Genomic diversity and genetic variation of Leishmania panamensis within its endemic range.

Species belonging to the Leishmania (Viannia) subgenus are important causative agents of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Central and South America. These parasites possess several distinctive biological features that are influenced by their genetics, population structure, and genome instability. To date, several studies have revealed varying degrees of genetic diversity within Leishmania species. Particularly, in species of the L. (Viannia) subgenus, a generalized high intraspecific genetic diversity has been reported, although, conflicting conclusions have been drawn using different molecular techniques. Despite being the most common Leishmania species circulating in Panama and Colombia, few studies have analyzed clinical samples of Leishmania panamensis using whole-genome sequencing, and their restricted number of samples has limited the information they can provide to understand the population structure of L. panamensis. Here, we used next generation sequencing (NGS) to explore the genetic diversity of L. panamensis within its endemic range, analyzing data from 43 isolates of Colombian and Panamanian origin. Our results show the occurrence of three well-defined geographically correlated groups, and suggests the possible occurrence of additional phylogeographic groups. Furthermore, these results support the existence of a mixed mode of reproduction in L. panamensis, with varying frequencies of events of genetic recombination occurring primarily within subpopulations of closely related strains. This study offers important insights into the population genetics and reproduction mode of L. panamensis, paving the way to better understand their population structure and the emergence and maintenance of key eco-epidemiological traits.

Antagonistic effects of native strains of the soil fungus Paecilomyces against gastrointestinal nematode and protozoan parasites of pigs in Panama.

A variety of gastrointestinal parasites naturally infect domestic pigs in Panama which may also occur as zoonotic infections in humans. Anthelmintic drug treatment, including mass drug administration, can lead to drug resistance, reflecting a need for alternatives. The objectives of this exploratory and observational study were: (1) to isolate and cultivate natives species of Paecilomyces from natural soils in Panama, and (2) to evaluate isolated strains for their capacity to parasitize endemic gastrointestinal nematode and protozoan parasites recovered from naturally infected domestic pigs by observing cultures for spore adhesion and hyphae penetration phases. Using microcultivation and inoculation techniques, four strains of Paecilomyces were isolated from three locations in Panama, out of which three successfully adhered to and penetrated free-living stages (eggs, cysts and oocysts) of Balantidium suis, coccidia, Trichuris suis and hookworm. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of a nematophagous fungus such as Paecilomyces successfully infecting this range of gastrointestinal parasites, particularly protozoan parasites.

Diagnósticos e intervenções de enfermagem a criança com síndrome congênita zika vírus / Diagnoses and nursing interventions the child with congenital syndrome zika virus / Diagnósticos e intervenciones de enfermería al niño con síndrome congénita zika virus

Diante do surto de infecção do Zika Vírus e o aumento dos casos de microcefalia, o presente artigo tem o intuito de instrumentalizar o enfermeiro no planejamento e execução de ações de cuidado a essas crianças e famílias. O objetivo é identificar os diagnósticos de enfermagem de uma criança grave com diagnóstico de Síndrome Congênita do Zika Vírus; e listar os resultados das intervenções de enfermagem. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter descritivo, realizado por meio do estudo de caso do tipo intrínseco e análise documental. A partir dos dados coletados e do exame físico, foi realizada uma análise sistemática com base nas necessidades prioritárias para ofertar o cuidado adequado. Foram evidenciados 13 diagnósticos de enfermagem, segundo as normas de classificação diagnóstica NANDA.(AU)

In the face of the Zika Virus infection outbreak and the increase in cases of microcephaly, this article intends to instrumentalize the nurse in the planning and execution of care actions for these children and families. The objective is to identify the nursing diagnoses of a serious child diagnosed with Congenital Syndrome of the Zika Virus; and list the results of nursing interventions. It is a descriptive study, carried out through an intrinsic case study and documentary analysis. From the data collected and from the physical examination, a systematic analysis was performed based on the priority needs to offer adequate care. Total of 13 nursing diagnoses were evidenced, according to NANDA diagnostic classification standards.(AU)

Ante el brote de infección del Zika Virus y el aumento de los casos de microcefalia, el presente artículo tiene el propósito de instrumentalizar al enfermero en la planificación y ejecución de acciones de cuidado a niños y familias. El objetivo es identificar los diagnósticos de enfermería de un niño grave con diagnóstico de Síndrome Congénito de Zika Virus; y enumerar los resultados de las intervenciones de enfermería. Se trata de un estudio de carácter descriptivo, realizado por medio del estudio de caso del tipo intrínseco y análisis documental. A partir de los datos recolectados y del examen físico, se realizó un análisis sistemático sobre la base de las necesidades prioritarias para ofrecer el cuidado adecuado. Se evidenciaron 13 diagnósticos de enfermería, según las normas de clasificación diagnóstica NANDA.(AU)

[Different configurations of violence in pedagogical relationships between teachers and students of higher education]. / Diferentes configurações da violência nas relações pedagógicas entre docentes e discentes do ensino superior.

The aim of this study was to investigate the different settings of violence in pedagogical relations between teachers and students in a higher education from the theory of violence symbolic power. Twelve interviews were conducted with students from six courses of graduation from a higher educational institution; it was used the content analysis to interpret the data. It was found that violence is configured from the most subtle to the most noticeable way and that, although violence was present in the pedagogical processes of the context studied, this was not fully realized, probably because of the reproduction of the symbolic order, socially constructed and internalized by teachers and students. It is considered that the teaching practice needs to be improved in order to make the classroom democratic spaces and to make the students share responsibility for the pursuit of knowledge. We conclude that violence in relationships pedagogical produces certain effects, changes and consequences both, immediate and delayed, which can be minimized.

Diferentes configurações da violência nas relações pedagógicas entre docentes e discentes do ensino superior / Different configurations of violence in pedagogical relationships between teachers and students of higher education / Diferentes configuraciones de la violencia en las relaciones pedagógicas entre profesores y estudiantes de la educación superior

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as diferentes configurações da violência nas relações pedagógicas entre docentes e discentes numa instituição de ensino superior a partir da teoria da violência e do poder simbólico. Realizaram-se doze entrevistas com alunos de seis cursos da graduação de uma instituição de ensino superior; utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo para interpretar os dados. Verificou-se que a violência se configura desde a forma mais sutil até as mais perceptíveis e que, embora a violência esteja presente nos processos pedagógicos no contexto estudado, esta não fora totalmente percebida, provavelmente pela reprodução da ordem simbólica, socialmente construída e internalizada por docentes e discentes. Considera-se que a prática docente necessita ser melhorada, de modo a fazer das salas de aulas espaços democráticos e tornar os discentes corresponsáveis pela busca do conhecimento. Conclui-se que a violência nas relações pedagógicas produz determinados efeitos, alterações e consequências imediatas e tardias que podem ser minimizadas.

The aim of this study was to investigate the different settings of violence in pedagogical relations between teachers and students in a higher education from the theory of violence symbolic power. Twelve interviews were conducted with students from six courses of graduation from a higher educational institution; it was used the content analysis to interpret the data. It was found that violence is configured from the most subtle to the most noticeable way and that, although violence was present in the pedagogical processes of the context studied, this was not fully realized, probably because of the reproduction of the symbolic order, socially constructed and internalized by teachers and students. It is considered that the teaching practice needs to be improved in order to make the classroom democratic spaces and to make the students share responsibility for the pursuit of knowledge. We conclude that violence in relationships pedagogical produces certain effects, changes and consequences both, immediate and delayed, which can be minimized.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los diferentes escenarios de la violencia en las relaciones pedagógicas entre profesores y estudiantes en una institución de educación superior a partir de la teoría de la violencia y el poder simbólico. Doce entrevistas se llevaron a cabo con estudiantes de seis cursos de graduación de una institución de educación superior, se utilizó el análisis de contenido de interpretar los datos. Se encontró que la violencia se configura desde la forma más sutil hasta la más notable y que, aunque la violencia está presente en los procesos pedagógicos del contexto estudiado, esto no se identificó plenamente, probablemente para la reproducción del orden simbólico, socialmente construida e interiorizada por los profesores y estudiantes. Se considera que la práctica de la enseñanza necesita ser mejorado para hacer el aula en los espacios democráticos y promover la cuota de responsabilidad a los estudiantes para la búsqueda del conocimiento. Llegamos a la conclusión de que la violencia en las relaciones pedagógicas produce ciertos efectos, cambios y consecuencias inmediatas y tardías que pueden ser minimizados.