RESUMO
Diagnosticar, clasificar y estadificar la enfermedad renal en pacientes con diabetes mellitus (DM) es un desafío tanto para los médicos de atención primaria como para los especialistas, porque no existe método en la práctica clínica que evalúe la tasa de filtrado glomerular (TFG) en forma precisa. Para evaluar la función renal en enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) con menos de 60 ml/min/1.73m2 , correspondiente a los estadios 3, 4 y 5 de la clasificación actual, los métodos disponibles en los laboratorios clínicos son de limitada exactitud. En este trabajo se desarrollarán las condiciones que debería cumplir un marcador ideal, las dificultades que ofrece la evaluación de la creatinina, la medición de la TFG, así como las ventajas y limitaciones de las recomendaciones del uso de fórmulas para su determinación, y el algoritmo actual para estimar función renal. Conclusiones: actualmente, a pesar de las limitaciones, se recomienda el empleo de fórmulas para la estimación de la TFG, sobre todo en TFG menor a 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Es un desafío, para un futuro mediato, desarrollar mejores recursos para su evaluación.
To diagnose,classify and stage diabetic kidney disease in patients with diabetes mellitus is a challenge in clinical practice for both primary care physicians and specialists because there is no method in clinical practice that evaluates accurately the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This challenge is due to difficulties in evaluating kidney function in stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) below 60 ml/min/1.73m2 corresponding to stages 3, 4 and 5 of the classification, because the available tools in clinical laboratories are of limited accuracy. This work explores the conditions that an ideal marker should meet, the difficulties offered by the evaluation of serum creatinine, the measurement of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as well as the advantages and limitations of the recommendations of the use of formulas for its determination and the current algorithm to estimate renal function. Conclusions: currently, despite the limitations, the use of formulas for the diagnosis of renal function is recommended, especially in GFR below 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. It is a challenge for the near future to develop better tools for the evaluation of TGF.
Assuntos
Nefropatias , Diabetes Mellitus , Nefropatias Diabéticas , Insuficiência Renal CrônicaRESUMO
Diagnosticar, clasificar y estadificar la enfermedad renal en pacientes con diabetes mellitus (DM) es un desafío tanto para los médicos de atención primaria como para los especialistas, porque no existe método en la práctica clínica que evalúe la tasa de filtrado glomerular (TFG) en forma precisa. Para evaluar la función renal en enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) con menos de 60 ml/min/1.73m., correspondiente a los estadios 3, 4 y 5 de la clasificación actual, los métodos disponibles en los laboratorios clínicos son de limitada exactitud. En este trabajo se desarrollarán las condiciones que debería cumplir un marcador ideal, las dificultades que ofrece la evaluación de la creatinina, la medición de la TFG, así como las ventajas y limitaciones de las recomendaciones del uso de fórmulas para su determinación, y el algoritmo actual para estimar función renal. Conclusiones: actualmente, a pesar de las limitaciones, se recomienda el empleo de fórmulas para la estimación de la TFG, sobre todo en TFG menor a 60 ml/min/1.73 m.. Es un desafío, para un futuro mediato, desarrollar mejores recursos para su evaluación.
To diagnose,classify and stage diabetic kidney disease in patients with diabetes mellitus is a challenge in clinical practice for both primary care physicians and specialists because there is no method in clinical practice that evaluates accurately the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This challenge is due to difficulties in evaluating kidney function in stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) below 60 ml/min/1.73m. corresponding to stages 3, 4 and 5 of the classification, because the available tools in clinical laboratories are of limited accuracy. This work explores the conditions that an ideal marker should meet, the difficulties offered by the evaluation of serum creatinine, the measurement of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as well as the advantages and limitations of the recommendations of the use of formulas for its determination and the current algorithm to estimate renal function. Conclusions: currently, despite the limitations, the use of formulas for the diagnosis of renal function is recommended, especially in GFR below 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. It is a challenge for the near future to develop better tools for the evaluation of TGF. Key words: renal function; glomerular filtration rate; creatinine; creatinine clearance.
RESUMO
En el paciente con diabetes mellitus (DM) y enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), las alteraciones electrolíticas y metabólicas constituyen un verdadero desafío. En noviembre de 2021, el Comité de Nefropatía de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes realizó una jornada científica con el objetivo de actualizar las alteraciones hidroelectrolíticas y del metabolismo óseo mineral, y las consideraciones dietarias en ERC y DM.
In patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), electrolyte and metabolic alterations constitute a real challenge. In November 2021, the Nephropathy Committee of the Argentine Diabetes Society held a scientific conference with the aim of updating hydroelectrolytic and mineral bone metabolism disorders, and dietary considerations in CKD and DM.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Eletrólitos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Nefropatias , MineraisRESUMO
In Argentina, there have been no studies aimed at establishing the prevalence of dysglycaemia (impaired fasting glucose [IFG], impaired glucose tolerance [IGT] and diabetes mellitus [DM]) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our group decided to conduct an observational study to evaluate the frequency with oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in CKD patients with no previous data for dysglycaemia in their medical records. OGTT was performed in 254 patients (60.62% male) with stage 3, 4 and 5 CKD under conservative treatment, haemodialysis or transplantation. Results for DM were found in 10 patients according to fasting glucose alone (3.94%; 95% CI: 1.35-6.53%), 11 patients with exclusively the second hour criterion (4.33%; 95% CI: 1.63-7.03%), 15 with both criteria (5.91%; 95% CI: 2.81-9.00%) and 36 patients with at least one criteria (14.17%; 95% CI: 9.69-18.66%). In a multivariate analysis, DM was associated with waist circumference (OR=1.033 per cm; 95% CI, 1.005 to 1.062; P=.019) and with conservative treatment vs. replacement therapy (OR=0.41; 95% CI: 0.19-0.92; P=.028). IGT was evident in 24.6% and 20.3 on conservative vs. replacement therapy, with no statistically significant difference. IFG (ADA criteria) was 19.75 vs. 9.24% in conservative vs. replacement therapy, with a statistically significant difference. OGTT is suggested for all CKD patients since it is able to detect the full range of unknown dysglycaemias, which avoids underdiagnoses and favours performing treatments to prevent progression in DM risk groups (IFG and/or IGT). It also aids in the selection of the most appropriate medication for transplantation or treatment initiation in new cases of undiagnosed DM to decrease morbidity and mortality.
Assuntos
Glicemia , Intolerância à Glucose , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Argentina , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
La prevalencia de obesidad y diabetes mellitus se asocia al desarrollo de enfermedad renal crónica y estadios terminales de la misma. En individuos con obesidad se produce un mecanismo de hiperfiltración, probablemente compensatorio para satisfacer la alta demanda metabólica asociada al aumento del peso corporal, con la presencia de proteinuria en individuos sin enfermedad renal. La histopatología muestra una glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria relacionada con la obesidad en un marco de glomerulomegalia. La cirugía metabólica es el medio más efectivo para obtener una pérdida de peso sustancial y persistente. Se ha demostrado la superioridad de la cirugía sobre el tratamiento médico no solo para lograr un mejor control glucémico, sino también para la reducción de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Los mecanismos parecen extenderse más allá de la magnitud de la pérdida de peso e incluyen mejoras tanto en los perfiles de incretinas como en la secreción y la sensibilidad a la insulina. El Comité de Nefropatía de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes realizó esta revisión sobre los mecanismos involucrados en la obesidad como causa de enfermedad renal o empeoramiento de la misma por diabetes, y los mecanismos a través de los cuales la cirugía bariátrica beneficiaría a los pacientes con diabetes y enfermedad renal crónica en todos los estadios de la misma, así como los controles pre y posquirúrgicos en este tipo de cirugías.
The prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus are associated with the development of chronic kidney disease and its terminal stages. In individuals affected by obesity, a probably compensatory hyperfiltration mechanism occurs to satisfy the high metabolic demand associated with increased body weight; it is also associated with the presence and development of proteinuria in individuals without kidney disease. Histopathology shows obesity-related focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in a setting of glomerulomegaly. Metabolic surgery is the most effective means of obtaining substantial and lasting weight loss. The superiority of surgery over medical treatment has been demonstrated only to achieve better glycemic control, as well as a reduction in cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanisms appear to extend beyond the magnitude of weight loss and include improvements in incretin profiles, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. The Nephropathy Committee of the Argentine Diabetes Society carried out this review on mechanisms involved in obesity as a cause of kidney disease or worsening of kidney disease due to diabetes, the mechanisms by which bariatric surgery would benefit patients with diabetes and kidney disease chronic and its terminal stages, the pre and post-surgical controls that should be performed by patients undergoing this type of surgery
Assuntos
Cirurgia Bariátrica , Diabetes Mellitus , Nefropatias , ObesidadeRESUMO
La prevalencia de obesidad y diabetes mellitus se asocia al desarrollo de enfermedad renal crónica y estadios terminales de la misma. En individuos con obesidad, se produce un mecanismo de hiperfiltración, probablemente compensatorio para satisfacer la alta demanda metabólica asociada al aumento del peso corporal, con la presencia de proteinuria, en individuos sin enfermedad renal. La histopatología muestra una glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria relacionada con la obesidad en un marco de glomerulomegalia. La cirugía metabólica es el medio más efectivo para obtener una pérdida de peso sustancial y persistente. Se ha demostrado la superioridad de la cirugía sobre el tratamiento médico no solo para lograr un mejor control glucémico, sino también para la reducción de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Los mecanismos parecen extenderse más allá de la magnitud de la pérdida de peso e incluyen mejoras tanto en los perfiles de incretinas como en la secreción y la sensibilidad a la insulina. El Comité de Nefropatía de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes realizó esta revisión sobre los mecanismos involucrados en la obesidad como causa de enfermedad renal o empeoramiento de la misma por diabetes, y los mecanismos a través de los cuales la cirugía bariátrica beneficiaría a los pacientes con diabetes y enfermedad renal crónica en todos los estadios de la misma, así como los controles pre y posquirúrgicos en este tipo de cirugías.
The prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus are associated with the development of chronic kidney disease and its terminal stages. In individuals affected by obesity, a probably compensatory hyperfiltration mechanism occurs to satisfy the high metabolic demand associated with increased body weight; it is also associated with the presence and development of proteinuria in individuals without kidney disease. Histopathology shows obesity-related focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in a setting of glomerulomegaly. Metabolic surgery is the most effective means of obtaining substantial and lasting weight loss. The superiority of surgery over medical treatment has been demonstrated only to achieve better glycemic control, as well as a reduction in cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanisms appear to extend beyond the magnitude of weight loss and include improvements in incretin profiles, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity. The Nephropathy Committee of the Argentine Diabetes Society carried out this review on mechanisms involved in obesity as a cause of kidney disease or worsening of kidney disease due to diabetes, the mechanisms by which bariatric surgery would benefit patients with diabetes and kidney disease chronic and its terminal stages, the pre and post-surgical controls that should be performed by patients undergoing this type of surgery.
Assuntos
Cirurgia Bariátrica , Diabetes Mellitus , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , ObesidadeRESUMO
La cistitis bacteriana aguda es un proceso infeccioso de la vejiga. La prescencia de disuria, polaquiuria, tenesmo, dolor hipogástrico y/o hematuria, aumenta la probabilidad diagnóstica. Ante la sospecha clínica debe solicitarse sedimento urinario y evaluar presencia de leucocituria, piuria o microhematuria, y requerir urocultivo previo al inicio del tratamiento. La prostatitis bacteriana aguda es una entidad poco frecuente pero que requiere diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz, con aislamiento del gérmen. La uretritis puede ser de etiología infecciosa o no. En estas patologías, el tratamiento no difiere de los pacientes sin diabetes, pero deben tenerse presente factores como la neuropatía autonómica que puede encubrir la sintomatología y aumentar el riesgo de descompensación metabólica y cetoacidosis
Acute bacterial cystitis is an infectious process of the bladder. The presence of dysuria, pollakiuria, tenesmus, hypogastric pain and/or hematuria increases the diagnostic probability. In view of clinical suspicion, urinary sediment should be requested to evaluate the presence of leukocyturia, pyuria or microhematuria, and urine culture requested before starting treatment. Acute bacterial prostatitis is a less frequent entity but requires early diagnosis and treatment, with germ isolation. Urethritis can be of infectious etiology or not. In these pathologies, treatment does not differ from patients without diabetes, but factors such as autonomic neuropathy that can conceal the symptoms and increase the risk of metabolic decompensation and ketoacidosis should be considered
Assuntos
Prostatite , Uretrite , CistiteRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and chronic renal disease constitute important risk factors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, associated with lipid abnormalities, and proinflammatory states. Advances in renal replacement therapy such as hemodialysis (HD) have not reduced morbi-mortality. It has not been elucidated if the concomitant presence of T2DM or metabolic syndrome with end-stage renal disease further impairs the atherogenic profiles. METHODS: We studied 122 HD patients, among which 44 presented with T2DM (HD-T2DM) and 30 with metabolic syndrome (HD-MS); 48 had neither T2DM nor metabolic syndrome (HD-C). Lipoprotein profile, including atherogenic remnant lipoproteins (RLP), and inflammation markers--high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), adiponectin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6)--were measured. RESULTS: In all HD patients, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and RLP showed no differences between HD groups, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was decreased, particularly in HD-T2DM and HD-MS, with respect to HD-C (P<0.01). Regarding inflammatory parameters, both IL-6 and hsCRP were found to be similar between HD groups. Adiponectin paradoxically shows higher values in relation to those expected for insulin resistance situations showing no differences between HD groups. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of T2DM or metabolic syndrome did not worsen atherogenic lipoprotein levels, but did reduce HDL-C. Neither was the proinflammatory profile further altered in HD patients in the presence of insulin resistance conditions.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Inflamação/sangue , Resistência à Insulina , Falência Renal Crônica/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Diálise Renal/métodos , Adiponectina/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Aterosclerose/sangue , Aterosclerose/imunologia , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/imunologia , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-6/sangue , Falência Renal Crônica/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITUs) son frecuentes en la práctica médica diaria. Existen factores patogénicos que modulan el riesgo de su aparición que dependen del germen responsable y el huésped. La diabetes mellitus es un factor predisponente para la aparición de infecciones urinarias. Como factores de riesgo para estas infecciones se mencionan la mayor duración de la diabetes, la albuminuria y neuropatía con menor vaciamiento vesical, siendo controversial la presencia de glucosuria. Según su ubicación en el árbol urinario pueden ser bajas y altas, y de acuerdo a la severidad, complicadas o no. La bacteriuria asintomática, detectada por análisis rutinario, es más frecuente en mujeres con diabetes. La elección del esquema antibiótico en las infecciones urinarias se basa en la severidad de la infección, el antecedente de microorganismos resistentes y la sensibilidad en el antibiograma, recordando ajustar la dosis de acuerdo al grado de insuficiencia renal. En este trabajo nuestro objetivo es describir las características clínicas y el diagnóstico para un adecuado tratamiento antibiótico
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent in daily medical practice. There are pathogenic factors that modulate the risk of their onset depending on the responsible germ and host. Diabetes mellitus is a predisposing factor for developing urinary infections. The longest duration of diabetes, albuminuria and neuropathy with less bladder emptying are mentioned as risk factors for these infections, being controversial the presence of glycosuria. Depending on their location in the urinary tract, infections can be lower and upper tract infections, and according to severity, complicated or not. Asymptomatic bacteriuria, detected by routine urinalysis, is more frequent in women with diabetes. The choice of the antibiotic scheme in urinary tract infections is based on the severity of the infection, history of resistant microorganisms and sensitivity in the antibiogram, adjusting the dose according to the degree of renal insufficiency. The aim of our work is to describe the clinical characteristics and diagnosis for an adequate antibiotic treatment
Assuntos
Bacteriúria , Infecções Urinárias , Diabetes Mellitus , Insuficiência Renal CrônicaRESUMO
La diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) es uno de los grandes problemas de salud pública a nivel mundial y uno de los mayores desafíos del siglo XXI. La glucemia es un parámetro de laboratorio fácil de evaluar y ocupa un rol fundamental tanto en el diagnóstico como en el seguimiento de la DM. La determinación de proteínas glicadas, en especial la hemoglobina (HbA1c) y las proteínas séricas (fructosamina) permiten cuantificar el promedio de la misma a lo largo de semanas o meses, complementando el monitoreo glucémico. Los métodos que se implementan para lograr el control glucémico en la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) se extrapolan de estudios con DM sin ERC, debido a la falta de evidencia de estudios randomizados de alta calidad en esta población. Se debe considerar que en ERC existen cambios metabólicos que determinan que la hemoglobina (Hb) presente comportamientos variables, motivo por el que surge la discusión de si la HbA1c constituye un marcador confiable para definir control glucémico o de utilidad en la predicción del desarrollo de complicaciones en esta subpoblación. Se presenta una revisión acerca del rol de la HbA1c en el paciente con DM sin ERC para luego mostrar las dificultades que se presentan en la subpoblación con ERC, centrándose especialmente en los pacientes en tratamiento de hemodiálisis y diálisis peritoneal
Type 2 diabetes (DM2) is one of the greatest public health problems in the world and one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. Glycemia is a laboratory parameter that is easy to evaluate and plays a fundamental role both in the diagnosis of DM and in its follow-up. The identification of glycated proteins, especially hemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum proteins (fructosamine), makes it possible to quantify their average over weeks or months, which complements glucose monitoring. The methods implemented to achieve glycemic control in chronic kidney disease (CKD) are extrapolated from studies on DM without CKD, due to the lack of evidence from high quality randomized studies in this population. It should be considered that in CKD there are metabolic changes determining that hemoglobin (Hb) shows variable behaviors; this is why it is discussed whether HbA1c constitutes a reliable marker to define glycemic control or whether it is useful to predict the development of complications in this subpopulation. A review of the role of HbA1c in DM patients without CKD is presented, showing also the difficulties that arise in the subpopulation with CKD, especially among patients undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
Assuntos
Humanos , Glicemia/análise , Hemoglobinas Glicadas , Diálise Renal , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2RESUMO
El manejo de la hiperuricemia (HU) asintomática y los trastornos asociados al ácido úrico (AU) difieren de acuerdo al contexto clínico del paciente y/o al estadio de la enfermedad renal (ER). Existe uma asociación entre los niveles de AU y la hipertensión arterial (HTA),(1) la edad, la enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) y ER.(2) La causalidad de esta relación es aún hoy un tema controversial,(3) así como el rol del AU en la iniciación, progresión y desarrollo de la ER(4-5) y en el trasplante.(6) Las modalidades farmacológicas empleadas en el tratamiento de las alteraciones del AU pueden clasificarse según su efecto antiinflamatorio en el ataque agudo, profiláctico para evitar recurrencia o considerar las drogas hipouricemiantes para prevenir o revertir las complicaciones generadas por depósitos de cristales de urato en articulaciones (artropatía gotosa), tracto urinario (litiasis, nefritis tubulointersticial) y tejidos (tofos). Es vital que los valores plasmáticos de uratos sean mantenidos por debajo de 6.8 mg/dl, un nivel por encima del cual podría precipitar; niveles bajos se relacionan a mejor evolución en pacientes con gota, incluyendo menores ataques, mayor rapidez en reducción del tamaño de los tofos y desaparición de cristales de urato monosódico en líquido sinovial
Asymptomatic hyperuricemia (AH) and other disorders associated with uric acid (UA) are treated differently according to the patient's clinical state and to the stage of renal disease (RD). There is a relation between UA level, high blood pressure (HBP), age, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and RD. The causation of this relation is still controversial, as well as the role of UA in the onset, progression and development of RD and transplantation. The different drugs used for UA disorders therapy may be classified according to their anti-inflammatory effect in an acute episode; their prophylaxis to avoid recurrence, and their action to prevent or reverse complications caused by urate crystal depositions in the joints (gouty arthritis), in the urinary tract (lithiasis, tubulointerstitial nephritis) and in the tissues (tophi). It is vital to keep plasma urate levels below 6.8 mg/dL; lower concentrations may be associated with better progress in gouty patients: fewer episodes, faster reduction of tophus size and absence of monosodium urate crystals in synovial fluid
Assuntos
Humanos , Ácido Úrico , Hiperuricemia , Hiperuricemia/terapia , Tratamento Farmacológico , TerapêuticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate HDL-associated proteins and enzymes and their relation with lipoprotein profile and inflammatory markers in chronic renal patients on hemodialysis. DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 53 patients under hemodialysis and 32 healthy subjects as controls. We compared plasma lipids, Apoprotein-AI and hs-CRP, as a marker of chronic inflammation. We evaluated proteins and enzymes associated to HDL, involved in several points of lipoprotein metabolism: CETP, paraoxonase and LpPLA2 activities. Hepatic lipase was measured in postheparin plasma. RESULTS: Patients showed higher triglycerides and lower LDL-, HDL- and total-cholesterol than controls (p<0.05). Also, in comparison with controls, Apoprotein-AI, paraoxonase and hepatic lipase were lower, while CETP was higher (p<0.03). LpPLA2 did not show changes between groups. CONCLUSION: Beyond plasma lipid-lipoprotein profile, other factors could contribute to induce a pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory status. The protective role of HDL does not only depend on its concentration, but also on its functionality.