Association of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Perinatal Maternal Depression with Early Childhood Behavioral Problems: An Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Study.

This study examined the association of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), prenatal, and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms with externalizing, internalizing, and autism spectrum problems on the Preschool Child Behavior Checklist in 2379 children aged 4.12 ± 0.60 (48% female; 47% White, 32% Black, 15% Mixed Race, 4% Asian, <2% American Indian/Alaskan Native, <2% Native Hawaiian; 23% Hispanic). Data were collected from the NIH Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program from 2009-2021. GDM, prenatal, and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms were each associated with increased child externalizing and internalizing problems. GDM was associated with increased autism behaviors only among children exposed to perinatal maternal depressive symptoms above the median level. Stratified analyses revealed a relation between GDM and child outcomes in males only.

Gestational diabetes mellitus, prenatal maternal depression, and risk for postpartum depression: an Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Study.

BACKGROUND: Prior research has demonstrated bidirectional associations between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and perinatal maternal depression. However, the association between GDM, prenatal depression, and postpartum depression (PPD) has not been examined in a prospective cohort longitudinally. METHODS: Participants in the current analysis included 5,822 women from the National Institutes of Health's Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Research Program: N = 4,606 with Neither GDM nor Prenatal Maternal Depression (Reference Category); N = 416 with GDM only; N = 689 with Prenatal Maternal Depression only; and N = 111 with Comorbid GDM and Prenatal Maternal Depression. The PROMIS-D scale was used to measure prenatal and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms. Primary analyses consisted of linear regression models to estimate the independent and joint effects of GDM and prenatal maternal depression on maternal postpartum depressive symptoms. RESULTS: A higher proportion of women with GDM were classified as having prenatal depression (N = 111; 21%) compared to the proportion of women without GDM who were classified as having prenatal depression (N = 689; 13%), however this finding was not significant after adjustment for covariates. Women with Comorbid GDM and Prenatal Maternal Depression had significantly increased postpartum depressive symptoms measured by PROMIS-D T-scores compared to women with Neither GDM nor Prenatal Maternal Depression (mean difference 7.02, 95% CI 5.00, 9.05). Comorbid GDM and Prenatal Maternal Depression was associated with an increased likelihood of PPD (OR 7.38, 95% CI 4.05, 12.94). However, women with GDM only did not have increased postpartum PROMIS-D T-scores or increased rates of PPD. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings underscore the importance of universal depression screening during pregnancy and in the first postpartum year. Due to the joint association of GDM and prenatal maternal depression on risk of PPD, future studies should examine potential mechanisms underlying this relation.

Stressful life events and transitions in problematic alcohol use involvement among US adults.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the impact of stressful life events (SLEs) for males and females on transitions in problematic alcohol involvement, both progression and recovery, over a 3-year interval. METHOD: Participants of both Wave 1 (2001-2002) and Wave 2 (2004-2005) of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were stratified by sex (14,233 males and 19,550 females). Latent transition analysis estimated the impact of experiencing ≥3 SLE in the year preceding the Wave 1 interview on the probability of transitioning between three empirically-derived stages of alcohol involvement (patterns of alcohol use disorder [AUD] symptoms), across waves. Propensity score methods adjusted for confounding. RESULTS: For males, three or more SLEs were associated with progression from the moderate to the severe problem stage (odds ratio [OR] = 2.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17, 4.26). Among those in the severe problem stage, SLEs negatively impacted recovery regardless of sex. Employment/Financial SLEs were associated with a higher odds of transition from the moderate to the no problem stage (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.03, 2.46) and lower odds of transitions from the severe to the moderate problem stage (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.99) among males, and from the severe to the no problem stage (OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.07, 0.88) among females. CONCLUSION: Stressful life events appear to affect transitions in alcohol involvement over time among those who already have alcohol problems, rather than impacting a transition among those without AUD problems.

E-cigarette use and sleep-related complaints among youth.

INTRODUCTION: E-cigarette use is highly prevalent among adolescents. However, little research has examined the relationship between e-cigarette use and sleep-related complaints in this population. The objective of this study was to assess whether exclusive e-cigarette, exclusive combusted cigarette, and dual-product use are associated with sleep-related complaints among adolescents. METHODS: Participants were 9,588 U.S. adolescents from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, a nationally representative cohort, followed from 2013 through 2015. Using logistic regression, we examined the cross-sectional association between past-year e-cigarette, combusted cigarette, or dual-product use and past-year sleep-related complaints (bad dreams, sleeping restlessly, or falling asleep during the day), both measured at Wave 2. We controlled for Wave 1 demographic characteristics, emotional and behavioral health, and prior history of e-cigarette use, combusted cigarette use, and sleep-related complaints. RESULTS: In unadjusted analyses, e-cigarette, combusted cigarette, and dual-product use were significantly associated with greater odds of sleep-related complaints, compared to use of neither product (e-cigarettes: OR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.34-1.94; combusted cigarettes: OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.26-2.09; dual-product use: OR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.63-2.46). Associations between e-cigarette and dual-product use and sleep-related complaints remained significant in fully adjusted analyses (e-cigarettes: aOR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.05-1.59; dual-product use: aOR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.24-1.99), whereas associations with combusted cigarette use were significant in all models except the fully adjusted model (aOR = 1.30, 95% CI 0.98-1.71). CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette and dual-product use are significantly associated with greater odds of reporting sleep-related complaints among adolescents. Future research should evaluate whether this association may be causal.

The Effects of Marijuana Use on Transitions through Stages of Alcohol Involvement for Men and Women in the NESARC I and II.

Background: With the changing context of marijuana use, it is critical to identify effects of use. We extend previous work by examining whether marijuana use influences progression and remission through alcohol involvement stages for men and women. Methods: Data come from Waves I and II of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC, n = 34,432). We assess the potential influence of marijuana use at Wave 1 on transitions across three latent statuses of alcohol involvement between waves. We apply propensity score weighting to account for shared risk factors. Results: Marijuana use was associated cross-sectionally and longitudinally with alcohol involvement statuses for both sexes. After propensity score adjustment, men with marijuana histories were 3.50 times as likely as men without such histories to transition from no to severe problems across waves relative to staying in the same status (p < .001). Women with marijuana histories were 1.74 times as likely as women without such histories to transition from no problems at Wave 1 to moderate problems at Wave 2 (p = .030) and 0.13 times as likely as women without such histories to transition from severe problems to no problems (p = .006). Conclusions: Results suggest that marijuana use impacts progression to more serious stages of alcohol involvement for both men and women, as well as hinders remission among women. Findings point to the importance of screening those with marijuana histories for alcohol problems, as well as the need to understand the mechanism of why marijuana use may increase the risk of alcohol problems.

Generalizability of the findings from a randomized controlled trial of a web-based substance use disorder intervention.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: There is growing concern regarding the generalizability of findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions for substance use disorders (SUDs). This study used a selection model approach to assess and improve the generalizability of an evaluation for a web-based SUD intervention by making the trial sample resemble the target population. METHODS: The sample of the web-based SUD intervention (Therapeutic Education System vs. Treatment-as-usual; n = 507) was compared with the target population of SUD treatment-seeking individuals from the Treatment Episodes Data Set-Admissions (TEDS-A). Using weights based on the probabilities of RCT participation, we computed weighted treatment effects on retention and abstinence. RESULTS: Substantial differences between the RCT sample and the target population was demonstrated in significant difference in the mean propensity scores (1.62 standard deviations at p < .001). The population effect on abstinence (12 weeks and 6 months) was statistically insignificant after weighting the data with the generalizability weight. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: Generalizability of the findings from the RCT could be limited when the RCT sample does not well represent the target population. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Application of generalizability weights can be a potentially useful tool to improve generalizability of RCT findings. (Am J Addict 2018;27:231-237).

A behavioral weight-loss intervention in persons with serious mental illness.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity are epidemic among persons with serious mental illness, yet weight-loss trials systematically exclude this vulnerable population. Lifestyle interventions require adaptation in this group because psychiatric symptoms and cognitive impairment are highly prevalent. Our objective was to determine the effectiveness of an 18-month tailored behavioral weight-loss intervention in adults with serious mental illness. METHODS: We recruited overweight or obese adults from 10 community psychiatric rehabilitation outpatient programs and randomly assigned them to an intervention or a control group. Participants in the intervention group received tailored group and individual weight-management sessions and group exercise sessions. Weight change was assessed at 6, 12, and 18 months. RESULTS: Of 291 participants who underwent randomization, 58.1% had schizophrenia or a schizoaffective disorder, 22.0% had bipolar disorder, and 12.0% had major depression. At baseline, the mean body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) was 36.3, and the mean weight was 102.7 kg (225.9 lb). Data on weight at 18 months were obtained from 279 participants. Weight loss in the intervention group increased progressively over the 18-month study period and differed significantly from the control group at each follow-up visit. At 18 months, the mean between-group difference in weight (change in intervention group minus change in control group) was -3.2 kg (-7.0 lb, P=0.002); 37.8% of the participants in the intervention group lost 5% or more of their initial weight, as compared with 22.7% of those in the control group (P=0.009). There were no significant between-group differences in adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: A behavioral weight-loss intervention significantly reduced weight over a period of 18 months in overweight and obese adults with serious mental illness. Given the epidemic of obesity and weight-related disease among persons with serious mental illness, our findings support implementation of targeted behavioral weight-loss interventions in this high-risk population. (Funded by the National Institute of Mental Health; ACHIEVE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00902694.).

Persistent CSF but not plasma HIV RNA is associated with increased risk of new-onset moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms; a prospective cohort study.

Major depressive disorder is the most common neuropsychiatric complication in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and is associated with worse clinical outcomes. We determined if detectable cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) at threshold ≥50 copies/ml is associated with increased risk of depression. The CNS HIV Anti-Retroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) cohort is a six-center US-based prospective cohort with bi-annual follow-up of 674 participants. We fit linear mixed models (N = 233) and discrete-time survival models (N = 154; 832 observations) to evaluate trajectories of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) II scores and the incidence of new-onset moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (BDI ≥ 17) among participants on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), who were free of depression at study entry and received a minimum of three CSF examinations over 2496 person-months follow-up. Detectable CSF HIV RNA (threshold ≥50 copies/ml) at any visit was associated with a 4.7-fold increase in new-onset depression at subsequent visits adjusted for plasma HIV RNA and treatment adherence; hazard ratio (HR) = 4.76, (95 % CI 1.58-14.3); P = 0.006. Depression (BDI) scores were 2.53 points higher (95 % CI 0.47-4.60; P = 0.02) over 6 months if CSF HIV RNA was detectable at a prior study visit in fully adjusted models including age, sex, race, education, plasma HIV RNA, duration and adherence of CART, and lifetime depression diagnosis by Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) criteria. Persistent CSF but not plasma HIV RNA is associated with an increased risk for new-onset depression. Further research evaluating the role of immune activation and inflammatory markers may improve our understanding of this association.

Sex and race/ethnic disparities in the cross-sectional association between depressive symptoms and muscle mass: the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: The cross-sectional area of total muscle mass has been reported to decrease by about 40% for those 20-60 years of age. Depressive symptoms may discourage motivation to engage in physical activity such as strength training shown to negate muscle loss. Inflammation related to depressive symptoms may also contribute to muscle atrophy. Physiological differences by sex and race/ethnicity may also modify the association between depression and muscle mass. Evidence on the relationship between depression (or depressive symptoms) and adiposity has been mounting; however, little is known about the depressive symptoms-muscle mass association. We sought to determine the association between elevated depressive symptoms (EDS) and lean muscle mass and whether this varies by sex and race/ethnicity. METHODS: Evaluating 1605 adults (45-84 years of age) from the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Abdominal Body Composition, Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease Study, we examined the cross-sectional association between EDS (Center for Epidemiologic Studies for Depression Scale score≥16 and/or antidepressant use) and computed tomography-measured abdominal lean muscle mass using linear regression. Muscles were evaluated as a whole and by functionality (locomotion vs. stabilization/posture). Covariates included height, body mass index, sociodemographics, comorbidities, inflammatory markers and health behaviors (pack-years of smoking, alcohol locomotion compared to men, total intentional exercise, daily caloric intake). Sex and race/ethnicity were assessed as potential modifiers. Statistical significance was at a p<0.05 for main effects and <0.20 for interaction. RESULTS: Men with elevated depressive symptoms had 5.9 cm2 lower lean muscle mass for locomotion compared to men without EDS, fully-adjusted (CI=-10.5, -1.4, p=0.011). This was statistically significantly different from the null finding among women (interaction p=0.05). Chinese participants with EDS had 10.2 cm2 lower abdominal lean muscle mass for locomotion compared to those without EDS (fully-adjusted, CI=-18.3, -2.1, p=0.014), which was significantly different from the null relationship among White participants (interaction p=0.04). No association was observed between elevated depressive symptoms and muscle for stabilization/posture evaluating the whole population or stratified by sex or race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: In the presence of elevated depressive symptoms, men and Chinese participants may have lower muscle mass, particularly for locomotion.

A Review of the Literature Concerning HIV and Cigarette Smoking: Morbidity and Mortality, Associations with Individual- and Social-Level Characteristics, and Smoking Cessation Efforts.

Cigarette smoking is endemic among many populations, but is especially prevalent among people living with HIV, and is consequently associated with a variety of types of morbidity as well as mortality. Despite this knowledge, relatively little research has been conducted among smokers living with HIV. Extant research has focused on examining individual-level characteristics associated with smoking behaviors, to the neglect of examining social-level factors. This manuscript represents a critical literature review of the intersecting research fields of HIV and cigarette smoking. Topics considered within this review include: morbidity, mortality, as well as treatment and medication adherence outcomes; individual- and social-level characteristics associated with various smoking behaviors; evidence-based smoking cessation interventions; and findings from cessation interventions among smokers living with HIV. Additionally, gaps in the existing literature, as well as directions for future research were identified and discussed.

The cerebrospinal fluid HIV risk score for assessing central nervous system activity in persons with HIV.

Detectable human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is associated with central nervous system (CNS) complications. We developed the CSF HIV risk score through prediction modeling to estimate the risk of detectable CSF HIV RNA (threshold >50 copies/mL) to help identify persons who might benefit most from CSF monitoring. We used baseline data from 1,053 participants receiving combination antiretroviral therapy who were enrolled in the 6-center, US-based CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) prospective cohort in 2004-2007. Plasma HIV RNA, CNS penetration effectiveness, duration of combination antiretroviral therapy, medication adherence, race, and depression status were retained correlates of CSF HIV RNA, displaying good discrimination (C statistic = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87, 0.93) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow P = 0.85). The CSF HIV risk score ranges from 0 to 42 points, with a mean of 15.4 (standard deviation, 7.3) points. At risk scores greater than 25, the probability of detecting CSF HIV RNA was at least 42.9% (95% CI: 36.6, 49.6). For each 1-point increase, the odds of detecting CSF HIV RNA increased by 26% (odds ratio = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.31; P < 0.01). The risk score correlates with detection of CSF HIV RNA. It represents an advance in HIV management and monitoring of CNS effects, providing a potentially useful tool for clinicians.

Current cigarette smoking among HIV-positive current and former drug users: associations with individual and social characteristics.

Cigarette smoking is endemic among HIV-positive populations and is related to substantial morbidity and mortality. Research has largely focused on individual-level characteristics associated with smoking, with less attention to social factors. We aimed to explore individual- and social-level characteristics associated with current cigarette smoking among people living with HIV. Data came from 358 individuals on antiretroviral therapy interviewed in a study on informal HIV caregiving, conducted in Baltimore, MD, USA. Most participants (75 %) were current smokers and 45 % reported current illegal drug use. In adjusted logistic regression analyses, current drug use (aOR 2.90, 95 % CI 1.58-5.30), 12-step program participation (aOR 1.74, 95 % CI 1.02-2.97), and having a main Supporter who is a current smoker (aOR 1.93, 95 % CI 1.12-3.33) were associated with current smoking. Findings suggest the importance of social-level factors in cigarette smoking among HIV seropositive drug users and have implications for developing targeted smoking cessation interventions for smokers living with HIV.

Physical environment may modify the association between depressive symptoms and change in waist circumference: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Although the bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and adiposity has been recognized, the contribution of neighborhood factors to this relationship has not been assessed. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates whether physical and social neighborhood environments modify the bidirectional relationship between depressive symptoms and adiposity (measured by waist circumference and body mass index). METHODS: Using data on 5,122 men and women (ages 45 to 84 years) from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) we investigated whether neighborhood physical (i.e., walking environment and availability of healthy food) and social (i.e., safety, aesthetics, and social coherence) environments modified the association between the following: (1) baseline elevated depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Study Depression Scale score ≥ 16) and change in adiposity (as measured by waist circumference and body mass index) and (2) baseline overweight/obesity (waist circumference > 102 cm for men and >88 cm for women, or body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m(2)) and change in depressive symptoms using multilevel models. Neighborhood-level factors were obtained from the MESA Neighborhood Study. RESULTS: A greater increase in waist circumference in participants with vs without elevated depressive symptoms was observed in those living in poorly-rated physical environments but not in those living in better-rated environments (interaction p = 0.045). No associations were observed with body mass index. Baseline overweight/obesity was not associated with change in depressive symptoms and there was no modification by neighborhood-level factors. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated depressive symptoms were associated with greater increase in waist circumference among individuals living in poorly-rated physical environments than in those in better-rated physical environments. No association was found between overweight/obesity and change in depressive symptoms.

Treatment seeking and barriers to treatment for alcohol use in persons with alcohol use disorders and comorbid mood or anxiety disorders.

PURPOSE: This study compared the prevalence and patterns of treatment seeking and barriers to alcohol treatment among individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUD) with and without comorbid mood or anxiety disorders. METHODS: We used data from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions to examine alcohol treatment seeking, treatment settings and providers, perceived unmet need for treatment and barriers to such treatment. Our sample consisted of 5,003 individuals with AUD with a comorbid mood or anxiety disorder and 6,734 individuals with AUD but without mood or anxiety disorder comorbidity. RESULTS: The group with mood or anxiety disorder comorbidity was more likely to seek alcohol treatment than the group without such comorbidity (18 vs. 12 %, p < 0.001). The comorbid group was also more likely to perceive an unmet need for such treatment (8 vs. 3 %, p < 0.001) and to report a larger number of barriers (2.81 vs. 2.20, p = 0.031). Individuals with AUD with comorbid mood or anxiety disorders were more likely than those without to report financial barriers to alcohol treatment (19 vs. 10 %, p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with AUD and comorbid mood or anxiety disorders would likely benefit from the expansion of financial access to alcohol treatments and integration of services envisioned under the Affordable Care Act.

Reduced drug use as an alternative valid outcome in individuals with stimulant use disorders: Findings from 13 multisite randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Total abstinence has historically been the goal of treatment for substance use disorders; however, there is a growing recognition of the health benefits associated with reduced use as a harm reduction measure in stimulant use disorders treatment. We aimed to assess the validity of reduced stimulant use as an outcome measure in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of pharmacological interventions for stimulant use disorder. DESIGN: We conducted a secondary analysis of a pooled dataset of 13 RCTs. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Participants were individuals seeking treatment for cocaine or methamphetamine use disorders (N = 2062) in a wide range of treatment facilities in the United States. MEASUREMENTS: We validated reduced stimulant use against a set of clinical indicators drawn from harmonized measurements, including severity of problems caused by drug use, comorbid depression, global severity of substance use and improvement, severity of drug-seeking behavior, craving and high-risk behaviors, all assessed at the end of the trial, as well as follow-up urine toxicology. A series of mixed effect regression models was conducted to validate reduction in frequency of use against no reduction in use and abstinence. FINDINGS: More participants reduced frequency of primary drug use than achieved abstinence (18.0% vs. 14.2%, respectively). Reduced use was significantly associated with decreases in craving for the primary drug [60.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 54.3%-64.7%], drug seeking behaviors (41.0%, 95% CI = 36.6%-45.7%), depression severity (39.9%, 95% CI = 30.9%-48.3%), as well as multiple measures of global improvement in psychosocial functioning and severity of drug-related problems, albeit less strongly so than abstinence. Moreover, reduced use was associated with sustained clinical benefit at follow-up, as confirmed by negative urine tests (adjusted odds ratio compared with those with no reduction in use: 0.50, 95% CI = 0.35-0.71). CONCLUSION: Reduced frequency of stimulant use appears to be associated with meaningful improvement in various clinical indicators of recovery. Assessment of reduced use, in addition to abstinence, could broaden the scope of outcomes measured in randomized controlled trials of stimulant use disorders and facilitate the development of more diverse treatment approaches.

Prenatal Exposure to Nonpersistent Environmental Chemicals and Postpartum Depression.

Importance: Postpartum depression (PPD) affects up to 20% of childbearing individuals, and a significant limitation in reducing its morbidity is the difficulty in modifying established risk factors. Exposure to synthetic environmental chemicals found in plastics and personal care products, such as phenols, phthalates, and parabens, are potentially modifiable and plausibly linked to PPD and have yet to be explored. Objective: To evaluate associations of prenatal exposure to phenols, phthalates, parabens, and triclocarban with PPD symptoms. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a prospective cohort study from 5 US sites, conducted from 2006 to 2020, and included pooled data from 5 US birth cohorts from the National Institutes of Health Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) consortium. Participants were pregnant individuals with data on urinary chemical concentrations (phenols, phthalate metabolites, parabens, or triclocarban) from at least 1 time point in pregnancy and self-reported postnatal depression screening assessment collected between 2 weeks and 12 months after delivery. Data were analyzed from February to May 2022. Exposures: Phenols (bisphenols and triclosan), phthalate metabolites, parabens, and triclocarban measured in prenatal urine samples. Main Outcomes and Measures: Depression symptom scores were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) or the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), harmonized to the Patient-Reported Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Depression scale. Measures of dichotomous PPD were created using both sensitive (EPDS scores ≥10 and CES-D scores ≥16) and specific (EPDS scores ≥13 and CES-D scores ≥20) definitions. Results: Among the 2174 pregnant individuals eligible for analysis, nearly all (>99%) had detectable levels of several phthalate metabolites and parabens. PPD was assessed a mean (SD) of 3 (2.5) months after delivery, with 349 individuals (16.1%) and 170 individuals (7.8%) screening positive for PPD using the sensitive and specific definitions, respectively. Linear regression results of continuous PROMIS depression T scores showed no statistically significant associations with any chemical exposures. Models examining LMW and HMW phthalates and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate had estimates in the positive direction whereas all others were negative. A 1-unit increase in log-transformed LMW phthalates was associated with a 0.26-unit increase in the PROMIS depression T score (95% CI, -0.01 to 0.53; P = .06). This corresponded to an odds ratio (OR) of 1.08 (95% CI, 0.98-1.19) when modeling PPD as a dichotomous outcome and using the sensitive PPD definition. HMW phthalates were associated with increased odds of PPD (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.00-1.23 and OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.96-1.27) for the sensitive and specific PPD definitions, respectively. Sensitivity analyses produced stronger results. Conclusions and Relevance: Phthalates, ubiquitous chemicals in the environment, may be associated with PPD and could serve as important modifiable targets for preventive interventions. Future studies are needed to confirm these observations.

The relationship of mental and behavioral disorders to all-cause mortality in a 27-year follow-up of 4 epidemiologic catchment area samples.

Subjects from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program, interviewed during 1979-1983, were linked to data in the National Death Index through 2007 to estimate the association of mental and behavioral disorders with death. There were more than 25 years of follow-up for 15,440 individuals, with 6,924 deaths amounting to 307,881 person-years of observation. Data were analyzed by using age as the time scale and parametric approaches to quantify the years of life lost due to disorders. Alcohol, drug use, and antisocial personality disorders were associated with increased risk of death, but there was no strong association with mood and anxiety disorders. Results of high- and low-quality matches with the National Death Index were similar. The 3 behavioral disorders were associated with 5-15 years of life lost, estimated along the life course via the generalized gamma model. Regression tree analyses showed that risk of death was associated with alcohol use disorders in nonblacks and with drug disorders in blacks. Phobia interacted with alcohol use disorders in nonblack women, and obsessive-compulsive disorder interacted with drug use disorders in black men. Both of these anxiety disorders were associated with lower risk of death early in life and higher risk of death later in life.

Cigarette smoking and onset of mood and anxiety disorders.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the association between regular cigarette smoking and new onset of mood and anxiety disorders. METHODS: We used logistic regression analysis to detect associations between regular smoking and new-onset disorders during the 3-year follow-up among 34 653 participants in the longitudinal US National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (2001-2005). We used instrumental variable methods to assess the appropriateness of these models. RESULTS: Regular smoking was associated with an increased risk of new onset of mood and anxiety disorders in multivariable analyses (Fdf = 5,61 = 11.73; P < .001). Participants who smoked a larger number of cigarettes daily displayed a trend toward greater likelihood of new-onset disorders. Age moderated the association of smoking with most new-onset disorders. The association was mostly statistically significant and generally stronger in participants aged 18 to 49 years but was smaller and mostly nonsignificant in older adults. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding of a stronger association between regular cigarette smoking and increased risk of new-onset mood and anxiety disorders among younger adults suggest the need for vigorous antismoking campaigns and policy initiatives targeting this age group.

Reports of drinking to self-medicate anxiety symptoms: longitudinal assessment for subgroups of individuals with alcohol dependence.

BACKGROUND: Self-medication with alcohol is frequently hypothesized to explain anxiety and alcohol dependence comorbidity. Yet, there is relatively little assessment of drinking to self-medicate anxiety and its association with the occurrence or persistence of alcohol dependence in population-based longitudinal samples, or associations within demographic and clinical subgroups. METHODS: Hypothesizing that self-medication of anxiety with alcohol is associated with the subsequent occurrence and persistence of alcohol dependence, we assessed these associations using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, and examined these associations within population subgroups. This nationally representative survey of the US population included 43,093 adults surveyed in 2001-2002, and 34,653 reinterviewed in 2004-2005. Logistic regression incorporating propensity score methods was used. RESULTS: Reports of drinking to self-medicate anxiety was associated with the subsequent occurrence (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 5.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.56-9.18, P < .001) and persistence (AOR = 6.25, CI = 3.24-12.05, P < .001) of alcohol dependence. The estimated proportions of the dependence cases attributable to self-medication drinking were 12.7 and 33.4% for incident and persistent dependence, respectively. Stratified analyses by age, sex, race-ethnicity, anxiety disorders and subthreshold anxiety symptoms, quantity of alcohol consumption, history of treatment, and family history of alcoholism showed few subgroup differences. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals who report drinking to self-medicate anxiety are more likely to develop alcohol dependence, and the dependence is more likely to persist. There is little evidence for interaction by the population subgroups assessed. Self-medication drinking may be a useful target for prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing the occurrence of alcohol dependence.

Neighborhood psychosocial hazards and binge drinking among late middle-aged adults.

Older adults may be more vulnerable to negative health effects from alcohol as they age. Distress and adverse neighborhood conditions that provoke distress may influence drinking behavior. Using baseline data from the Baltimore Memory Study, a cohort study of adults aged 50-70 years living in 65 Baltimore City neighborhoods, we investigated the association between neighborhood psychosocial hazards (NPH) and the number of binge drinking days in the past month among non-abstainers (N = 645). We used negative binomial regression with generalized estimating equations to estimate the relative number of binge drinking days per month associated with a one standard deviation increase in NPH score. Residing in neighborhoods with more psychosocial hazards was independently associated with more binge drinking for females, but not for males. For females, each one standard deviation increase in NPH score was associated with a 1.52 relative risk of binge drinking (95 % confidence interval, 1.10, 2. 10) in the adjusted model. The findings were robust to a sensitivity analysis in which we used the average number of drinks per drinking occasion as an alternative outcome. Our findings provide evidence linking adverse neighborhood conditions with alcohol consumption in non-abstaining late middle-aged women, and suggest that late middle-aged men and women may have different reactions to adverse residential neighborhoods.