Factors associated with the need for inotropic support following pulmonary artery banding surgery for CHD.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify factors independently associated with the need for inotropic support for low cardiac output or haemodynamic instability after pulmonary artery banding surgery for CHD. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of all neonates and infants who underwent pulmonary banding between January 2016 and June 2019 at our institution. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify factors independently associated with the use of post-operative inotropic support, defined as the initiation of inotropic infusion(s) for depressed myocardial function, hypotension, or compromised perfusion within 24 hours of pulmonary artery banding. RESULTS: We reviewed 61 patients. Median age at surgery was 10 days (25%,75%:7,30). Cardiac anatomy was biventricular in 38 patients (62%), hypoplastic right ventricle in 14 patients (23%), and hypoplastic left ventricle in 9 patients (15%). Inotropic support was implemented in 30 patients (49%). Baseline characteristics of patients who received inotropic support, including ventricular anatomy and pre-operative ventricular function, were not statistically different from the rest of the cohort. Patients who received inotropic support, however, were exposed to larger cumulative doses of ketamine intraoperatively - median 4.0 mg/kg (25%,75%:2.8,5.9) versus 1.8 mg/kg (25%,75%:0.9,4.5), p < 0.001. In a multivariable model, cumulative ketamine dose greater than 2.5mg/kg was associated with post-operative inotropic support (odds ratio 5.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.7,17.8), independent of total surgery time. CONCLUSIONS: Inotropic support was administered in approximately half of patients who underwent pulmonary artery banding and more commonly occurred in patients who received higher cumulative doses of ketamine intraoperatively, independent of the duration of surgery.

Liposomal bupivacaine reduces opioid requirements following Ravitch repair for pectus excavatum.

Background and Aims: The management of post-operative pain after surgical repair of pectus excavatum with the Ravitch procedure is challenging. Although previous studies have compared various methods of pain control in these patients, few have compared different local anesthetics. This retrospective analysis compares the use of bupivacaine to its longer-acting form, liposomal bupivacaine, in patients who had undergone pectus excavatum repair with the Ravitch method. Material and Methods: Eleven patients who received local infiltration with liposomal bupivacaine were matched to 11 patients who received local infiltration utilizing bupivacaine with epinephrine. The primary outcome was total morphine milligram equivalents per kilogram body weight (MME/kg) over the complete length of hospital stay. Secondary outcomes included total cumulative diazepam, acetaminophen, ondansetron, and NSAID dose per kilogram body weight (mg/kg) over the course of the hospital stay, chest tube drainage (ml/kg body weight), number of post-operative hours until the first bowel movement, Haller Index, patient request for magnesium hydroxide, average pain scores from post-operative day 1 to post-operative day 5, and length of hospital stay. Continuous variables were reported as medians with inter-quartile ranges, and categorical values were reported as percentages and frequencies. Results: The total MME/kg [1.7 (1.2-2.4) vs 2.9 (2.0-3.9), P = 0.007] and hydromorphone (mg/kg) [0.1 (0.0-0.2) vs 0.3 (0.1-0.4), P = 0.006] use in the liposomal bupivacaine group versus bupivacaine with epinephrine was significantly reduced over total length of hospital stay. Similarly, there was a reduction in diazepam use in the liposomal bupivacaine group versus the bupivacaine group [0.4 (0.1-0.8) vs 0.6 (0.4-0.7), P = 0.249], but this did not reach statistical significance. The total dose of ondansetron (mg/kg) was not statistically different when comparing the liposomal bupivacaine group to the bupivacaine group [0.3 (0.0-0.5) vs 0.3 (0.2-0.6), P = 0.332]. Interestingly, the total dose of acetaminophen (mg/kg) was statistically increased in the liposomal bupivacaine group compared to the bupivacaine with epinephrine group [172 (138-183) vs 74 (55-111), P = 0.007]. Additionally, the total chest tube drainage (ml/kg) was significantly reduced in the liposomal bupivacaine group [9.3 (7.5-10.6) vs 12.8 (11.3-18.5), P = 0.027]. Finally, the percentage of patients without requests for magnesium hydroxide to promote laxation was significantly higher in the liposomal bupivacaine group than in the bupivacaine group (63.6% vs 18.2%, P = 0.027). Conclusion: The use of liposomal bupivacaine for local infiltration in patients who undergo the Ravitch procedure for pectus repair offers advantages over plain bupivacaine, including reduced opioid consumption and opioid-related side effects. However, more data are needed to understand the significance of these findings.

Spinal Anesthesia is Superior to General Anesthesia for Percutaneous Achilles Tenotomy in Infants.

BACKGROUND: Concern about the effects of inhaled, halogenated anesthetics on neurodevelopment of infants has renewed interest in regional anesthesia as an alternative to general anesthesia (GA). Infants undergoing percutaneous Achilles tenotomy (PAT) are well suited for spinal anesthesia (SP). METHODS: Thirty infants (mean age: 2.3 mo) undergoing PAT with SP were compared with 15 infants (mean age: 2.0 mo) undergoing PAT with GA. Data collected included perioperative times, heart rate and blood pressure, and the administration of opioids. RESULTS: Ten of 15 GA (67%) patients received perioperative opioids as opposed to 1 of 30 SP patients (3.3%) (P<0.0001). The time from the start of anesthesia to the start of surgery was shorter in the SP group (8.5 vs. 14 min, P<0.0009). The time from the start of anesthesia to first oral intake was shorter in the SP group (12 vs. 31 min, P<0.0033). The time of first phase recovery (phase 1 post anesthesia care unit) was shorter in the SP group (15.5 vs. 34 min, P<0.0026). Surgery time was not significantly different between the groups (SP: 15.5 min, GA: 15 min, P=0.81). CONCLUSION: Infants undergoing PAT with SP received less opioid, did not require an airway device, did not receive potent inhaled, halogenated hydrocarbon anesthetics, and exhibited faster and qualitatively better postoperative recovery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-case control study.