Yield and Chemical Characteristics of Salvia hispanica L. (Chia) Oil from Native Seeds from Four Provenances of Guatemala.

INTRODUCTION: Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a plant from the Lamiaceae family that has been used as ancestral food, medicine, and oil, with culinary, artistic, and religious purposes by most of the Mesoamerican civilizations. Native from Mesoamerica, introduced into South America, Australia, and Europe, it is presently consumed as a nutritional and functional food. OBJECTIVE: This research aims to characterize ancient native cultivars from four provenances in Guatemala to recommend their direct consumption by the population as well as to establish its trade. METHOD: Seed samples were collected in four places where they have been cultivated for several generations. The oil was obtained by expression and analyzed chemically by gas chromatography following standard qualitative and quantitative methods. RESULTS: Variations in oil yield and some of the characteristic parameters of the phytochemical analysis were obtained. In general, the profile was similar to most of the reported data in the literature, with the saturated fatty acids (8.54-9.25%) relatively lower than the references (7.95-11.45%) but a higher concentration of unsaturated fatty oils, particularly of omega-3 (64.68-68.62%). CONCLUSION: The oil from native cultivars contains high quantities of omega-3, which might help pregnant women during gestation and to control other conditions such as metabolic syndrome, particularly in low- and middle-income populations where these seeds are consumed regularly. The suggestion is made to encourage the cultivation and use of these ancestral seeds with the possibility of commercialization abroad with an appellation of origin label.

In silico molecular docking analysis of three molecules isolated from Litsea guatemalensis Mez on anti-inflammatory receptors.

BACKGROUND: The Litsea genus has four native species from Mesoamerica. Litsea guatemalensis Mez. is a native tree, traditionally used as a condiment and herbal medicine in the region. It has demonstrated antimicrobial, aromatic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Bioactive fractionation attributed the anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic activities to pinocembrin, scopoletin, and 5,7,3´4´-tetrahydroxy-isoflavone. In silico analysis, these molecules were analyzed on receptors involved in the anti-inflammatory process to determine which pathways they interact. OBJECTIVE: To analyze and evaluate 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyisoflavone, pinocembrin, and scopoletin using the in silico analysis against selected receptors involved in the inflammatory pathway. METHOD: Known receptors involved in the anti-inflammatory process found as protein-ligand complex in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) were used as references for each receptor and compared with the molecules of interest. The GOLD-ChemScore function, provided by the software, was used to rank the complexes and visually inspect the overlap between the reference ligand and the poses of the studied metabolites. RESULTS: 53 proteins were evaluated, each one in five conformations minimized by molecular dynamics. The scores obtained for dihydroorotate dehydrogenase were greater than 80 for the three molecules of interest, scores for cyclooxygenase 1 and glucocorticoid receptor were greater than 50, and identified residues with interaction in binding sites overlap with the reference ligands in these receptors. CONCLUSION: The three molecules involved in the anti-inflammatory process of L. guatemalensis show in silico high affinity to the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, glucocorticoid receptors and cyclooxygenase-1.

Nephroprotective plant species used in traditional Mayan Medicine for renal-associated diseases.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The prevalence of kidney disease has increased rapidly in recent years and has emerged as one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Natural products have been suggested as valuable nephroprotective agents due to their multi-target and synergistic effects on modulating important proteins involved in kidney injury. There is a large number of plant species that have been used traditionally for kidney-related conditions in Mesoamerican medicine by different cultural groups that could provide a valuable source of nephroprotective therapeutic candidates and could lead to potential drug discovery. AIM OF REVIEW: This review aims to provide an overview of the currently known efficacy of plant species used traditionally in Mesoamerica by Mayan groups to treat kidney-related conditions and to analyze the phytochemical, pharmacological, molecular, toxicological, and clinical evidence to contribute to public health efforts and for directing future research. METHODS: Primary sources of plant use reports for traditional kidney-related disorders in Mesoamerica were searched systematically from library catalogs, theses, and scientific databases (PubMed, Google Scholar; and Science Direct), and were filtered according to usage frequency in Mayan groups and plant endemism. The database of traditional plants was further analyzed based on associations with published reports of the phytochemical, pharmacological, molecular, toxicological, and clinical evidence. RESULTS: The most reported kidney-related conditions used traditionally in Mayan medicine involve reducing renal damage (a cultural interpretation that considers an inflammatory or infectious condition), cleaning or purifying the blood and kidney, reducing kidney pain, and eliminating kidney stones. A total of 208 plants used for kidney-related problems by 10 Mayan groups were found, representing 143 native species, where only 42 have reported pharmacological activity against kidney damage, mainly approached by in vitro and in vivo models of chemical- or drug-induced nephrotoxicity, diabetes nephropathy, and renal injury produced by hypertension. Nephroprotective effects are mainly mediated by reducing oxidative stress, inflammatory response, fibrosis mechanisms, and apoptosis in the kidney. The most common nephroprotective compounds associated with traditional Mayan medicine were flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids. The most widely studied traditional plants in terms of pharmacological evidence, bioactive compounds, and mechanisms of action, are Annona muricata L., Carica papaya L., Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam., Lantana camara L., Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw., Tagetes erecta L., and Zea mays L. Most of the plant species with reported pharmacological activity against kidney damage were considered safe in toxicological studies. CONCLUSION: Available pharmacological reports suggest that several herbs used in traditional Mayan medicine for renal-associated diseases may have nephroprotective effects and consistent pharmacological evidence, nephroprotective compounds, and mechanisms of action in different models of kidney injury. However, more research is required to fully understand the potential of traditional Mayan medicine in drug discovery given the limited ethnobotanical studies and data available for most species with regards to identification on bioactive components, pharmacological mechanisms, and the scarce number of clinical studies.

Inhibition of enzymatic activities of Bothrops asper snake venom and docking analysis of compounds from plants used in Central America to treat snakebite envenoming.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Snakebite envenoming is a public health problem of high impact in Central America. Bothrops asper, known as barba amarilla, terciopelo, and equis, is the snake species responsible for most snakebites in Central America. In this region, there is a long-standing tradition on the use of plants in the management of snakebites, especially in indigenous communities. Ethnomedical use of Eryngium foetidum L., Neurolaena lobata (L.) Cass. and Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. to treat snakebite envenoming has been reported in Belice, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Extracts of the leaves of these plants have shown anti-venom activities in in vitro assays in previous studies. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the ability of organic fractions from these three plants to inhibit enzymatic activities associated with toxicity of the venom of B. asper, and to study, by docking analysis, the interaction of metalloproteinase and phospholipases A2 (PLA2) from B. asper venom with secondary metabolites previously described in these plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Organic fractions were obtained from these three plant species and their ability to neutralize proteolytic, PLA2 and in vitro coagulant activities of B. asper venom was assessed. A phytochemical analysis was carried out in these fractions. The interaction of secondary metabolites previously described in these plants with three toxins from B. asper venom (a metalloproteinase, a PLA2 and a PLA2 homologue) was investigated by docking analysis. RESULTS: The inhibitory activity of plants was mainly concentrated in their polar fractions. Acetonic fraction from P. dioica was the most active against PLA2 activity, while the acetonic fraction of E. foetidum completely inhibited the proteolytic activity of the venom. Coagulant activity was partially inhibited only by the acetone and ethyl acetate fractions of P. dioica. Phytochemical analysis of the most bioactive fractions identified flavonoids, saponins, essential oils, coumarins, alkaloids, tannins and sesquiterpene lactones. Docking analysis revealed high affinity interactions of several secondary metabolites of these plants with residues in the vicinity of the catalytic site of these enzymes and, in the case of PLA2 homologue myotoxin II, in the hydrophobic channel. CONCLUSIONS: Various fractions from these plants have inhibitory activity against enzymatic actions of B. asper venom which are directly associated with toxicological effects. Docking analysis showed structural evidence of the interaction of secondary metabolites with three toxins. These observations provide support to the potential of these plants to inhibit relevant toxic components of this snake venom.

Evaluation of Behavioral and Pharmacological Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Valeriana prionophylla Standl. from Guatemala.

There are few studies on the pharmacological properties of Valeriana prionophylla Standl. (VP), known as "Valeriana del monte", and used in Mesoamerican folk medicine to treat sleep disorders. This study examines the pharmacological effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of the dry rhizome using the open field, rota rod, elevated plus-maze (EPM), forced swimming (FST), strychnine- and pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, PTZ-induced seizures, and the inhibitory avoidance tests. VP did not show any protective effect against PTZ-induced convulsions. In the EPM, exhibited an anxiolytic-like effect through the effective enhancement of the entries (38.5%) and time spent (44.7%) in the open arms, when compared with control group. Time spent and the numbers of entrances into the enclosed arms were decreased, similar to those effects observed with diazepam. In the FST, acute treatment with VP, produced a dose-dependent decrease in immobility time, similarly to imipramine. VP also produced a significant dose-dependent decrease in the latency of sleeping time, while producing an increase in total duration of sleep; influenced memory consolidation of the animals only at lower doses, unlike those that produced anti-depressant and anxiolytic effects. In summary, the results suggest that VP presents several psychopharmacological activities, including anxiolytic, antidepressant, and hypno-sedative effects.

Inhibición de las actividades proteolítica y fosfolipasa A2 del veneno de Bothrops asper por el extracto etanólico de Neurolaena lobata (L) Cass / Inhibition of proteolytic and phospholipase A2 activities of Bothrops asper venom by the ethanolic extract of Neurolaena lobata (L) Cass

Neurolaena lobata es utilizada tradicionalmente en Centroamérica para tratar la mordedura de serpiente, pero su efectividad para contrarrestar el envenenamiento producido por Bothrops asper ha sido poco estudiada. Se evaluó la capacidad del extracto etanólico de sus hojas para inhibir las actividades proteolítica, fosfolipasa A2 (PLA2; evaluada como hemólisis indirecta) y coagulante del veneno in vitro. El material vegetal fue colectado en Izabal, Guatemala, secado, se hicieron extracciones con etanol y se evaluó la presencia de actividades proteolítica, PLA2 y coagulante in-trínsecas en ensayos de concentración-actividad. Los efectos inhibitorios de la actividad proteolítica y PLA2 del veneno se evaluaron después de pre-incubar concentraciones variables del extracto con concentraciones fijas de veneno. La inhibición de la actividad coagulante del veneno no fue evaluada porque el extracto presentó actividad anticoagulante intrínseca dependiente de la concentración. El extracto inhibió completamente las actividades proteolítica (CE50 = 15.7 µg/µl) y PLA2 (CE50 = 32.5 µg/µl) del veneno. El análisis fitoquímico utilizando ensayos macro y semimicrométricos de cromatografía en capa fina, demostró la presencia de flavonoides, cumarinas, saponinas, taninos, sesquiterpenlactonas y aceites esenciales en el extracto. Su efecto sobre las proteínas del veneno se evaluó por electroforesis SDS-PAGE, mostrando cambios en el patrón electroforético atribuidos a la formación de complejos moleculares con los metabo-litos del extracto. Los resultados indican que el extracto podría inhibir los efectos tóxicos del veneno inducidos por las metaloproteinasas dependientes de zinc (SVMPs) y PLA2s, pero podría afectar las alteraciones en la coagulación, coadyuvando en la desfibrinogenación inducida por el veneno.

Neurolaena lobata has been used by traditional healers in Central America to treat snakebite, but its ability to neutralize Bothrops asper envenomations needs to be proved. This study evaluated the inhibitory potential of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of N. lobata against proteolytic, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and coagulant activities of the venom in vitro. Leaves were collected in Izabal, Guatemala, dried, extracted with ethanol and concentration-response assays were conducted to detect intrinsic proteolytic, PLA2 (evaluated as indirect hemolysis) and coagulant activities. Assays for anti-proteolytic and anti-PLA2 activities were performed after pre-incubation of several amounts of extract with a fixed concentration of venom. Inhibition assay for the coagulant effect of the venom was not tested because pre-incubation of thrombin with the extract prolonged the clotting time of plasma in a concentration-dependent manner. Proteolytic (EC50 = 15.7 µg/µl) and PLA2 (EC50 = 32.5 µg/µl) activities of the venom resulted completely inhibited by the extract. Phytochemical profiles, determined by micrometric assays and semi microanalysis by thin layer chro-matography, showed the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, tannins, sesquiterpene lactones and essential oils in the extract. SDS-PAGE was used to assess the action of the extract on the venom proteins. Results showed changes in the electrophoretic profile, probably due to the formation of insoluble complexes with plant specialized metabolites. These findings demonstrated that the extract could be able to inhibit toxic effects triggered by zinc-dependent snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) y PLA2s but might aggravate the alterations induced by the venom in coagulation.

Biomarcadores traslacionales de modelos in vitro e in vivo de daño renal: Una perspectiva para abordar nefrotoxicidad desde múltiples factores etiológicos / Biomarcadores traslacionales de modelos in vitro e in vivo de daño renal: Una perspectiva para abordar nefrotoxicidad desde múltiples factores etiológicos

La prevalencia de enfermedad renal ha aumentado considerablemente en la última década y está previsto que crezca en los próximos años. Recientemente, diversos modelos se han utilizado para entender los procesos fisiopatológicos de daño renal y para la búsqueda de futuros candidatos farmacológicos. El objetivo de esta revisión es proporcionar una descripción de la evidencia actual de modelos in vitro e in vivo de nefrotoxicidad, nefropatía diabética y deshidratación, y los fundamentos de las principales vías de señalización fisiopatológicas, con el fin de proponer biomarcadores candidatos para futura investigación farmacológica. Actualmente, los roedores constituyen un pilar importante en estudios de daño renal, existiendo diferencias específicas según el estímulo nocivo, lo que sugiere considerar para un modelo relevante aspectos como especie, cepa, género y estructuras renales objetivo. Diversas estructuras renales se han complementado in vitro, principalmente a partir de líneas celulares, como del epitelio tubular, podocitos, células mesangiales glomerulares y conducto colector medular interno. Este enfoque se ha utilizado como complementario en modelos de nefrotoxicidad por exposición a aminoglucósidos (principalmente), deshidratación por cloruro de sodio hiperosmolar, y nefropatía diabética por medio de glucosa alta y productos derivados de glucólisis y glicación. Recientemente, estos modelos han mostrado similitud en diversas rutas de señalización celular, con algunos biomarcadores en común, entre múltiples causas de daño renal como el daño oxidativo, disfunción mitocondrial, procesos inflamatorios, desregulación de sistemas de defensa y sobrevivencia celular, y apoptosis. El enfoque en seleccionar biomarcadores relevantes contribuirá al diseño de estrategias terapéuticas de nefroprotectores sobre múltiples factores etiológicos.

The prevalence of kidney disease has increased considerably in the last decade and is expected to growth in the coming years. Recently, various models have been used to understand the pathophysiological processes of kidney damage and to search for future pharmacological candidates. The aim of this review is to provide a description of the current evidence of in vitro and in vivo models of nephrotoxicity, diabetic nephropathy and dehydration, and the foundations of the main pathophysiological signaling pathways, in order to propose candidate biomarkers for future drug discovery. Currently, rodents are an important pillar in studies of kidney damage, with specific differences depending on the noxious stimulus, which suggests considering aspects such as species, strain, gender and target structures for a relevant model. Several renal structures have been complemented through in vitro approaches, mainly using cell lines, such as the tubular epithelium, podocytes, glomerular mesangial cells and inner medullary collecting duct. These cells have been used as models of nephrotoxicity by exposure to aminoglycosides (mainly), dehydration by exposure to hyperosmolar sodium chloride, and diabetic nephropathy by exposure to high glucose and products derived from glycolysis and glycation. Recently, these models have shown common cell signaling pathways on multiple etiologies of kidney injury, sharing several biomarkers such as oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory processes, dysregulation of defense systems and cell survival, and apoptosis. Approaching kidney injury based on the selection of relevant biomarkers will contribute to the design of therapeutic strategies for nephroprotection on multiple etiological factors.

Contenido de oligoelementos y factores antinutricionales de hojas comestibles nativas de Mesoamérica / Content of trace elements and antinutritional factors in edible leaves native to Mesoamerica

Los oligoelementos son importantes constituyentes nutricionales de las hierbas comestibles. Se colectaron 11 especies, nueve nativas (Amaranthus hybridus, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Crotalaria longirostrata, Dysphania ambrosioides, Lycianthes synanthera, Sechium edule, Solanum americanum, S. nigrescens, S. wendlandii) y dos introducidas (Moringa oleifera, Spinacea oleracea) en dos regiones de Guatemala. Se prepararon muestras de la hierba seca, cocida y de caldo de hierba fresca. Se cuantificaron por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica los macro (N, P, K) y oligoelementos (Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Mn), taninos por espectrofotometría y oxalatos por permanganimetría. El contenido de oligoelementos es diverso, para Zn, la hierba control S. oleracea contienen buena cantidad (90-140 ppm); de las nativas D. ambrosioides (130-160 ppm) y A. hybridus (70-80 ppm) tienen la mayor cantidad. Respecto a Fe las hierbas control tienen buena composición (S. oleracea, 220-280 ppm y M. oleifera, 105-135 ppm); de las nativas A. hybridus (90-240 ppm), C. aconitifolius (75-185 ppm) y L. synanthera (75-140 ppm) tienen buenas concentraciones. Se encontraron niveles elevados de oxalatos en S. oleracea (67.30 (5.51) mg/g), L. synanthera (56.30 (9.67) mg/g) y S. nigrescens (33.6 (5.48) mg/g); en las demás hierbas se encontraron niveles menores. Los niveles de taninos fueron bajos (0.1-0.8 mg/g) para todas las especies. Se demuestra que cuatro especies nativas tienen un buen contenido de oligoelementos y presentan valores menores de antinutricionales que los controles.

Trace elements are important nutritional constituents from edible herbs. Eleven species were collected in two regions of Guatemala, nine native (Amaranthus hybridus, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius, Crotalaria longirostrata, Dysphania ambrosioides, Lycianthes synanthera, Sechium edule, Solanum americanum, S. nigrescens, S. wendlandii) and two introduced (Moringa oleifera, Spinacea oleracea). Dry, cooked and broth samples were prepared. By atomic absorption spectrometry, macro (N, P, K) and trace elements (Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Mn) were quantified, tannins by spectrophotometry, and oxalates by permanganometry. Trace elements content is diverse, for Zn, control herb S. oleracea contained high quantity (90-140 ppm); from the natives D. ambrosioides (130-160 ppm) and A. hybridus (70-80 ppm) contained high amounts. For Fe, control herbs had high composition (S. oleracea, 220-280 ppm, M. oleifera, 105-135 ppm); from the natives A. hybridus (90-240 ppm), C. aconitifolius (75-185 ppm) and L. synanthera (75-140 ppm) had the highest amounts. High levels of oxalates were demonstrated in S. oleracea (67.30 (5.48) mg/g), L. synanthera (56.30 (9.67) mg/g), and S. nigrescens (33.6 (5.48) mg/g); from the others levels.

Inhibición de los efectos coagulante, fosfolipasa A2 y proteolítico del veneno de Bothrops asper por plantas usadas tradicionalmente en Centroamérica / Inhibition of the coagulant, phospholipase A2 and proteolytic effects of Bothrops asper venom by plants traditionally used in Central America

Existen pocos estudios científicos que demuestren el valor terapéutico de las plantas usadas en la medicina tradicional centroamericana para tratar el envenenamiento ofídico. En este estudio se evaluó la capacidad de los extractos etanólicos de nueve plantas de uso etnomédico en Centroamérica (Acacia hindsii, Aristolochia maxima, Bursera simaruba, Cissampelos pareira, Eryngium foetidum, Hamelia patens, Pimenta dioica, Piper peltatum y Sansevieria hyacinthoides) para inhibir el efecto coagulante del veneno de Bothrops asper. Tres de ellas (B. simaruba, E. foetidum y P. dioica) también fueron evaluadas en cuanto a su capacidad inhibitoria de los efectos fosfolipasa A2 (PLA2) y proteolítico del veneno. Las plantas fueron colectadas en Guatemala, secadas, extraídas con etanol y los efectos inhibitorios evaluados in vitro después de preincubar concentraciones variables de extracto con concentraciones fijas de veneno. Los resultados demostraron que ninguno de los extractos logró inhibir los efectos coagulante y PLA2, pero los extractos clorofilados de P. dioica y E. foetidum inhibieron efectivamente la actividad proteolítica del veneno. El tamizaje fitoquímico, mediante ensayos macro y semimicrométricos de cromatografía en capa fina, demostró la presencia de metabolitos secundarios reportados con actividad antiproteolítica (flavonoides, antocianinas, catequinas y taninos) en la composición química de los extractos de E. foetidum y P. dioica. Su efecto sobre el veneno se evaluó mediante electroforesis SDS-PAGE, demostrándose que no está mediado por degradación proteolítica de los componentes del veneno. El aislamiento y caracterización específica de sus metabolitos secundarios en futuros estudios, permitirá determinar el mecanismo de acción inhibitoria ejercido por estos extractos.

Medicinal plants have been traditionally used in Central America to treat snakebite envenomations, however, very few scientific studies aimed to demonstrate their efficacy and safety have been performed. In this study, ethanolic extracts of nine plants used in the region by traditional healers in snakebite cases (Acacia hindsii, Aristolochia maxima, Bursera simaruba, Cissampelos pareira, Eryngium foetidum, Hamelia patens, Pimenta dioica, Piper peltatum and Sansevieria hyacinthoides) were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the coagulant effect induced by the venom of the snake Bothrops asper. Three of these extracts (B. simaruba, E. foetidum and P. dioica) were also evaluated for their inhibitory effect on the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and proteolytic activities of the venom. Plants were collected in Guatemala, dried, extracted with ethanol, and their inhibitory effects were evaluated in vitro after pre-incubation of several amounts of each extract with a challenge concentration of venom. Results showed that none of the extracts inhibited the coagulant and PLA2 effects; however, chlorophyllated extracts of E. foetidum and P. dioica effectively inhibited the proteolytic activity of the venom. Phytochemical analysis of these extracts, conducted by macrometric assays and semimicroanalysis by thin layer chromatography, identified secondary metabolites (flavones, anthocyanins, catequines and tannins) whose anti-proteolytic activities have been widely reported. SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that the mechanism of inhibition is not related to proteolytic degradation of the venom proteins by the plant extracts. Further studies are needed to isolate and identify the active venom inhibitory compounds of these plants, aimed to understand their mechanism of action.

Medicina tradicional y fitoterapia una alternativa para el mejoramiento de la salud en Guatemala / Traditional medicine and herbal medicine an alternative for the improvement of health in Guatemala

El empleo de las plantas medicinales con fines curativos es una práctica que se ha utilizado ancestralmente. Durantemucho tiempo los remedios naturales fueron el principal recurso disponible, esto hizo que se profundizaraen el conocimiento de las especies vegetales, surgiendo así como una disciplina la fitoterapia. En todo el mundo, la medicina tradicional, complementaria o no convencional ha constituido un pilar importante en la prestación deservicios de salud. Muchos países reconocen actualmente la necesidad de elaborar un enfoque coherente e integralde la atención de salud que facilite el acceso de la medicina tradicional de manera segura, respetuosa, asequible yefectiva, por lo que surge la estrategia de la Organización Mundial de Salud 2002-2005, que por su importancia fueactualizada para 2014-2023. En Guatemala existe una práctica tradicional de uso de plantas medicinales, además secuenta con un Programa Nacional de Medicina Tradicional y con el Vademécum Nacional de Plantas Medicinales,el cual contiene la información sobre plantas medicinales validadas y con suficiente evidencia científica. Derivadodel análisis de la situación del sistema de salud, se plantea como una de las estrategias para mejorar el acceso, lacalidad de la atención y la promoción de la salud, un abordaje intercultural, dándole un nuevo enfoque al sistemade salud de una forma integrada, incluyente y pluricultural, que promueva la calidad en el servicio y que respondaa las necesidades de la comunidad con los recursos que le brinda su ambiente.

Traditional use of herbal medicines refers to the long historical use of these medicines, for a long time naturalremedies were the main resource available, making the knowledge of plant species an emerging discipline,phytotherapy. Worldwide, traditional, complementary or unconventional medicine has constituted an importantpillar in the provision of health services, many countries recognize the need to develop a coherent and comprehensiveapproach in health care, facilitating access of traditional medicine in a safe, friendly, affordable, and effectiveway. From this reason arise the strategy of the World Health Organization 2002-2005, because of its importanceit was updated for 2014-2023. In Guatemala there is a traditional practical use of medicinal plants, also there isa National Program on Traditional Medicine and the National Vade mecum on Medicinal Plants, which containvalidated information about medicinal plants and with sufficient scientific evidence. Derived from the analysis ofthe national health system, medicinal plants are proposed as one of the strategies to improve access to health carequality, and health promotion of intercultural approach, giving a new proposal to health care systems as integrated,inclusive, accessible and multicultural that promotes quality in service and to answer the needs of the communitywith the resources provided by the environment.

Actividad larvicida de aceites esenciales de Lippia alba y Lippia graveolens, contra Aedes aegypti L / Larvicidal activity of essential oils of Lippia alba and Lippia graveolens, on Aedes aegypti L

Aedes aegypti L. (Díptera: Culicidae), es vector de los virus que provocan las enfermedades febriles Dengue, Chikungunya y Zika, que afectan a gran parte de la población en los países tropicales, por lo que la búsqueda de nuevos plaguicidas naturales constituye un recurso importante para combatir a este mosquito. En el presente estudio se evaluaron cinco aceites esenciales obtenidos de tres quimiotipos de Lippia graveolens Kunth. (timol, carvacrol y mixto) y dos de Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson (citral y carvona), como alternativa para disminuir el impacto ambiental, del uso de insecticidas químicos para el control de las larvas del mosquito. Se realizaron bioensayos para cada uno de las cuatro estadios larvarios, en un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones, empleando cuatro concentraciones de los aceites esenciales (0.4, 0.2, 0.1 y 0.05 mg/mL); la lectura de mortalidad se hizo a las 24 h de exposición y se determinó la concentración letal media (CL50). En los cuatro estadios larvarios, el aceite esencial obtenido del quimiotipo timol de L. graveolens, mostró las CL50 más bajas con las mayores mortalidades: primer estadio, 0.056 mg/mL 95% IC [0.046, 0.064]; segundo estadio 0.068 mg/mL 95% IC [0.062, 0.077]; tercer estadio, 0.088 mg/mL 95% IC [0.080, 0.096]; cuarto estadio, 0.092 mg/mL 95% IC [0.084, 0.100]. Estos resultados sugieren el potencial uso del aceite esencial quimiotipo timol, como un insecticida de origen natural, para el control de A. aegypti.

Aedes aegypti L. (Díptera: Culicidae), is a vector of the viruses that cause febrile illnesses such as Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika, which affect in large extent the population of tropical countries, thus, the search of pesticides of natural origin is an important resource to combat this mosquito. In this study five essential oils, obtained from three chemotypes of Lippia graveolens Kunth. (thymol, carvacrol and mixed) and two of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton & P. Wilson (citral and carvone), were evaluated as an alternative to chemical pesticides to reduce the environmental impact, in order to control the insect larvae. Bioassays were performed randomly for each of the four instars in an experimental design with four replications, using four concentrations of the essential oils (0.4, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 mg / mL); the mortality reading was recorded after 24 hours of exposure and the median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined.. In all larval stages, the essential oil obtained from L. graveolens thymol chemotype showed the lowest LC50 with the highest mortality rate: first instar, 0.056 mg/mL 95 % CI ([0.046, 0.064]); second instar, 0.068 mg/ mL 95 % CI [0.062, 0.077]; third instar, 0.088 mg/mL 95 % CI [0.080, 0.096]; fourth instar, 0.092 mg/mL 95 % CI [0.084, 0.100]. These results suggest the potential use of the essential oil thymol chemotype, as an insecticide of natural origin, to control A. aegypti.

Actividad biológica y caracterización química de los extractos de las hojas y corteza de Rhizophora mangle L / Biological activity and chemical characterization of leaves and bark extracts of Rhizophora mangle L

La corteza de Rhizophora mangle L., mangle rojo, ha sido utilizado tradicionalmente por sus propiedades como antiséptico, astringente y hemostático, se ha descrito la presencia de polifenoles como flavonoides y taninos, a los cuales se les ha relacionado con su acción antioxidante y cicatrizante demostrada en diferentes estudios; por su parte las hojas han presentado taninos y actividad antioxidante muy similar, y en ocasiones superior, a la reportada para la corteza. En este estudio se determinó la cantidad de taninos, flavonoides, actividad antioxidante y antibacteriana de cinco extractos etanólicos de hoja y corteza de mangle rojo, colectado en cinco transectos de la Reserva Natural de Usos Múltiples Monterrico Santa Rosa, Guatemala; se analizaron los datos con base en los promedios y desviaciones estándar de cada uno de los parámetros evaluados. En los extractos de hojas se determinó un 15.91±8.56% de taninos, 315.19±90.83ppm de flavonoides, actividad antioxidante a una concentración inhibitoria media (CI50) de 0.435±0.315mg/mL, 125.44±65.05μg de ácido gálico/g de extracto y actividad antibacterianacontra Staphylococcus aereus ATCC 6538, S. epidermidis ATCC 14990 y S. epidermidis aislada de herida con unaconcentración mínima inhibitoria (CIM) de 1 mg/mL; siendo estos datos similares a los de corteza. Se obtuvo uncoeficiente de correlación de -.79, entre la cantidad de taninos y actividad antioxidante (p < .001); lo cual relaciona su composición química con su posible efecto cicatrizante, por lo que los extractos de hoja pueden constituir unaalternativa viable para el desarrollo de productos naturales.

The Rhizophora mangle L. cortex, red mangrove, has a traditional use due to its antiseptic, astringent and hemostaticproperties; it has been described the content of polyphenols mainly as flavonoids and tannins, withantioxidant and wound healing properties, demonstrated in various studies, meanwhile the leafs presents tannins and similar antioxidant activity, sometimes, superior to the cortex activity. In this study, the amount of tannins, flavonoids, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of five ethanol extracts of leaf and cortex of red mangrove were determined; the samples were collected in the nature reserve multipurpose Monterric o, Santa Rosa, Guatemala; the data was analyzed based on the averages and standard deviations of each of the parameters evaluated. Inleaf extracts were quantified 15.91±8.56% of tannins, flavonoids 315.19±90.83 ppm, antioxidant activity of IC50 0.435±0.315mg/mL, total phenols of 125.44±65.05 μg gallic acid/ g of extract and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, S. epidermidis ATCC 14990 and S. salvaje with a MIC of 1 mg/mL, beingcomparables as those of the cortex. A correlation of -.79 was obtained, between the amount of tannins and antioxidant activity (p <.001); relating the results to a possible biological wound healing effects, consequently the leafextracts can become a viable option to the development of medicinal natural products.

Actividad hipotrigliceridémica de un extracto de rosa de Jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa L. ) al administrarse antes y durante las comidas / Hypotriglyceridemic activity of Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L. ) extract administered before and after meals

La elevación de los lípidos sanguíneos se ha convertido en un riesgo común de enfermedades cardiovasculares, en especial en el caso del colesterol y triglicéridos, también a problemas pancreáticos, de la córnea, bazo e hígado. Hibiscus sabdariffa L., es una especie medicinal de la familia Malvaceae, su efecto sobre la reducción de los lípidos séricos se ha mencionado en varios estudios. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en evaluar la actividad de un extracto acuoso de los cálices de H. sabdariffa, para reducir los lípidos séricos en dos grupos de individuos, con valores de triglicéridos mayores de 150 mg/dL, al recibir una dosis de 15 mg de antocianinas totales al día, dividida entres veces, por un periodo de dos meses para establecer su influencia, dependiendo del momento de su administración, un grupo recibiéndola antes de la comida y otro durante la misma. El extracto de H. sabdariffa mostró un efecto hipotrigliceridémico significativo (p = 0.034), al finalizar el tratamiento, únicamente al administrar el extracto antes de las comidas. Al mismo tiempo, no se observó alteración en los niveles de colesterol total, colesterol contenido en las lipoproteínas de baja densidad y colesterol contenido en las proteínas de alta densidad en ninguno de los dos grupos evaluados. Los resultados sugieren que los extractos acuosos de H. sabdariffa podrían ser utilizados para ejercer una acción en los triglicéridos plasmáticos, dependiente del consumo de alimentos, y del momento de administración.

Elevated blood lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides, has become a common health risk worldwide, not only for cardiovascular diseases, especially in the case of cholesterol and triglycerides, but also in pancreatic, corneal, spleen and liver problems. Hibiscus sabdariffa L., is a medicinal plant of the Malvaceae family, its effect on reducing serum lipids is mentioned in several studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activity of an aqueous extract of H. sabdariffa at a dose of 15 mg of anthocyanins daily, divided in three times a day, either before or during meals, over a period of 2 months, to decrease plasma triglycerides in subjects with values above 150 mg/dL, in order to establish the influence of the time of administration in this effect. The extract showed a hypotriglyceridemic effect (p = 0.034) in the first and second month of treatment, only when administered before meals. At the same time, no significant changes were observed in levels of total cholesterol, cLDL, cHDL in any of the evaluated groups. These results suggest that the aqueous extracts of H. sabdariffa could be used to reduce action in plasma triglycerides levels only when administered prior to meals.

Guatemalan plants extracts as virucides against HIV-1 infection.

Prevention methods to avoid transmission of pathogens, including HIV, are crucial in the control of infectious diseases, not only to block epidemic spread but to avoid long-term treatments leading to emergence of resistances and drug associated side effects. Together with vaccine development, the discovery of new virucidal agents represents a research priority in this setting. In the screening of new compounds with antiviral activity, three Guatemalan plant extracts from Justicia reptans, Neurolaena lobata and Pouteria viridis were evaluated with a classic antiviral assay and were found to inhibit HIV replication. This activity was corroborated by an original recombinant virus assay, leading us to perform a deeper study of the virucidal activity. Active fractions were non-toxic in vitro and also inhibited other enveloped viruses. Moreover, these fractions were able to inhibit the transfer of HIV from dendritic cells (DCs) to lymphocytes, that represents the main way of HIV spread in vivo.

Ethnobotanical, pharmacognostical, pharmacological and phytochemical studies on Smilax domingensis in Guatemala

Smilax domingensis Willd., Smilacaceae, known as zarzaparrilla, is a climbing shrub from Tropical America. The rhizome is popularly used in medicine as anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and tonic. Since 1983 studies are being conducted in Guatemala for validation of the ethnobotanical uses, particularly in vitro demonstration of antimicrobial activity, using wild material, with high variability and some taxonomic problems. This article reports the taxonomic determination, cultivation of drug material, evaluation of use by in vitro and in vivo pharmacological assays, and phytochemical characterization. Extracts from cultivated material was evaluated by antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and immunomodulatory models, confirming the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. Phytochemistry was done in the crude drug and extracts. Quality control parameters are described (micrographic drawings and phytochemical characteristics). Evidence is presented that cultivated rhizome has antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities, validating the popular use and helping the industrial development of phytopharmaceutical products.

Chemical composition of essential oils of Piper jacquemontianum and Piper variabile from Guatemala and bioactivity of the dichloromethane and methanol extracts

The essential oils from two native species from Guatemala were studied for their chemical composition and the dichloromethane and methanol extracts for their biological activity. A GC-MS analysis of the essential oil from Piper jacquemontianum Kunth, Piperaceae, showed 34 constituents, consisting mainly of linalool (69.4 percent), while Piper variabile C. DC. essential oil had 36 constituents, camphor (28.4 percent), camphene (16.6 percent) and limonene (13.9 percent) being the major components. Dichloromethane extracts of both species were cytotoxic against MCF-7, H-460 and SF-268 cell lines (<7 µg/mL). Dichloromethane extract of P. jacquemontianum was slightly active against bacteria (0.5 mg/mL), was active against promastigotes of Leishmania (20.4-61.0 µg/mL), and epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi (51.9 µg/mL). The methanol extract of P. variabile showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum F32 (4.5 µg/mL), and the dichloromethane extract against Leishmania (55.8-76.3 µg/mL) and T. cruzi (45.8 µg/mL). None of the extracts from the two species was active against Aedes aegypti larvae and Artemia salina nauplii.

Comparison of bioassays using the anostracan crustaceans Artemia salina and Thamnocephalus platyurus for plant extract toxicity screening / Comparação de bioensaios com os crustáceos Artemia salina e Thamnocephalus platyurus para abordagem de extratos de plantas com toxicidade

Three lethality bioassays, using the salt-water crustacean Artemia salina Leach, Artemiidae, (conventional 96 microwell plate test and the Artoxkit M microbiotest) and the freshwater crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus Packard, Thamnocephalidae, (Thamnotoxkit F microbiotest), were compared using extracts of ten Guatemalan plant species. It was previously observed that five of them have anti-Artemia activity. These were: Solanum americanum Mill., Solanaceae, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp., Fabaceae, Neurolaena lobata (L.) Cass., Asteraceae, Petiveria alliacea L., Phytolaccaceae, and Ocimum campechianum Mill., Lamiaceae. The five others: Curatella americana L., Dilleniaceae, Prunus barbata Koehne, Rosaceae, Quercus crispifolia Trel., Fagaceae, Rhizophora mangle L., Rhizophoraceae, and Smilax domingensis Willd., Smilacaceae, do not. All plants without anti-Artemia activity had no lethal effects in both assays with A. salina. For the plants with anti-Artemia activity the Artoxkit M was not sensitive to G. sepium and the conventional Artemia test was not sensitive to S. americanum, G. sepium and N. lobata. All the plant extracts, except for that of C. americana, had lethal effects on T. platyurus and the lethal median concentration (LC50) levels for this organism were in all cases substantially lower than those of the salt-water test species. This study revealed that T. platyurus is a promising test species worth further in depth investigation for toxicity screening of plant extracts with potential medicinal properties.

Três bioensaios de letalidade com o crustáceo de água salgada Artemia salina Leach, Artemiidae, (teste convencional em microplaca de 96 poós Artoxkit microbiotest M) e o crustáceo de água doce Thamnocephalus platyurus Packard, Thamnocephalidae (Thamnotoxkit microbiotest F), foram comparados utilizando extratos de dez espécies de plantas da Guatemala. Foi previamente observado que cinco delas possuem atividade anti-Artemia: Solanum americanum Mill., Solanaceae, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp., Fabaceae, Neurolaena lobata (L.) Cass., Asteraceae, Petiveria alliacea L., Phytolaccaceae e Ocimum campechianum Mill., Lamiaceae. As outras cinco espécies, Curatella americana L., Dilleniaceae, Prunus barbata Koehne, Rosaceae, Quercus crispifolia Trel., Fagaceae, Rhizophora mangle L., Rhizophoraceae e Smilax domingensis Willd., Smilacaceae, não. Todas as plantas sem atividade anti-Artemia não tiveram nenhum efeito letal em ambos os ensaios com A. salina. Para as plantas com atividade anti-Artemia o M Artoxkit não foi sensível a G. sepium e teste convencional de Artemia não foi sensível a S. americanum, G. sepium e N. lobata. Todos os extratos vegetais, exceto o de C. americana, apresentaram um efeito letal sobre T. platyurus e a concentração letal média (CL50) para este organismo em todos os casos foram substancialmente inferiores aos da espécie de teste de água salgada. Este estudo revelou que T. platyurus é teste promissor para uma investigação aprofundada na seleção de extratos de plantas com potenciais propriedades medicinais.

Actividad biológica y composición química de especies del género Litsea en Mesoamérica: Una revisión / Biological activity and chemical composition of Litsea´s genus species in Mesoamerica: a review

El presente trabajo es una revisión sobre la actividad biológica de extractos naturales con potencial medicinal o agroindustrial, en el cual se muestra que las especies vegetales del género Litsea distribuidas en Mesoamérica podrían constituir una fuente importante en el desarrollo de potenciales medicamentos y como biocontroladores tales como antitumoral, antiviral, antimicrobiana, antiinflamatoria, antioxidante, y en control fitosanitario como insecticida, plaguicida y repelente., entre otras. El desarrollo de un producto natural involucra la selección de la especie empleando criterios etnobotánicos o por bioprospección, los métodos de extracción estudio químico para el aislamiento y elucidación estructural de las moléculas responsables de la actividad y pruebas biológicas realizadas mediante ensayos in vitro, in vivo, toxicológicos y clínicos...

Caracterización química de los aceites esenciales y extractos de especies mesoamericanas del género piper como nuevos recursos aromáticos / Chemical characterization of essencial oils and extracts Mesoamerican species of the genus piper as new resources aromatic

La familia Piperaceae comprnde 14 gneros y aproximadamente 700 especies, que están distribuidas en las zonas tropicales y subtropicales del mundo. En Guatemala se describen aproximadamente 88 especies de Piper distribuidas en diferentes regiones del país, de las cuales se encuentra muy poca información química y farmacológica. El presente estudio contribuye al estudio químico de las especies aromáticas más importantes del género Piper en Guatemala. Se identificaron 16 especies en tres departamentos de Guatemala: en Suchitepequez se encontraron cuatro especies (Piper umbellatum, P. oradendrum, P. patulum y P. jacquemontianum); en Alta Verapaz se encontraron 8 especies...