Comparison of histological delineations of medial temporal lobe cortices by four independent neuroanatomy laboratories.

The medial temporal lobe (MTL) cortex, located adjacent to the hippocampus, is crucial for memory and prone to the accumulation of certain neuropathologies such as Alzheimer's disease neurofibrillary tau tangles. The MTL cortex is composed of several subregions which differ in their functional and cytoarchitectonic features. As neuroanatomical schools rely on different cytoarchitectonic definitions of these subregions, it is unclear to what extent their delineations of MTL cortex subregions overlap. Here, we provide an overview of cytoarchitectonic definitions of the entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices as well as Brodmann areas (BA) 35 and 36, as provided by four neuroanatomists from different laboratories, aiming to identify the rationale for overlapping and diverging delineations. Nissl-stained series were acquired from the temporal lobes of three human specimens (two right and one left hemisphere). Slices (50 µm thick) were prepared perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocampus spanning the entire longitudinal extent of the MTL cortex. Four neuroanatomists annotated MTL cortex subregions on digitized slices spaced 5 mm apart (pixel size 0.4 µm at 20× magnification). Parcellations, terminology, and border placement were compared among neuroanatomists. Cytoarchitectonic features of each subregion are described in detail. Qualitative analysis of the annotations showed higher agreement in the definitions of the entorhinal cortex and BA35, while the definitions of BA36 and the parahippocampal cortex exhibited less overlap among neuroanatomists. The degree of overlap of cytoarchitectonic definitions was partially reflected in the neuroanatomists' agreement on the respective delineations. Lower agreement in annotations was observed in transitional zones between structures where seminal cytoarchitectonic features are expressed less saliently. The results highlight that definitions and parcellations of the MTL cortex differ among neuroanatomical schools and thereby increase understanding of why these differences may arise. This work sets a crucial foundation to further advance anatomically-informed neuroimaging research on the human MTL cortex.

The mitochondria-targeted anti-oxidant MitoQ reduces aspects of mitochondrial fission in the 6-OHDA cell model of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder for which available treatments provide symptom relief but do not stop disease progression. Mitochondria, and in particular mitochondrial dynamics, have been postulated as plausible pharmacological targets. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants have been developed to prevent mitochondrial oxidative damage, and to alter the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in signaling pathways. In this study, we have dissected the effect of MitoQ, which is produced by covalent attachment of ubiquinone to a triphenylphosphonium lipophilic cation by a ten carbon alkyl chain. MitoQ was tested in an in vitro PD model which involves addition of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to SH-SY5Y cell cultures. At sublethal concentrations of 50µM, 6-OHDA did not induce increases in protein carbonyl, mitochondrial lipid peroxidation or mitochondrial DNA damage. However, after 3h of treatment, 6-OHDA disrupts the mitochondrial morphology and activates the machinery of mitochondrial fission, but not fusion. Addition of 6-OHDA did not increase the levels of fission 1, mitofusins 1 and 2 or optic atrophy 1 proteins, but does lead to the translocation of dynamin related protein 1 from the cytosol to the mitochondria. Pre-treatment with MitoQ (50nM, 30min) results in the inhibition of the mitochondrial translocation of Drp1. Furthermore, MitoQ also inhibited the translocation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax to the mitochondria. These findings provide mechanistic evidence for a role for redox events contributing to mitochondrial fission and suggest the potential of mitochondria-targeted therapeutics in diseases that involve mitochondrial fragmentation due to oxidative stress.

Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Multidisciplinary Approach.

The rapid pattern of population ageing in recent years increases the risk of appearance of associated neurodegenerative diseases. Dementias are one of the most feared disorders, and although not necessarily all elderly people have dementia, the number of people with this disease is increasing rapidly. The causes of dementia are multiple, and the diagnosis of the different types of dementia is complicated since most patients display mixed dementias and symptoms overlapping. Personalized diagnosis and treatments would be desirable, but this requires a deep knowledge of each type of dementia where a multidisciplinary approach would be ideal. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the features of the main types of dementia as well as to compilate the more recent findings on this subject, ranging from genetic and molecular studies to animal models, including the use of omics platforms based on powerful hybrid instrumental techniques, and neuroimage techniques. On the other hand, we consider the aspects that can prevent these disorders and depend on modifiable factors, such as diet, among others. Finally, new technologies, such as nanotechnology can provide novel strategies for the administration of effective treatments. In this regard, our purpose is to provide the most updated and complete overview of state of the art about characteristics of these disorders.

Ex vivo MRI atlas of the human medial temporal lobe: characterizing neurodegeneration due to tau pathology.

Tau neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) pathology in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is closely linked to neurodegeneration, and is the early pathological change associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). To elucidate patterns of structural change in the MTL specifically associated with tau pathology, we compared high-resolution ex vivo MRI scans of human postmortem MTL specimens with histology-based pathological assessments of the MTL. MTL specimens were obtained from twenty-nine brain donors, including patients with AD, other dementias, and individuals with no known history of neurological disease. Ex vivo MRI scans were combined using a customized groupwise diffeomorphic registration approach to construct a 3D probabilistic atlas that captures the anatomical variability of the MTL. Using serial histology imaging in eleven specimens, we labelled the MTL subregions in the atlas based on cytoarchitecture. Leveraging the atlas and neuropathological ratings of tau and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology severity, morphometric analysis was performed to correlate regional MTL thickness with the severity of tau pathology, after correcting for age and TDP-43 pathology. We found significant correlations between tau pathology and thickness in the entorhinal cortex (ERC) and stratum radiatum lacunosum moleculare (SRLM). When focusing on cases with low levels of TDP-43 pathology, we found strong associations between tau pathology and thickness in the ERC, SRLM and the subiculum/cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) subfields of the hippocampus, consistent with early Braak stages.

Convergence of olfactory and vomeronasal projections in the rat basal telencephalon.

Olfactory and vomeronasal projections have been traditionally viewed as terminating in contiguous non-overlapping areas of the basal telencephalon. Original reports, however, described areas such as the anterior medial amygdala where both chemosensory afferents appeared to overlap. We addressed this issue by injecting dextran amines in the main or accessory olfactory bulbs of rats and the results were analyzed with light and electron microscopes. Simultaneous injections of different fluorescent dextran amines in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs were performed and the results were analyzed using confocal microscopy. Similar experiments with dextran amines in the olfactory bulbs plus FluoroGold in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis indicate that neurons projecting through the stria terminalis could be integrating olfactory and vomeronasal inputs. Retrograde tracing experiments using FluoroGold or dextran amines confirm that areas of the rostral basal telencephalon receive inputs from both the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. While both inputs clearly converge in areas classically considered olfactory-recipient (nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, and cortex-amygdala transition zone) or vomeronasal-recipient (ventral anterior amygdala, bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, and anteroventral medial amygdaloid nucleus), segregation is virtually complete at posterior levels such as the posteromedial and posterolateral cortical amygdalae. This provides evidence that areas so far considered receiving a single chemosensory modality are likely sites for convergent direct olfactory and vomeronasal inputs. Therefore, areas of the basal telencephalon should be reclassified as olfactory, vomeronasal, or mixed chemosensory structures, which could facilitate understanding of olfactory-vomeronasal interactions in functional studies.