A Novel Long-Range n to π* Interaction Secures the Smallest known α-Helix in Water.

The introduction of an amide bond linking side chains of the first and fifth amino acids forms a cyclic pentapeptide that optimally stabilizes the smallest known α-helix in water. The origin of the stabilization is unclear. The observed dependence of α-helicity on the solvent and cyclization linker led us to discover a novel long-range n to π* interaction between a main-chain amide oxygen and a uniquely positioned carbonyl group in the linker of cyclic pentapeptides. CD and NMR spectra, NMR and X-ray structures, modelling, and MD simulations reveal that this first example of a synthetically incorporated long-range n to π* CO⋅⋅⋅Cγ =Ο interaction uniquely enforces an almost perfect and remarkably stable peptide α-helix in water but not in DMSO. This unusual interaction with a covalent amide bond outside the helical backbone suggests new approaches to synthetically stabilize peptide structures in water.

Europium-Labeled Synthetic C3a Protein as a Novel Fluorescent Probe for Human Complement C3a Receptor.

Measuring ligand affinity for a G protein-coupled receptor is often a crucial step in drug discovery. It has been traditionally determined by binding putative new ligands in competition with native ligand labeled with a radioisotope of finite lifetime. Competing instead with a lanthanide-based fluorescent ligand is more attractive due to greater longevity, stability, and safety. Here, we have chemically synthesized the 77 residue human C3a protein and conjugated its N-terminus to europium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate to produce a novel fluorescent protein (Eu-DTPA-hC3a). Time-resolved fluorescence analysis has demonstrated that Eu-DTPA-hC3a binds selectively to its cognate G protein-coupled receptor C3aR with full agonist activity and similar potency and selectivity as native C3a in inducing calcium mobilization and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases in HEK293 cells that stably expressed C3aR. Time-resolved fluorescence analysis for saturation and competitive binding gave a dissociation constant (Kd) of 8.7 ± 1.4 nM for Eu-DTPA-hC3a and binding affinities for hC3a (pKi of 8.6 ± 0.2 and Ki of 2.5 nM) and C3aR ligands TR16 (pKi of 6.8 ± 0.1 and Ki of 138 nM), BR103 (pKi of 6.7 ± 0.1 and Ki of 185 nM), BR111 (pKi of 6.3 ± 0.2 and Ki of 544 nM) and SB290157 (pKi of 6.3 ± 0.1 and Ki of 517 nM) via displacement of Eu-DTPA-hC3a from hC3aR. The macromolecular conjugate Eu-DTPA-hC3a is a novel nonradioactive probe suitable for studying ligand-C3aR interactions with potential value in accelerating drug development for human C3aR in physiology and disease.

Review stapling peptides using cysteine crosslinking.

Stapled peptides are an emerging class of cyclic peptide molecules with enhanced biophysical properties such as conformational and proteolytic stability, cellular uptake and elevated binding affinity and specificity for their biological targets. Among the limited number of chemistries available for their synthesis, the cysteine-based stapling strategy has received considerable development in the last few years driven by facile access from cysteine-functionalized peptide precursors. Here we present some recent advances in peptide and protein stapling where the side-chains of cysteine residues are covalently connected with a range of different crosslinkers affording bisthioether macrocyclic peptides of varying topology and biophysical properties. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 843-852, 2016.

Chemically Diverse Helix-Constrained Peptides Using Selenocysteine Crosslinking.

The use of selenocysteines and various cross-linkers to induce helicity in a bioactive peptide is described. The higher reactivity of selenocysteine, relative to cysteine, facilitates rapid cross-linking within unprotected linear peptides under mild aqueous conditions. Alkylating agents of variable topology and electrophilicity were used to link pairs of selenocysteines within a p53 peptide. Facile selenoether formation enables diverse tailoring of the helical peptide structure.