RESUMO
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can have long-term impacts on a person's mental health, which extend into adulthood. There is a high prevalence of ACEs among service members. Further, service members also report frequently experiencing disrupted sleep. We hypothesized that disrupted sleep may serve a mechanistic function connecting ACEs to functional impairment and poorer mental health. In a cross-sectional sample (n = 759), we found evidence for an indirect effect of ACEs on mental health outcomes through disrupted sleep. In a different sample using two time-points (n = 410), we found evidence for an indirect effect of ACEs on changes in mental health outcomes and functional impairment during a reset period, through changes in disrupted sleep during the same period. Implications, limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Assuntos
Experiências Adversas da Infância/psicologia , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Saúde Mental/normas , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Militares , Prevalência , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Surprisingly little is known about transgender attitudes, partly due to a need for improved measures of beliefs about transgender people. Four studies introduce a novel Implicit Association Test (IAT) assessing implicit attitudes toward transgender people. Study 1 (N = 294) found significant implicit and explicit preferences for cisgender over transgender people, both of which correlated with transphobia and transgender-related policy support. Study 2 (N = 1,094) found that implicit transgender attitudes predicted similar outcomes among participants reporting no explicit preference for cisgender versus transgender people. Across Study 3a (N = 5,647) and Study 3b (N = 2,276), implicit transgender attitudes predicted multiple outcomes, including gender essentialism, contact with transgender people, and support for transgender-related policies, over and above explicit attitudes. This work introduces a reliable means of measuring implicit transgender attitudes and illustrates how these attitudes independently predict meaningful beliefs and experiences.