Presence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Apolipoprotein B Messenger RNA Editing, Catalytic Polypeptide-Like 3 (APOBEC)-Related Minority Variants in HPV-16 Genomes From Anal and Cervical Samples but Not in HPV-52 and HPV-58.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of minority variants (MVs) in high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types (HPV-16, -52, and -58) from cervical and anal smears. Methods: Whole HPV genome ultra-deep sequencing (UDS) was performed on cervical and anal smears collected during patient follow-up. Bioinformatics analyses were performed using Bowtie2 (Geneious). Results: We assessed 55 HPV-16-positive, 20 HPV-52-positive, and 17 HPV-58-positive samples, with significant differences in patient characteristics for the 2 anatomic sites. HPV-16 MVs were detected in 20 samples (36%), with no difference between cervical and anal samples. We did not find an association between the presence of MVs and cytovirological parameters. Seven HPV-16 genomes (13%) were apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing, catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC) edited. Among the cervical HPV-16-positive samples, most MVs (55%) resulted from APOBEC-related mutations. MVs were detected in 10 HPV-52-positive (50%) and 12 HPV-58-positive (71%) samples, with no difference between cervical and anal samples. No APOBEC-related mutations were found on HPV-58 or HPV-52 genomes. Conclusions: Overall, high-risk HPV MVs were found in about half of all cases in both anal and cervical samples. Interestingly, we reported for the first time a differential impact of APOBEC3 mutagenic activity depending on high-risk HPV type.

Angiomyofibroblastoma: a rare vulvar tumor.

INTRODUCTION: Angiomyofibroblastoma is a rare, benign mesenchymal tumor that occurs mainly in the vulval region of middle age (35-45 years) women. CASE: We describe a 41-year-old woman, presenting with a 10-cm right vulvar mass and persistent perineal pain lasting 1 month. A surgical excision of the lesion was performed and a large mass with an intact capsule was sent for pathological examination. The results indicated angiomyofibroblastoma. CONCLUSION: The differential diagnosis between angiomyofibroblastoma (AMF) and aggressive angiomyxoma (AAM) is very important because prognoses are not the same. AMF is a well-circumscribed lesion, with a weak risk of local non-destructive recurrence. AAM is a locally aggressive and infiltrative neoplasm, with a high risk of local aggressive recurrence. Wide excision with a rim of normal tissue is recommended in all cases of vulvar tumors.

Prevention of shoulder dystocia: A randomized controlled trial to evaluate an obstetric maneuver.

OBJECTIVE: Shoulder dystocia is a major obstetric emergency defined as a failure of delivery of the fetal shoulder(s). This study evaluated whether an obstetric maneuver, the push back maneuver performed gently on the fetal head during delivery, could reduce the risk of shoulder dystocia. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a multicenter, randomized, single-blind trial to compare the push back maneuver with usual care in parturient women at term. The primary outcome, shoulder dystocia, was considered to have occurred if, after delivery of the fetal head, any additional obstetric maneuver, beginning with the McRoberts maneuver, other than gentle downward traction and episiotomy was required. RESULTS: We randomly assigned 522 women to the push back maneuver group (group P) and 523 women to the standard vaginal delivery group (group S). Finally, 473 women assigned to group P and 472 women assigned to group S delivered vaginally. The rate of shoulder dystocia was significantly lower in group P (1·5%) than in group S (3·8%) (odds ratio [OR] 0·38 [0·16-0·92]; P = 0·03). After adjustment for predefined main risk factors, dystocia remained significantly lower in group P than in group S. There were no significant between-group differences in neonatal complications, including brachial plexus injury, clavicle fracture, hematoma and generalized asphyxia. CONCLUSION: In this trial in 945 women who delivered vaginally, the push back maneuver significantly decreased the risk of shoulder dystocia, as compared with standard vaginal delivery.

Uterine necrosis following pelvic arterial embolization for post-partum hemorrhage: review of the literature.

Uterine necrosis is one of the rarest complications following pelvic arterial embolization for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). With the increasing incidence of cesarean section and abnormal placental localization (placenta previa) or placental invasion (placenta accreta/increta/percreta), more and more cases of uterine necrosis after embolization are being diagnosed and reported. Pelvic computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging provides high diagnostic accuracy, and surgical management includes hysterectomy. We performed a Medline database query following the first description of uterine necrosis after pelvic embolization (between January 1985 and January 2013). Medical subheading search words were the following: "uterine necrosis"; "embolization"; "postpartum hemorrhage". Seventeen citations reporting at least one case of uterine necrosis after pelvic embolization for PPH were included, with a total of 19 cases. This literature review discusses the etiopathogenesis, clinical and therapeutic aspects of uterine necrosis following pelvic arterial embolization, and guidelines are detailed. The mean time interval between pelvic embolization and diagnosis of uterine necrosis was 21 days (range 9-730). The main symptoms of uterine necrosis were fever, abdominal pain, menorrhagia and leukorrhea. Surgical management included total hysterectomy (n=15, 78%) or subtotal hysterectomy (n=2, 10%) and partial cystectomy with excision of the necrotic portion in three cases of associated bladder necrosis (15%). Uterine necrosis was partial in four cases (21%). Regarding the pathophysiology, four factors may be involved in uterine necrosis: the size and nature of the embolizing agent, the presence of the anastomotic vascular system and the embolization technique itself with the use of free flow embolization.