Association between skin barrier development and early-onset atopic dermatitis: A longitudinal birth cohort study.

BACKGROUND: A diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (AD) is common during infancy; however, it is unclear whether differential skin barrier development defines this period and signals disease onset in predisposed individuals. OBJECTIVE: We sought to study (NCT03143504) and assess the feasibility of remote skin testing from birth to monitor skin barrier maturation and model association with an AD diagnosis by age 12 months. METHODS: Biophysical testing and infrared spectroscopy were conducted at the maternity ward and family home. Tape stripping collected samples for desquamatory protease and natural moisturizing factor analysis. The 4 common European filaggrin risk alleles were screened. RESULTS: A total of 128 infants completed the study, with 20% developing mild disease. Significant changes in permeability barrier function, desquamatory protease activity, and molecular composition assessed spectroscopically were observed longitudinally, but only subtle evidence of differential skin barrier development was noted between infant subgroups. Common filaggrin risk alleles were strongly associated with early-onset disease and conferred a significant reduction in natural moisturizing factor and water content by age 4 weeks. Accounting for a family history of atopy, these parameters alongside a greater lipid/protein ratio and reduced chymotrypsin-like activity at birth were associated with AD. Measured in ambient conditions, transepidermal water loss did not signal disease risk at any stage. CONCLUSIONS: Skin barrier dysfunction lacked an acquired modality but was considered proportional to cohort severity and suggests that a portfolio of tests used in a community setting has the potential to improve current AD risk evaluations from birth.

A prospective observational cohort study comparing the treatment effectiveness and safety of ciclosporin, dupilumab and methotrexate in adult and paediatric patients with atopic dermatitis: results from the UK-Irish A-STAR register.

BACKGROUND: The main conventional systemic atopic dermatitis (AD) treatments are methotrexate (MTX) and ciclosporin (CyA). Dupilumab was the first novel systemic agent to enter routine clinical practice. There are no head-to-head randomised controlled trials or real-world studies comparing these agents directly. Network meta-analyses provide indirect comparative efficacy and safety data and have shown strong evidence for dupilumab and CyA. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the real-world clinical effectiveness and safety of CyA, dupilumab and MTX in AD. METHODS: We compared the effectiveness and safety of these systemic agents in a prospective observational cohort study of adult and paediatric patients recruited into the UK-Irish Atopic eczema Systemic TherApy Register (A-STAR). Treatment effectiveness measures included Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM), Peak Pruritus Numerical Rating Scale (PP-NRS), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and children's DLQI (cDLQI). Minimum duration of treatment was 28 days and follow-up was 12 months. Adjusted Cox-regression was used to compare the hazards of achieving EASI-50, EASI-75 and EASI-90 over time, and linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate changes in efficacy scores. Treatment safety was assessed by examining adverse events (AEs) at follow-up visits. RESULTS: 488 patients (n=311 adults and n=177 children/adolescents) on dupilumab (n=282), methotrexate (n=149), or CyA (n=57) were included. CyA and MTX were primarily used first line, while dupilumab was mainly a second line systemic as per UK National Institute of Clinical and Care Excellence (NICE) recommendations. EASI-50, EASI-75 and EASI-90 were achieved more rapidly in the dupilumab and CyA groups compared to MTX. After adjustment for previous severity, the reduction in EASI, POEM, PP-NRS and DLQI was greater for patients treated with dupilumab compared to MTX. In severe patients the reduction in EASI, POEM, and PP-NRS was even greater with CyA. The incidence of AEs was similar across groups (734, 654 and 594 per 10,000 person-month on CyA, dupilumab and MTX respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This real-world comparison of CyA, dupilumab and MTX in AD suggests that dupilumab is consistently more effective than MTX and that CyA is most effective in very severe disease within one follow-up year.

A Practical Guide to Using Oral JAK Inhibitors for Atopic Dermatitis from the International Eczema Council.

BACKGROUND: Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKinibs) have the potential to dramatically alter the landscape of atopic dermatitis (AD) management due to their promising efficacy results from phase 3 trials and rapid onset of action. However, JAKinibs are not without risk, and their use is not appropriate for all AD patients, making this a medication class that dermatologists should understand and consider when treating patients with moderate-to-severe AD. OBJECTIVE: This consensus expert opinion statement from the International Eczema Council (IEC) provides a pragmatic approach to prescribing JAKinibs, including choosing appropriate patients, dosing, clinical and lab monitoring, as well as long-term use. METHODS: An international cohort of authors from the IEC with expertise in JAKinibs selected topics of interest and were formed into authorship groups covering 10 subsections. The groups performed topic-specific literature reviews, consulted up-to-date adverse event (AE) data, referred to product labels and provided analysis and expert opinion. The manuscript guidance and recommendations were reviewed by all authors as well as the IEC Research Committee. RESULTS: We recommend JAKinibs be considered for patients with moderate to severe AD seeking the benefits of rapid reduction in disease burden and itch, oral administration, and the potential for flexible dosing. Baseline risk factors should be assessed prior to prescribing JAKinibs, including increasing age, venous thromboembolisms, malignancy, cardiovascular health, kidney/liver function, pregnancy and lactation, and immunocompetence. Patients being considered for JAKinib therapy should be current on vaccinations and we provide a generalized framework for laboratory monitoring, though clinicians should consult individual product labels for recommendations as there are variations among the JAKinib class. Patients who achieve disease control should be maintained on the lowest possible dose, as many of the observed AEs occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Future studies are needed in AD patients to assess the durability and safety of continuous long-term use of JAKinibs, combination medication regimens, and the effects of flexible, episodic treatment over time. CONCLUSIONS: The decision to initiate a JAKinib should be shared among patient and provider, accounting for AD severity and personal risk/benefit assessment, including consideration of baseline health risk factors, monitoring requirements and treatment costs.

Clinically Meaningful Responses to Dupilumab Among Children Aged 6 Months to 5 Years with Moderate-to-severe Atopic Dermatitis who did Not Achieve Clear or Almost Clear Skin According to the Investigator's Global Assessment: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Phase 3 Trial.

In young children, atopic dermatitis (AD) imposes a multidimensional burden on many aspects of their quality of life (QoL) and that of their families. LIBERTY AD PRESCHOOL part B was a randomized, double- blinded, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial in 162 children (aged 6 months to 5 years) with moderate-to- severe AD receiving dupilumab or placebo, plus low-potency topical corticosteroids. Post hoc analyses were performed on the full analysis set (FAS) and a subset of patients with Investigator's Global Assessment score > 1 at week 16. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients at week 16 achieving a composite endpoint encompassing clinically meaningful changes in AD signs, symptoms and QoL: ≥ 50% improvement in Eczema Area and Severity Index; and/or ≥ 4-point reduction in worst scratch/itch numerical rating scale; and/or ≥ 6-point reduction in Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index/Infants' Dermatitis Quality of Life Index. Significantly more patients receiving dupilumab vs placebo achieved the composite endpoint in both the FAS (77.7% vs 24.6%, p < 0.0001) and subgroup (68.9% vs 21.5%, p < 0.0001). Dupilumab provided rapid and significant, clinically meaningful improvements in AD signs, symptoms, and QoL in the overall group and subgroup of patients who did not achieve clear or almost clear skin at week 16.

Effects of a pH-Regulating Emollient Cream in Mild Atopic Dermatitis Patients with Moderate Localised Lesions.

INTRODUCTION: Increased skin pH values in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) contribute to poor antimicrobial and permeability barrier functions of the skin. In practice the majority of topical preparations available for dry skin conditions do not provide sufficient pH and buffering capacity for maintaining optimum skin surface conditions. To address this issue, we tested a novel zinc lactobionate preparation to determine whether the regular application would lower skin surface pH, and in doing so improve the condition of lesional skin. METHODS: The assessment for local severity of AD was done with the SCORAD and skin dryness was assessed by capacitance measurement. RESULTS: The results showed that the test product lowered skin pH and improved atopic dermatitis skin lesions from moderate to mild during 2 weeks of application. In the treated area a lowered pH of about 0.85 units was found. Together with the lowering of pH, the local SCORAD significantly improved from 8.3 at average down to 4.0, while on the untreated area only a slight improvement (from 8.2 to 6.4) was found. CONCLUSION: Synergistic effects of the test product's pH lowering and emollient properties might explain the observed improvements of clinical signs of AD and further research against a comparator would allow the specific contribution of pH modulation to these improvements to be unambiguously isolated.

Dupilumab in children aged 6 months to younger than 6 years with uncontrolled atopic dermatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Current systemic treatments for children younger than 6 years with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis that is uncontrolled with topical therapies might have suboptimal efficacy and safety. Dupilumab is approved for older children and adults with atopic dermatitis and for other type 2 inflammatory conditions. We aimed to evaluate efficacy and safety of dupilumab with concomitant low-potency topical corticosteroids in children aged 6 months to younger than 6 years with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. METHODS: This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 3 trial was conducted in 31 hospitals, clinics, and academic institutions in Europe and North America. Eligible patients were aged 6 months to younger than 6 years, with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (Investigator's Global Assessment [IGA] score 3-4) diagnosed according to consensus criteria of the American Academy of Dermatology, and an inadequate response to topical corticosteroids. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to subcutaneous placebo or dupilumab (bodyweight ≥5 kg to <15 kg: 200 mg; bodyweight ≥15 kg to <30 kg: 300 mg) every 4 weeks plus low-potency topical corticosteroids (hydrocortisone acetate 1% cream) for 16 weeks. Randomisation was stratified by age, baseline bodyweight, and region. Patient allocation was done via a central interactive web response system, and treatment allocation was masked. The primary endpoint at week 16 was the proportion of patients with IGA score 0-1 (clear or almost clear skin). The key secondary endpoint (coprimary endpoint for the EU and EU reference market) at week 16 was the proportion of patients with at least a 75% improvement from baseline in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI-75). Primary analyses were done in the full analysis set (ie, all randomly assigned patients, as randomly assigned) and safety analyses were done in all patients who received any study drug. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03346434. FINDINGS: Between June 30, 2020, and Feb 12, 2021, 197 patients were screened for eligibility, 162 of whom were randomly assigned to receive dupilumab (n=83) or placebo (n=79) plus topical corticosteroids. At week 16, significantly more patients in the dupilumab group than in the placebo group had IGA 0-1 (23 [28%] vs three [4%], difference 24% [95% CI 13-34]; p<0·0001) and EASI-75 (44 [53%] vs eight [11%], difference 42% [95% CI 29-55]; p<0·0001). Overall prevalence of adverse events was similar in the dupilumab group (53 [64%] of 83 patients) and placebo group (58 [74%] of 78 patients). Conjunctivitis incidence was higher in the dupilumab group (four [5%]) than the placebo group (none). No dupilumab-related adverse events were serious or led to treatment discontinuation. INTERPRETATION: Dupilumab significantly improved atopic dermatitis signs and symptoms versus placebo in children younger than 6 years. Dupilumab was well tolerated and showed an acceptable safety profile, similar to results in older children and adults. FUNDING: Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.

Emollients for prevention of atopic dermatitis: 5-year findings from the BEEP randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of emollients for preventing atopic dermatitis/eczema is controversial. The Barrier Enhancement for Eczema Prevention trial evaluated the effects of daily emollients during the first year of life on atopic dermatitis and atopic conditions to age 5 years. METHODS: 1394 term infants with a family history of atopic disease were randomized (1:1) to daily emollient plus standard skin-care advice (693 emollient group) or standard skin-care advice alone (701 controls). Long-term follow-up at ages 3, 4 and 5 years was via parental questionnaires. Main outcomes were parental report of a clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis and food allergy. RESULTS: Parents reported more frequent moisturizer application in the emollient group through to 5 years. A clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis between 12 and 60 months was reported for 188/608 (31%) in the emollient group and 178/631 (28%) in the control group (adjusted relative risk 1.10, 95% confidence interval 0.93 to 1.30). Although more parents in the emollient group reported food reactions in the previous year at 3 and 4 years, cumulative incidence of doctor-diagnosed food allergy by 5 years was similar between groups (92/609 [15%] emollients and 87/632 [14%] controls, adjusted relative risk 1.11, 95% confidence interval 0.84 to 1.45). Findings were similar for cumulative incidence of asthma and hay fever. CONCLUSIONS: Daily emollient application during the first year of life does not prevent atopic dermatitis, food allergy, asthma or hay fever.

Safety and efficacy of amlitelimab, a fully human nondepleting, noncytotoxic anti-OX40 ligand monoclonal antibody, in atopic dermatitis: results of a phase IIa randomized placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease with significant unmet need. Blockade of the OX40-OX40 ligand (OX40L) costimulation pathway by targeting OX40L on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with a fully human noncytotoxic, nondepleting anti-OX40L monoclonal antibody (amlitelimab; SAR445229; KY1005) is a novel way to modulate persistent inflammation. OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety and efficacy of amlitelimab over 16 weeks in adults with AD in a phase IIa double-blind placebo-controlled study. METHODS: The study was conducted at 19 hospitals in Germany, Poland, Spain and the UK. Eligible patients with moderate-to-severe AD were randomized (1 : 1 : 1) to low-dose intravenous (IV) amlitelimab (200 mg), high-dose IV amlitelimab (500 mg) or placebo, followed by three maintenance doses (50% of loading dose) at 4, 8 and 12 weeks, with safety follow-up to week 36. The co-primary endpoints were the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (all patients who received ≥ 1 dose of the study drug) and mean percentage change in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) to week 16 (full analysis set). RESULTS: Between 13 December 2018 and 12 May 2020, 89 patients were randomly assigned to low- (n = 29) or high-dose amlitelimab (n = 30) or placebo (n = 29), of whom 88 proceeded to treatment [37 women (42%), 51 (58%) men; mean (SD) age 33.6 (11.9) years]. Amlitelimab was generally well tolerated with an unremarkable safety profile; no hypersensitivity events were reported. For the primary endpoint, the least square mean percentage change in EASI from baseline to week 16 was -80.12% [95% confidence interval (CI) -95.55 to -64.68; P = 0.009 vs. placebo] and -69.97% (95% CI -85.04 to -54.60; P = 0.07 vs. placebo) for the low- (n = 27) and high-dose (n = 27) amlitelimab groups, respectively, vs. -49.37% (95% CI -66.02 to -32.72) for placebo (n = 24). Numerically greater reductions in EASI were observed for amlitelimab vs. placebo from weeks 2 to 16. CONCLUSIONS: Novel targeting of OX40L-expressing APCs with amlitelimab was well tolerated and resulted in clinically meaningful improvements in AD.

Efficacy and safety of ciclosporin versus methotrexate in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis in children and young people (TREAT): a multicentre parallel group assessor-blinded clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Conventional systemic drugs are used to treat children and young people (CYP) with severe atopic dermatitis (AD) worldwide, but no robust randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence exists regarding their efficacy and safety in this population. While novel therapies have expanded therapeutic options, their high cost means traditional agents remain important, especially in lower-resource settings. OBJECTIVES: To compare the safety and efficacy of ciclosporin (CyA) with methotrexate (MTX) in CYP with severe AD in the TREatment of severe Atopic Eczema Trial (TREAT) trial. METHODS: We conducted a parallel group assessor-blinded RCT in 13 UK and Irish centres. Eligible participants aged 2-16 years and unresponsive to potent topical treatment were randomized to either oral CyA (4 mg kg-1 daily) or MTX (0.4 mg kg-1 weekly) for 36 weeks and followed-up for 24 weeks. Co-primary outcomes were change from baseline to 12 weeks in Objective Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (o-SCORAD) and time to first significant flare (relapse) after treatment cessation. Secondary outcomes included change in quality of life (QoL) from baseline to 60 weeks; number of participant-reported flares following treatment cessation; proportion of participants achieving ≥ 50% improvement in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI 50) and ≥ 75% improvement in EASI (EASI 75); and stratification of outcomes by filaggrin status. RESULTS: In total, 103 participants were randomized (May 2016-February 2019): 52 to CyA and 51 to MTX. CyA showed greater improvement in disease severity by 12 weeks [mean difference in o-SCORAD -5.69, 97.5% confidence interval (CI) -10.81 to -0.57 (P = 0.01)]. More participants achieved ≥ 50% improvement in o-SCORAD (o-SCORAD 50) at 12 weeks in the CyA arm vs. the MTX arm [odds ratio (OR) 2.60, 95% CI 1.23-5.49; P = 0.01]. By 60 weeks MTX was superior (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13-0.85; P = 0.02), a trend also seen for ≥ 75% improvement in o-SCORAD (o-SCORAD 75), EASI 50 and EASI 75. Participant-reported flares post-treatment were higher in the CyA arm (OR 3.22, 95% CI 0.42-6.01; P = 0.02). QoL improved with both treatments and was sustained after treatment cessation. Filaggrin status did not affect outcomes. The frequency of adverse events (AEs) was comparable between both treatments. Five (10%) participants on CyA and seven (14%) on MTX experienced a serious AE. CONCLUSIONS: Both CyA and MTX proved effective in CYP with severe AD over 36 weeks. Participants who received CyA showed a more rapid response to treatment, while MTX induced more sustained disease control after discontinuation.

Characterisation of skin barrier defects in atopic dermatitis patients using Infrared Spectroscopy.

INTRODUCTION: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterised by skin barrier defects often measured by biophysical tools that observe stratum corneum (SC) functional properties. OBJECTIVE: To employ in vivo infrared spectroscopy alongside biophysical measurements to analyse changes in chemical composition of the SC in relation to AD severity. METHODS: We conducted an observational cross-sectional cohort study where attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy measurements were collected on the forearm alongside surface pH, capacitance, erythema and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) combined with tape stripping (STS) in a cohort of 75 participants; 55 AD patients stratified by phenotypic severity, compared to 20 healthy controls. Common filaggrin (FLG) variant alleles were genotyped. RESULTS: Reduced hydration, elevated TEWL and redness all associated with greater AD severity. Spectral analysis showed a reduction in 1465cm-1 (full width half maximum) and 1340 cm-1 peak areas indicative of less orthorhombic lipid ordering and reduced carboxylate functional groups that correlated with clinical severity (lipid structure r=-0.59, carboxylate peak area r=-0.50). CONCLUSION: ATR-FTIR spectroscopy is a suitable tool for the characterisation of structural skin barrier defects in AD and has potential as a clinical tool for directing individual treatments based on chemical structural deficiencies.

Early improvements in signs and symptoms predict clinical response to baricitinib in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Early prediction of therapeutic response can optimize treatment strategies in atopic dermatitis (AD). Baricitinib is approved for moderate-to-severe AD in Europe, Japan and other countries. OBJECTIVES: To identify early clinical improvements that can reliably predict a later clinical response to baricitinib in adults with moderate-to-severe AD. METHODS: Using data from one topical corticosteroid combination study [BREEZE-AD7 (NCT03733301)] and data pooled from two monotherapy studies [(BREEZE-AD1 (NCT03334396) and BREEZE-AD2 (NCT03334422)], we calculated the sensitivity and specificity, along with the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), of predefined changes in single and combined clinical scores at weeks 2, 4 and 8, to predict clinical response at week 16. Clinical response was defined as ≥ 75% improvement in Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI 75), ≥ 4-point improvement in Itch Numeric Rating Scale (Itch NRS ≥ 4), or a combination of both. RESULTS: Composite predictors had higher predictive accuracy for week 16 response outcomes than did single parameters. This was evident as early as week 4 for the combination of EASI 50 or Itch NRS ≥ 3 and of validated Investigator Global Assessment for AD (vIGA-AD) score ≤ 2 or Itch NRS ≥ 3 (sensitivity 87-100%; NPV 68-100%). The predictive accuracy of these composite clinical predictors for week 16 response outcomes was highest at week 8 (sensitivity 92-100%; NPV 80-100%). At both weeks 4 and 8, EASI 50 or Itch NRS ≥ 3 had higher sensitivity and NPV than did vIGA-AD score ≤ 2 or Itch NRS ≥ 3. CONCLUSIONS: Improvement in signs and symptoms early during treatment with baricitinib 4 mg once daily predicts clinical response at week 16, providing a tool for dermatologists when choosing treatment strategies for patients with moderate-to-severe AD.

A real-world retrospective observational study exploring NHS resource use in England for the management of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in secondary care for children and adolescents.

PURPOSE: To describe secondary care health care resource utilization (HCRU) for children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis (AD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This UK chart review of patients with moderate-to-severe AD was conducted in four National Health Service hospitals. Cohorts were defined by age (children 6-11 years, adolescents 12-17) at first consultation. Eligible patients were selected consecutively, starting with the most recently consulting patient. At least 12 months' data were abstracted from medical records. Data were collected on HCRU, demographics/clinical characteristics, treatment, and patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS: Data were abstracted for 55 patients. Most patients (80%) had severe AD at first referral, a mean (SD) of 3.2 (10.7) patient-reported flare episodes/patient/year-of-observation, and 18.5 (16.7) tests/scans/procedures/patient/year. Mean (SD) observation duration was 3.6 (1.8) years. Patients had tried mean (SD) 7.9 (5.3) treatments/patient/year of observation. Topical corticosteroids (TCS; 24.5% of prescriptions) were most frequently prescribed. Mean (SD) use of emollients/moisturizers, TCS, systemic corticosteroids, and systemic immunosuppressants was 30.9 (21.3), 21.1 (23.4), 1.7 (8.3), and 7.8 (8.2) months. There was a mean (SD) of 5.3 (2.9) consultations/patient/year-of-observation; 116 (10.7%) for flare. Most hospitalizations (87.5%) were for children; the 8/55 (15%) hospitalized patients (mean 2.0 hospitalizations/patient during observation period) spent 6.2 (SD: 5.1) nights in hospital/hospitalization. Earliest mean (SD) Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index score was 15.3 (7.2); latest was 12.9 (7.5). CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents with moderate-to-severe AD had a high HCRU burden and small changes in quality of life, indicating that current treatments may provide suboptimal AD control in most cases.

Proposal of 0.5 mg of protein/100 g of processed food as threshold for voluntary declaration of food allergen traces in processed food-A first step in an initiative to better inform patients and avoid fatal allergic reactions: A GA²LEN position paper.

BACKGROUND: Food anaphylaxis is commonly elicited by unintentional ingestion of foods containing the allergen above the tolerance threshold level of the individual. While labeling the 14 main allergens used as ingredients in food products is mandatory in the EU, there is no legal definition of declaring potential contaminants. Precautionary allergen labeling such as "may contain traces of" is often used. However, this is unsatisfactory for consumers as they get no information if the contamination is below their personal threshold. In discussions with the food industry and technologists, it was suggested to use a voluntary declaration indicating that all declared contaminants are below a threshold of 0.5 mg protein per 100 g of food. This concentration is known to be below the threshold of most patients, and it can be technically guaranteed in most food production. However, it was also important to assess that in case of accidental ingestion of contaminants below this threshold by highly allergic patients, no fatal anaphylactic reaction could occur. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to assess whether a fatal reaction to 5mg of protein or less has been reported, assuming that a maximum portion size of 1kg of a processed food exceeds any meal and thus gives a sufficient safety margin. METHODS: MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched until 24 January 2021 for provocation studies and case reports in which one of the 14 major food allergens was reported to elicit fatal or life-threatening anaphylactic reactions and assessed if these occurred below the ingestion of 5mg of protein. A Delphi process was performed to obtain an expert consensus on the results. RESULTS: In the 210 studies included, in our search, no reports of fatal anaphylactic reactions reported below 5 mg protein ingested were identified. However, in provocation studies and case reports, severe reactions below 5 mg were reported for the following allergens: eggs, fish, lupin, milk, nuts, peanuts, soy, and sesame seeds. CONCLUSION: Based on the literature studied for this review, it can be stated that cross-contamination of the 14 major food allergens below 0.5 mg/100 g is likely not to endanger most food allergic patients when a standard portion of food is consumed. We propose to use the statement "this product contains the named allergens in the list of ingredients, it may contain traces of other contaminations (to be named, e.g. nut) at concentrations less than 0.5 mg per 100 g of this product" for a voluntary declaration on processed food packages. This level of avoidance of cross-contaminations can be achieved technically for most processed foods, and the statement would be a clear and helpful message to the consumers. However, it is clearly acknowledged that a voluntary declaration is only a first step to a legally binding solution. For this, further research on threshold levels is encouraged.

Enhancement of stratum corneum lipid structure improves skin barrier function and protects against irritation in adults with dry, eczema-prone skin.

BACKGROUND: The skin of patients with atopic dermatitis is characterized by abnormal stratum corneum lipid levels. Consequently, the lamellar matrices are disrupted and skin barrier function is diminished, increasing skin sensitivity to irritants and allergens. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether a cream containing ceramides, triglycerides and cholesterol in a multivesicular emulsion can reinforce the skin barrier and protect against skin irritation. METHODS: A randomized observer-blind intrapatient-controlled study in 34 adults with dry, eczema-prone skin was conducted. Each participant underwent 4 weeks of treatment with the test cream on one forearm and lower leg and a reference emollient cream on the other. Skin properties were determined before and after treatment. Lipid structure was assessed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy using a novel interface. RESULTS: Skin barrier integrity was greater at sites treated with the test cream [effect size for area under the transepidermal water loss curve -162, 95% confidence interval (CI) -206 to -118]. Skin sensitivity to sodium lauryl sulfate was reduced (-0·5 points visual redness, 97·57% CI -1·00 to -0·25), as was transepidermal water loss (-15·3 g m-2 h-1 , 95% CI -20·3 to -10·4) compared with the reference. Sites treated with the test cream displayed enhanced lipid chain ordering, which was significantly associated with skin barrier integrity (r = 0·61). Compared with the reference, treatment with the test cream increased hydration (8·61 capacitance units, 95% CI 6·61-10·6) and decreased signs of dryness. CONCLUSIONS: The test cream facilitates skin barrier restoration and protects the skin from dryness and irritation. Compared with a commonly prescribed emollient in the UK, the test cream is highly suited to the management of dry, sensitive skin.

Different types of emollient cream exhibit diverse physiological effects on the skin barrier in adults with atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Eczema (atopic dermatitis; AD) is a very common itchy skin condition affecting 1 in 5 children and up to 1 in 10 adults worldwide. The skin of eczema sufferers is prone to redness, irritation and dryness because it does not form an effective barrier, i.e. the ability of the skin to stop irritants, allergens and microorganisms getting into the body. Skin barrier dysfunction is a hallmark of AD. The regular and liberal (600 g/week for an adult) use of emollients is recommended for all patients with eczema), even between episodes of itching and redness, to soften and soothe the skin. In England alone, almost 9 million prescriptions for emollient creams were issued in 2018, at a cost of over £50 million. Despite this widespread use, relatively little is known about how commonly prescribed emollient creams affect the skin's barrier, and thus the role of moisturizers in AD development and progression remains unclear. We set out to compare three different types of emollient cream and a no-treatment control. AIM: To compare the barrier-strengthening properties of a new moisturizer containing urea and glycerol (urea-glycerol cream; UGC), with those of a glycerol-containing moisturizer (glycerol cream; GC), a simple paraffin cream (PC) with no humectant, and a no-treatment control (NTC). METHODS: This was an observer-blinded prospective Phase 2 within-subject multilateral single-centre randomized controlled trial in adults with AD (Clinical Trials #NCT03901144). The intervention involved 4 weeks of treatment, twice daily, with the three products applied to one of four areas on the forearms the (the fourth area was the untreated control, randomized allocation). Skin properties [dryness, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hydration and natural moisturizing factor (NMF) levels] were assessed before, during and after treatment to see what happened to the skin's barrier. The primary outcome was skin sensitivity to the irritant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) after treatment. We performed tests on the skin before and after treatment to see what happened to the skin's barrier. RESULTS: In total, 49 patients were randomized, completed treatment and included in the analysis. UGC significantly reduced the response to SLS as indicated by a reduction in TEWL compared with NTC (-9.0 g/m2 /h; 95% CI -12.56 to -5.49), with PC (-9.0 g/m2 /h; 95% CI -12.60 to -5.44) and with GC -4.2 g/m2 /h; 95% CI 7.76 to -0.63). Skin moisturization improved at sites treated with UGC compared with NTC and PC, and this was accompanied by concordant changes in dryness and NMF levels. Subgroup analysis suggested FLG-dependent enhancement of treatment effects. CONCLUSION: The study showed that not all emollient creams for eczema are equal. The simple paraffin-based emollient, which represents the most widely prescribed type of emollient cream in England, had no effect on the skin's barrier and reduced the skin's NMF. UGC markedly improved the skin's barrier and protected against irritation. GC performed better than PC, but not as well as UGC. UGC strengthened the skin barrier through a mechanism involving increased NMF levels in the skin, and imparted protection from SLS-induced irritation. By helping correct a major pathophysiological process, UGC has the potential to improve the long-term control of AD. The results show that different emollient creams have different effects on our skin, and only certain types have the ability to improve the skin's barrier and protect against irritants that trigger eczema.

Infections in children and adolescents treated with dupilumab in pediatric clinical trials for atopic dermatitis-A pooled analysis of trial data.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) have increased risk of cutaneous and extracutaneous infections. Dupilumab has previously been associated with reduced risk of serious/severe infections and non-herpetic skin infections in adults with moderate-to-severe AD. This analysis assessed infection rates with dupilumab versus placebo in pediatric patients with moderate-to-severe and severe AD participating in clinical trials. METHODS: This is a pooled analysis from two 16-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 clinical trials of dupilumab: monotherapy in adolescents aged 12-17 years with moderate-to-severe AD (LIBERTY AD ADOL, NCT03054428) and with concomitant topical corticosteroids in children aged 6-11 years with severe AD (LIBERTY AD PEDS, NCT03345914). Data were pooled according to treatment received: placebo/approved dupilumab doses/other studied dupilumab doses/all dupilumab doses. Exposure-adjusted rates (patients with ≥1 event per 100 patient-years [nP/100 PY]) were used to compare treatment groups. RESULTS: Overall, 612 patients were included: 205 received placebo and 407 received dupilumab (261 received approved dupilumab doses and 146 received other studied dupilumab doses). Overall infection rates were numerically lower with dupilumab versus placebo (nP/100 PY: placebo, 227; approved dupilumab, 173; other dupilumab, 206; all dupilumab, 184). Total skin infections were numerically less frequent in all dupilumab-treated groups versus placebo (nP/100 PY: placebo, 67; approved dupilumab, 30; other dupilumab, 46; all dupilumab, 36). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that dupilumab treatment in children and adolescents with AD does not increase infection risk overall and is associated with lower rates of skin infections compared with placebo.

Daily emollient during infancy for prevention of eczema: the BEEP randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Skin barrier dysfunction precedes eczema development. We tested whether daily use of emollient in the first year could prevent eczema in high-risk children. METHODS: We did a multicentre, pragmatic, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial in 12 hospitals and four primary care sites across the UK. Families were approached via antenatal or postnatal services for recruitment of term infants (at least 37 weeks' gestation) at high risk of developing eczema (ie, at least one first-degree relative with parent-reported eczema, allergic rhinitis, or asthma, diagnosed by a doctor). Term newborns with a family history of atopic disease were randomly assigned (1:1) to application of emollient daily (either Diprobase cream or DoubleBase gel) for the first year plus standard skin-care advice (emollient group) or standard skin-care advice only (control group). The randomisation schedule was created using computer-generated code (stratified by recruiting centre and number of first-degree relatives with atopic disease) and participants were assigned to groups using an internet-based randomisation system. The primary outcome was eczema at age 2 years (defined by UK working party criteria) with analysis as randomised regardless of adherence to allocation for participants with outcome data collected, and adjusting for stratification variables. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, ISRCTN21528841. Data collection for long-term follow-up is ongoing, but the trial is closed to recruitment. FINDINGS: 1394 newborns were randomly assigned to study groups between Nov 19, 2014, and Nov 18, 2016; 693 were assigned to the emollient group and 701 to the control group. Adherence in the emollient group was 88% (466 of 532) at 3 months, 82% (427 of 519) at 6 months, and 74% (375 of 506) at 12 months in those with complete questionnaire data. At age 2 years, eczema was present in 139 (23%) of 598 infants with outcome data collected in the emollient group and 150 (25%) of 612 infants in the control group (adjusted relative risk 0·95 [95% CI 0·78 to 1·16], p=0·61; adjusted risk difference -1·2% [-5·9 to 3·6]). Other eczema definitions supported the results of the primary analysis. Mean number of skin infections per child in year 1 was 0·23 (SD 0·68) in the emollient group versus 0·15 (0·46) in the control group; adjusted incidence rate ratio 1·55 (95% CI 1·15 to 2·09). INTERPRETATION: We found no evidence that daily emollient during the first year of life prevents eczema in high-risk children and some evidence to suggest an increased risk of skin infections. Our study shows that families with eczema, asthma, or allergic rhinitis should not use daily emollients to try and prevent eczema in their newborn. FUNDING: National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment.

The effect of water hardness on atopic eczema, skin barrier function: A systematic review, meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Hard domestic water has been reported to worsen atopic eczema (AE) and may contribute to its development in early life. OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on the relationship between the effect of water hardness (high calcium carbonate; CaCO3 ) on (a) the risk of developing AE, (b) the treatment of existing AE and (c) skin barrier function in human and animal studies. DESIGN , DATA SOURCES AND ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We systematically searched databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, GREAT and Web of Science) from inception until 30/6/2020. Human and animal observational and experimental studies were included. The primary outcomes were risk of AE and skin barrier function. Studies were meta-analysed using a random effects model. Evidence certainty was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. RESULTS: Sixteen studies were included. Pooled observational data from seven studies on 385,901 participants identified increased odds of AE in children exposed to harder versus softer water (odds ratio 1.28, 95% CI 1.09, 1.50; GRADE certainty: very low). Two mechanistic studies in humans reported higher deposition of the detergent sodium lauryl sulphate in those exposed to harder versus softer water. Two randomized controlled trials comparing water softeners with standard care did not show a significant difference in objective AE severity with softened water (standardized mean difference 0.06 standard deviations higher, 95% CI 0.16 lower to 0.27 higher; GRADE certainty: moderate). CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There was a positive association between living in a hard water (range: 76 to > 350 mg/L CaCO3 ) area and AE in children. There is no evidence that domestic water softeners improve objective disease severity in established AE. There may be a role of water hardness in the initiation of skin inflammation in early life, but there is a need for further longitudinal and interventional studies.

Efficacy and safety of crisaborole in patients with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis and other atopic comorbidities.

Background: Crisaborole is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor that is approved for the treatment of patients with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (AD); however, the efficacy and safety of crisaborole in patients with AD and other atopic comorbidities have not been investigated. Objective: This post hoc pooled analysis of the pivotal phase III studies (CrisADe CORE 1 and CORE 2) assessed the efficacy and safety of crisaborole versus vehicle in patients aged ≥ 2 years with mild-to-moderate AD and other atopic comorbidities. Methods: Patients with mild-to-moderate AD and a medical history of asthma, allergic rhinitis, or food allergies were identified. Efficacy assessments included the proportion of patients who achieved Investigator's Static Global Assessment (ISGA) success at day 29, ISGA clear or almost clear at day 29, and improvement in the Severity of Pruritus Scale score at week 4. Safety was assessed via treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Results: This analysis included 1522 patients (crisaborole, 1016; vehicle, 506); 26.2, 15.9, and 16.5% had a medical history of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies, respectively. The mean age was 12.2 years. A significantly greater proportion of patients treated with crisaborole achieved ISGA success at day 29 compared with patients treated with vehicle for most subgroups analyzed. Furthermore, a significantly greater proportion of patients treated with crisaborole achieved ISGA clear or almost clear at day 29 across all subgroups and demonstrated improvement in the Severity of Pruritus Scale score at week 4 versus patients treated with vehicle in most of the subgroups. Overall, most TEAEs were mild or moderate in severity; the most common treatment-related TEAE in patients with atopic comorbidities was application-site pain (crisaborole, 5.1%; vehicle, 1.7%). Conclusion: Crisaborole was efficacious and well tolerated in patients with mild-to-moderate AD and other atopic comorbidities, which suggested that crisaborole should be considered for the management of AD in this population. Clinical Trials NCT02118766 (CrisADe CORE 1) and NCT02118792 (CrisADe CORE 2), www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Efficacy and safety of dupilumab with concomitant topical corticosteroids in children 6 to 11 years old with severe atopic dermatitis: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Children with severe atopic dermatitis (AD) have limited treatment options. OBJECTIVE: We report the efficacy and safety of dupilumab + topical corticosteroids (TCS) in children aged 6-11 years with severe AD inadequately controlled with topical therapies. METHODS: In this double-blind, 16-week, phase 3 trial (NCT03345914), 367 patients were randomized 1:1:1 to 300 mg dupilumab every 4 weeks (300 mg q4w), a weight-based regimen of dupilumab every 2 weeks (100 mg q2w, baseline weight <30 kg; 200 mg q2w, baseline weight ≥30 kg), or placebo; with concomitant medium-potency TCS. RESULTS: Both the q4w and q2w dupilumab + TCS regimens resulted in clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvement in signs, symptoms, and quality of life (QOL) versus placebo + TCS in all prespecified endpoints. For q4w, q2w, and placebo, 32.8%, 29.5%, and 11.4% of patients, respectively, achieved Investigator's Global Assessment scores of 0 or 1; 69.7%, 67.2%, and 26.8% achieved ≥75% improvement in Eczema Area and Severity Index scores; and 50.8%, 58.3%, and 12.3% achieved ≥4-point reduction in worst itch score. Response to therapy was weight-dependent: optimal dupilumab doses for efficacy and safety were 300 mg q4w in children <30 kg and 200 mg q2w in children ≥30 kg. Conjunctivitis and injection-site reactions were more common with dupilumab + TCS than with placebo + TCS. LIMITATIONS: Short-term 16-week treatment period; severe AD only. CONCLUSION: Dupilumab + TCS is efficacious and well tolerated in children with severe AD, significantly improving signs, symptoms, and QOL.