), T. forsythia (P=0.057), T. denticola (P=0.1), and P. intermedia (P=0.167), although the IgG levels tended to be higher in patients with SCP than in those with MCP or MoCP (with the exception of those for P. intermedia). In contrast, there were significant differences among the groups in IgG levels in response to F. nucleatum (P=0.001) and A. actinomycetemcomitans (P=0.003). IgG levels to A. actinomycetemcomitans were higher in patients with MCP than in those with MoCP or SCP. CONCLUSIONS: When IgG levels were compared among three periodontal disease groups, only IgG levels to F. nucleatum significantly increased with the severity of disease. On the contrary, IgG levels to A. actinomycetemcomitans decreased significantly in patients with SCP compared to those with MCP. There were no significant differences in the IgG levels for P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola, and P. intermedia among geriatric patients with chronic periodontitis.

Osteoblastic behavior to zirconium coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the surface characteristics and the biocompatibility of zirconium (Zr) coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The zirconium films were developed on Ti-6Al-4V discs using RF magnetron sputtering method. Surface profile, surface composition, surface roughness and surface energy were evaluated. Electrochemical test was performed to evaluate the corrosion behavior. Cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and gene expression of mineralized matrix markers were measured. RESULTS: SEM and EDS analysis showed that zirconium deposition was performed successfully on Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrate. Ti-6Al-4V group and Zr-coating group showed no significant difference in surface roughness (P>.05). Surface energy was significantly higher in Zr-coating group than in Ti-6Al-4V group (P<.05). No difference in cell morphology was observed between Ti-6Al-4V group and Zr-coating group. Cell proliferation was higher in Zr-coating group than Ti-6Al-4V group at 1, 3 and 5 days (P<.05). Zr-coating group showed higher ALP activity level than Ti-6Al-4V group (P<.05). The mRNA expressions of bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteocalcin (OCN) on Zr-coating group increased approximately 1.2-fold and 2.1-fold respectively, compared to that of Ti-6Al-4V group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that zirconium coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy could enhance the early osteoblast responses. This property could make non-toxic metal coatings on Ti-6Al-4V alloy suitable for orthopedic and dental implants.

The correlation of carotid artery calcification on panoramic radiographs and determination of carotid artery atherosclerosis with ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association of carotid artery calcification (CAC) on panoramic radiographs and determine carotid artery atherosclerosis with ultrasonography. STUDY DESIGN: The study included 4050 subjects aged 50 years and older. Panoramic radiographs for the presence of CAC were interpreted. Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT), carotid bulb IMT (CB-IMT), carotid plaques, and the diameter of the common carotid artery (CCA-diameter) were measured by using ultrasonography. RESULTS: CB-IMT was significantly greater in male subjects with CAC than in those without CAC. CCA-diameter was significantly greater in subjects with CAC than in those without CAC in both genders. However, there was no significant difference in CCA-IMT. CAC was associated with carotid plaque (for men, odds ratio [OR] 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-3.36; for women, OR 1.19; 95% CI 0.84-1.67). CONCLUSION: CAC on panoramic radiographs was positively associated with IMT and plaque in men and positively associated with carotid diameter in both sexes. CAC on panoramic radiographs was positively associated with carotid atherosclerosis.

Surface characteristics and bioactivity of an anodized titanium surface.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface properties and biological response of an anodized titanium surface by cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity analysis. METHODS: Commercial pure titanium (Ti) disks were prepared. The samples were divided into an untreated machined Ti group and anodized Ti group. The anodization of cp-Ti was formed using a constant voltage of 270 V for 60 seconds. The surface properties were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and an image analyzing microscope. The surface roughness was evaluated by atomic force microscopy and a profilometer. The contact angle and surface energy were analyzed. Cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase activity were evaluated using mouse MC3T3-E1 cells. RESULTS: The anodized Ti group had a more porous and thicker layer on its surface. The surface roughness of the two groups measured by the profilometer showed no significant difference (P>0.001). The anodized Ti dioxide (TiO2) surface exhibited better corrosion resistance and showed a significantly lower contact angle than the machined Ti surface (P>0.001). Although there was no significant difference in the cell viability between the two groups (P>0.001), the anodized TiO2 surface showed significantly enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the surface modification of Ti by anodic oxidation improved the osteogenic response of the osteoblast cells.

The effects of a novel botanical agent on lipopolysaccharide-induced alveolar bone loss in rats.

BACKGROUND: The development of host-modulatory agents with low risk of adverse effects has been needed to treat periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease. A botanical mixture of extracts from two natural substances, Panax notoginseng and Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, was developed as a novel botanical agent synthesized with anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the botanical mixture on the release of inflammatory cytokines and its inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced alveolar bone loss (ABL) in a rat model. METHODS: Cytotoxicity was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-5(3-carboxymethoxyphenol)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay using human gingival fibroblast (hGF) and human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells. Human acute monocytic leukemia cell line and hGF cells were cultured to assay tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, respectively. Microcomputed tomography analysis and immunofluoresence analysis were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the botanical mixture to inhibit the destruction of alveolar bone and connective tissue in a rat model. RESULTS: The botanical mixture is cytotoxic at concentrations exceeding 2.5 mg/mL (P <0.05). Based on the results from cytotoxicity assay, it can be determined that the pharmacologic ranges of the botanical mixture to be used in all subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments. The botanical mixture reduced the release of TNF-α and IL-6 from human monocytic cells and hGF cells in a dose-dependent manner (P <0.05). The administration of the botanical mixture significantly reduced the alveolar bone loss in a rat model (P <0.05). In groups treated with the botanical mixture, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 was detected along the alveolar bone crest (ABC), but not around the gingival connective tissue, while in the group with LPS-induced ABL, pronounced expression of MMP-9 around the ABC, periodontal ligament, and gingival connective tissue was found. CONCLUSIONS: The botanical mixture showed a potential adjunctive effect in the treatment of periodontitis. However, the present findings are obtained in vitro and in a rat model, so further clinical study is needed for its clinical application.

Quantitative analysis of periodontal pathogens present in the saliva of geriatric subjects.

PURPOSE: At present, information regarding periodontal disease in geriatric patients is scarce. The purpose of this study was to quantify the periodontal pathogens present in the saliva of Korean geriatric patients and assess the relationship between the bacterial levels and the periodontal condition. METHODS: Six putative periodontal pathogens were quantified by using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay in geriatric patient groups (>60 years) with mild chronic periodontitis (MCP), moderate chronic periodontitis (MoCP), and severe chronic periodontitis (SCP). The copy numbers of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Prevotella intermedia were measured. RESULTS: It was found that the bacterial copy numbers increased as the severity of the disease increased from MCP to SCP, except for P. intermedia. For P. intermedia, it was found that samples in the MCP group yielded the largest amount. It was also found that the quantities of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola, the so-called "red complex" bacteria, were lower than those of F. nucleatum, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and P. intermedia in all of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, the results of this study suggest that the levels of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, F. nucleatum, and T. denticola present in saliva are associated with the severity of periodontal disease in geriatric patients.

Surface characteristics of thermally treated titanium surfaces.

PURPOSE: The characteristics of oxidized titanium (Ti) surfaces varied according to treatment conditions such as duration time and temperature. Thermal oxidation can change Ti surface characteristics, which affect many cellular responses such as cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the surface characteristics and cell response of thermally treated Ti surfaces. METHODS: The samples were divided into 4 groups. CONTROL: machined smooth titanium (Ti-S) was untreated. Group I: Ti-S was treated in a furnace at 300℃ for 30 minutes. Group II: Ti-S was treated at 500℃ for 30 minutes. Group III: Ti-S was treated at 750℃ for 30 minutes. A scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and X-ray diffraction were used to assess surface characteristics and chemical composition. The water contact angle and surface energy were measured to assess physical properties. RESULTS: The titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) thickness increased as the treatment temperature increased. Additional peaks belonging to rutile TiO(2) were only found in group III. The contact angle in group III was significantly lower than any of the other groups. The surface energy significantly increased as the treatment temperature increased, especially in group III. In the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, after 24 hours of incubation, the assessment of cell viability showed that the optical density of the control had a higher tendency than any other group, but there was no significant difference. However, the alkaline phosphatase activity increased as the temperature increased, especially in group III. CONCLUSIONS: Consequently, the surface characteristics and biocompatibility increased as the temperature increased. This indicates that surface modification by thermal treatment could be another useful method for medical and dental implants.

A case of squamous cell carcinoma presenting as localized severe periodontitis in the maxillary gingiva.

BACKGROUND: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity. The clinical features of gingival SCC include alveolar bone loss and erythematous lesion. Therefore, gingival SCC sometimes presents as advanced periodontitis. This case report describes a patient diagnosed with gingival SCC after the extraction of molars presenting as being affected by localized severe periodontitis. METHODS: The patient was a 61-year-old man whose chief complaint was pain in the left maxillary area. Clinical and radiographic examinations revealed common findings of a periodontal abscess on the left maxillary first and second molars. These teeth were extracted based on a diagnosis of a periodontal abscess. Three months later, a rapidly growing exophytic soft tissue mass was observed, and a biopsy of the mass was performed. RESULTS: According to the biopsy, the final diagnosis was a well-differentiated SCC. The patient was treated with a partial maxillectomy of the left maxilla and split-thickness skin graft. Two years after treatment, the patient remained free of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Gingival SCC is quite different from other forms of SCC, mimicking localized periodontal disease. Therefore, it can be misdiagnosed as localized periodontal disease and is generally discovered after extracting teeth. Therefore, clinicians must diagnose these lesions carefully and follow up with the patient after tooth extraction.