Preparation of cyclohexene isotopologues and stereoisotopomers from benzene.

The hydrogen isotopes deuterium (D) and tritium (T) have become essential tools in chemistry, biology and medicine1. Beyond their widespread use in spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and mechanistic and pharmacokinetic studies, there has been considerable interest in incorporating deuterium into drug molecules1. Deutetrabenazine, a deuterated drug that is promising for the treatment of Huntington's disease2, was recently approved by the United States' Food and Drug Administration. The deuterium kinetic isotope effect, which compares the rate of a chemical reaction for a compound with that for its deuterated counterpart, can be substantial1,3,4. The strategic replacement of hydrogen with deuterium can affect both the rate of metabolism and the distribution of metabolites for a compound5, improving the efficacy and safety of a drug. The pharmacokinetics of a deuterated compound depends on the location(s) of deuterium. Although methods are available for deuterium incorporation at both early and late stages of the synthesis of a drug6,7, these processes are often unselective and the stereoisotopic purity can be difficult to measure7,8. Here we describe the preparation of stereoselectively deuterated building blocks for pharmaceutical research. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate a four-step conversion of benzene to cyclohexene with varying degrees of deuterium incorporation, via binding to a tungsten complex. Using different combinations of deuterated and proteated acid and hydride reagents, the deuterated positions on the cyclohexene ring can be controlled precisely. In total, 52 unique stereoisotopomers of cyclohexene are available, in the form of ten different isotopologues. This concept can be extended to prepare discrete stereoisotopomers of functionalized cyclohexenes. Such systematic methods for the preparation of pharmacologically active compounds as discrete stereoisotopomers could improve the pharmacological and toxicological properties of drugs and provide mechanistic information related to their distribution and metabolism in the body.

Acid Strength Effects on Dimerization during Metal-Free Catalytic Dioxygen Reduction.

Development of earth-abundant catalysts for the reduction of dioxygen (ORR) is essential for the development of alternative industrial processes and energy sources. Here, we report a transition metal-free dicationic organocatalyst (Ph2Phen2+) for the ORR. The ORR performance of this compound was studied in acetonitrile solution under both electrochemical conditions and spectrochemical conditions, using halogenated acetic acid derivatives spanning a pKa range of 12.65 to 20.3. Interestingly, it was found that under electrochemical conditions, a kinetically relevant peroxo dimer species forms with all acids. However, under spectrochemical conditions, strong acids diminish the kinetic contribution of this dimer to the observed rate due to lower catalyst concentrations, whereas weaker acids were still rate-limited by the dimer equilibrium. Together, these results provide insight into the mechanisms of ORR by organic-based, metal-free catalysts, suggesting that balancing redox activity and unsaturated character of these molecules with respect to the pKa of intermediates can enable reaction tuning analogous to transition metal-based systems.

Unlocking Biradical Character in Diborepins.

Systems that possess open- and closed-shell behavior attract significant attention from researchers due to their inherent redox and charge transport properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of the first diborepin biradicals. They display tunable biradical character based on the steric and electronic profile of the stabilizing ligand and the resulting geometric deviation of the diborepin core from planarity. While there are numerous all-carbon-based biradical systems, boron-based biradical compounds are comparatively rare, particularly ones in which the radical sites are disjointed. Calculations using density functional theory (DFT) and multireference methods demonstrate that the fused diborepin scaffold exhibits high biradical character, up to 95%. Use of a nonsterically demanding diaminocarbene promotes the planarization of the pentacyclic framework, resulting in the synthetic realization of a diborepin containing a dibora-quinoidal core, which possesses a closed-shell ground state and thermally accessible triplet state. The biradicals were structurally authenticated and characterized by both solution and solid-state electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Half-field transitions were observed at low temperatures (about 170 K), confirming the presence of the triplet state. Initial reactivity studies of the biradicals led to the isolation and structural characterization of bis(borepin hydride) and bis(borepin dianion).

Unveiling Three Interconvertible Redox States of Boraphenalene.

Neutral 1-boraphenalene displays the isoelectronic structure of the phenalenyl carbocation and is expected to behave as an attractive organoboron multi-redox system. However, the isolation of new redox states have remained elusive even though the preparation of neutral boron(III)-containing phenalene compounds have been extensively studied. Herein, we have adopted an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand stabilization approach to achieve the first isolation of the stable and ambipolar 1-boraphenalenyl radical 1•. The 1-boraphenalenyl cation 1+ and anion 1- have also been electrochemically observed and chemically isolated, representing new redox forms of boraphenalene for the study of non-Kekulé polynuclear benzenoid molecules. Experimental and theoretical investigations suggest that the interconvertible three-redox-state species undergo reversible electronic structure modifications, which primarily take place on the polycyclic framework of the molecules, exhibiting atypical behavior compared to known donor-stabilized organoboron compounds. Initial reactivity studies, aromaticity evaluations, and photophysical studies show redox-state-dependent trends. While 1+ is luminescent in both the solution and solid states, 1• exhibits boron-centered reactivity and 1- undergoes substitution chemistry on the boraphenalenyl skeleton and serves as a single-electron transfer reductant.

Borafluorene-Mediated Sulfur Activation: Isolation of Boryl-Linked S7 and S8 Catenates and Related Chalcogenide Molecules.

Although the activation of elemental sulfur by main group compounds is well-documented in the literature, the products of such reactions are often heterocyclic in nature. However, the isolation and characterization of sulfur catenates (i.e., acyclic sulfur chains) is significantly less common. In this study, we report the activation of elemental sulfur by the 9-CAAC-9-borafluorene radical (1) and anion (2) (CAAC = (2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,4-diethyl-2,2-dimethyl-pyrrolidin-5-ylidene) to form boron-sulfur catenates (3-6). From the isolation of the octasulfide-bridged compound 3, a sulfur extrusion reaction using 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMe4) was used to decrease the sulfide chain length from eight to seven (4). Bonding analysis of compounds 3-6 was performed using density functional theory, which elucidated the nature of the sulfur-sulfur bonding observed within these compounds. We also report the synthesis of a series of borafluorene-chalcogenide species (7-9), via diphenyl dichalcogenide activation, which portray characteristics described by an internal heavy atom effect. Compounds 7-9 each exhibit blue fluorescence, with the lowest energy emissive process (S2 → S0) at 436 nm (7 and 8) and 431 nm (9). The S1 → S0 emission is not observed experimentally due to a Laporte forbidden transition. Density functional theory was employed to investigate the frontier molecular orbitals and absorption and emission profiles of compounds 7-9.

Mono- and Bis-Phosphine Promoted Incorporation of Boron, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus into Heterocycles via Staudinger Reactions of Borafluorene Azides.

We report the synthesis and characterization of a series of BNP-incorporated borafluorenate heterocycles formed via thermolysis reactions of pyridylphosphine and bis(phosphine)-coordinated borafluorene azides. The use of diphenyl-2-pyridylphosphine (PyPh2P), trans-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene (Ph2P(H)C═C(H)PPh2), and bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (Ph2PC(H2)PPh2) as stabilizing ligands resulted in Staudinger reactions to form complex heterocycles with four- (BN2P, BNPC, P2N2) and five-membered (BNP2C and BN2PC) rings, which were successfully isolated and fully characterized by multinuclear NMR and X-ray crystallography. However, when bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene (Ph2P-Ph-PPh2) was used as the ligand in a reaction with 9-bromo-9-borafluorene (BF-Br), due to the close proximity of the donor P atoms, the diphosphine-stabilized borafluoronium ion with an unusual borafluorene dibromide anion was formed. Reaction of the borafluoronium ion with trimethylsilyl azide left the cation intact, and the dibromide anion was substituted by a diazide. Density functional theory calculations were used to provide mechanistic insight into the formation of these new boracyclic compounds. This work highlights a new method in which donor phosphine ligands may be used to promote dimerization, cyclization, and ring contraction reactions to produce boracycles via Staudinger reactions.

Carbodicarbene-Stibenium Ion-Mediated Functionalization of C(sp3)-H and C(sp)-H Bonds.

Main-group element-mediated C-H activation remains experimentally challenging and the development of clear concepts and design principles has been limited by the increased reactivity of relevant complexes, especially for the heavier elements. Herein, we report that the stibenium ion [(pyCDC)Sb][NTf2]3 (1) (pyCDC=bis-pyridyl carbodicarbene; NTf2=bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) reacts with acetonitrile in the presence of the base 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine to enable C(sp3)-H bond breaking to generate the stiba-methylene nitrile complex [(pyCDC)Sb(CH2CN)][NTf2]2 (2). Kinetic analyses were performed to elucidate the rate dependence for all the substrates involved in the reaction. Computational studies suggest that C-H activation proceeds via a mechanism in which acetonitrile first coordinates to the Sb center through the nitrogen atom in a κ1 fashion, thereby weakening the C-H bond which can then be deprotonated by base in solution. Further, we show that 1 reacts with terminal alkynes in the presence of 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine to enable C(sp)-H bond breaking to form stiba-alkynyl adducts of the type [(pyCDC)Sb(CCR)][NTf2]2 (3 a-f). Compound 1 shows excellent specificity for the activation of the terminal C(sp)-H bond even across alkynes with diverse functionality. The resulting stiba-methylene nitrile and stiba-alkynyl adducts react with elemental iodine (I2) to produce iodoacetonitrile and iodoalkynes, while regenerating an Sb trication.

Boron-Doped Pentacenes: Isolation of Crystalline 5,12- and 5,7-Diboratapentacene Dianions.

The syntheses, molecular structures, reactivities, and computational assessment of dipotassium diboratapentacene isomers are described (1 and 2). These compounds represent the first examples of aromatized diboraacenes where the boron atoms are spatially separated in different rings of the acene framework. Both 1 and 2 react with carbon dioxide (CO2) via diastereoselective carboxylation of the pentacene backbone that likely proceeds by a frustrated Lewis pair-like mechanism. The placement of the boron atoms and the reactivity studies provide a platform for later stage functionalization of diboraacenes beyond the central ring of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon core.

Ethylene Dimerization and Oligomerization Using Bis(phosphino)boryl Supported Ni Complexes.

We report the dimerization and oligomerization of ethylene using bis(phosphino)boryl supported Ni(II) complexes as catalyst precursors. By using alkylaluminum(III) compounds or other Lewis acid additives, Ni(II) complexes of the type (RPBP)NiBr (R = tBu or Ph) show activity for the production of butenes and higher olefins. Optimized turnover frequencies of 640 molethylene·molNi-1·s-1 for the formation of butenes with 41(1)% selectivity for 1-butene using (PhPBP)NiBr, and 68 molethylene·molNi-1·s-1 for butenes production with 87.2(3)% selectivity for 1-butene using (tBuPBP)NiBr, have been demonstrated. With methylaluminoxane as a co-catalyst and (tBuPBP)NiBr as the precatalyst, ethylene oligomerization to form C4 through C20 products was achieved, while the use of (PhPBP)NiBr as the pre-catalyst retained selectivity for C4 products. Our studies suggest that the ethylene dimerization is not initiated by Ni hydride or alkyl intermediates. Rather, our studies point to a mechanism that involves a cooperative B/Ni activation of ethylene to form a key 6-membered borametallacycle intermediate. Thus, a cooperative activation of ethylene by the Ni-B unit of the (RPBP)Ni catalysts is proposed as a key element of the Ni catalysis.

Bis(9-Boraphenanthrene) and Its Stable Biradical.

Selective and site-specific boron-doping of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon frameworks often give rise to redox and/or photophysical properties that are not easily accessible with the analogous all-carbon systems. Herein, we report ligand-mediated control of boraphenanthrene closed- and open-shell electronic states, which has led to the first structurally characterized examples of neutral bis(9-boraphenanthrene) (2-3) and its corresponding biradical (4). Notably, compounds 2 and 3 show intramolecular charge transfer absorption from the 9-boraphenanthrene units to p-quinodimethane, exhibiting dual (red-shifted) emission in solution due to excited state conjugation enhancement (ESCE). Moreover, while boron-centered monoradicals are ubiquitous, biradical 4 represents a rare type of open-shell singlet compound with 95% biradical character, among the highest of any reported boron-based polycyclic species with two radical sites.

Photochemically and Thermally Generated BN-Doped Borafluorenate Heterocycles via Intramolecular Staudinger-Type Reactions.

A series of BN-incorporated borafluorenate heterocycles, bis(borafluorene-phosphinimine)s (11-15), have been formed via intramolecular Staudinger-type reactions. The reactions were promoted by light or heat using monodentate phosphine-stabilized 9-azido-9-borafluorenes (R3P-BF-N3; 6-10) and involve the release of dinitrogen (N2), migration of phosphine from boron to nitrogen, and oxidation of the phosphorus center (PIII to PV). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide mechanistic insight into the formation of these compounds. Compounds 11-15 are blue emissive in the solution and solid states with absolute quantum yields (ΦF) ranging from 12 to 68%.

Approaching Dianionic Tetraoxadiborecine Macrocycles: 10-Membered Bora-Crown Ethers Incorporating Borafluorenate Units.

The addition of non-benzenoid quinones, acenapthenequinone or aceanthrenequinone, to the 9-carbene-9-borafluorene monoanion (1) affords the first examples of dianionic 10-membered bora-crown ethers (2-5), which are characterized by multi-nuclear NMR spectroscopy (1 H, 13 C, 11 B), X-ray crystallography, elemental analysis, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. These tetraoxadiborecines have distinct absorption profiles based on the positioning of the alkali metal cations. When compound 4, which has a vacant C4 B2 O4 cavity, is reacted with sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate, a color change from purple to orange serves as a visual indicator of metal binding to the central ring, whereby the Na+ ion coordinates to four oxygen atoms. A detailed theoretical analysis of the calculated reaction energetics is provided to gain insight into the reaction mechanism for the formation of 2-5. These data, and the electronic structures of proposed intermediates, indicate that the reaction proceeds via a boron enolate intermediate.

Activation of Carbon Dioxide by 9-Carbene-9-borafluorene Monoanion: Carbon Monoxide Releasing Transformation of Trioxaborinanone to Luminescent Dioxaborinanone.

The first structurally characterized example of a trioxaborinanone (2) is produced by the reaction of a 9-carbene-9-borafluorene monoanion and carbon dioxide. When compound 2 is heated or irradiated with UV light, carbon monoxide (CO) is released, and a luminescent dioxaborinanone (3) is formed. Notably, carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CORMs) are of interest for their ability to deliver a specific amount of CO. Due to the turn-on fluorescence observed as a result of the conversion to 3, CORM 2 serves as a means to optically observe CO loss "by eye" under thermal or photochemical conditions.

Air-Stable Thermoluminescent Carbodicarbene-Borafluorenium Ions.

Borenium ions, originally synthesized as fundamentally important laboratory curiosities, have attracted significant attention due to their applications in catalysis and frustrated Lewis pair chemistry. However, investigations of the materials properties of these types of compounds are exceptionally rare. Herein, we report the synthesis, molecular structures, and optical properties of a new class of air-stable borenium ions, stabilized by the strongly donating carbodicarbene (CDC) ligand (2, 3, 6). Notably, CDC-borafluorenium ions exhibit thermoluminescence in solution, a result of a twisted intramolecular charge transfer process. The temperature responsiveness, which is observable by the naked eye, is assessed over a 20 to -60 °C range. Significantly, compound 2 emits white light at lower temperatures. In the solid state, these borocations exhibit increased quantum yields due to aggregation-induced emission. CDC-borafluorenium ions with two different counteranions (Br-, BPh4-) were investigated to evaluate the effect of anion size on the solution and solid-state optical properties. In addition, CDCs containing both symmetrical and unsymmetrical N-heterocycles (bis(1-isopropyl-3-methylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene)methane and bis(1,3-dimethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylidene)methane) were tested to understand the implications of free rotation about the CDC ligand carbon-carbon bonds. The experimental work is complemented by a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the excited-state dynamics.

Phenyl Sulfones: A Route to a Diverse Family of Trisubstituted Cyclohexenes from Three Independent Nucleophilic Additions.

A novel process is described for the synthesis of di- and trisubstituted cyclohexenes from an arene. These compounds are prepared from three independent nucleophilic addition reactions to a phenyl sulfone (PhSO2R; R = Me, Ph, and NC4H8) dihapto-coordinated to the tungsten complex {WTp(NO)(PMe3)}(Tp = trispyrazolylborate). Such a coordination renders the dearomatized aryl ring susceptible to protonation at a carbon ortho to the sulfone group. The resulting arenium species readily reacts with the first nucleophile to form a dihapto-coordinated sulfonylated diene complex. This complex can again be protonated, and the subsequent nucleophilic addition forms a trisubstituted cyclohexene species bearing a sulfonyl group at an allylic position. Loss of the sulfinate anion forms a π-allyl species, to which a third nucleophile can be added. The trisubstituted cyclohexene can then be oxidatively decomplexed, either before or after substitution of the sulfonyl group. Nucleophiles employed include masked enolates, cyanide, amines, amides, and hydride, with all three additions occurring to the same face of the ring, anti to the metal. Of the 12 novel functionalized cyclohexenes prepared as examples of this methodology, nine compounds meet five independent criteria for evaluating drug likeliness. Structural assignments are supported with nine crystal structures, density functional theory studies, and full 2D NMR analysis.

Homogeneous Catalytic Reduction of O2 to H2O by a Terpyridine-Based FeN3O Complex.

We report a new terpyridine-based FeN3O catalyst, Fe(tpytbupho)Cl2, which reduces O2 to H2O. Variable concentration and variable temperature spectrochemical studies with decamethylferrocene as a chemical reductant in acetonitrile solution enabled the elucidation of key reaction parameters for the catalytic reduction of O2 to H2O by Fe(tpytbupho)Cl2. These mechanistic studies suggest that a 2 + 2 mechanism is operative, where hydrogen peroxide is produced as a discrete intermediate, prior to further reduction to H2O. Consistent with this proposal, the spectrochemically measured first-order rate constant k (s-1) value for H2O2 reduction is larger than that for O2 reduction. Further, significant H2O2 production is observed under hydrodynamic conditions in rotating ring-disk electrode measurements, where the product can be swept away from the cathode surface before further reduction occurs.

Lewis Superacidic Heavy Pnictaalkene Cations: Comparative Assessment of Carbodicarbene-Stibenium and Carbodicarbene-Bismuthenium Ions.

We report a comprehensive assessment of Lewis acidity for a series of carbone-stibenium and -bismuthenium ions using the Gutmann-Beckett (GB) method. These new antimony and bismuth cations have been synthesized by halide abstractions from (CDC)PnBr3 and [(pyCDC)PnBr2][Br] (CDC = carbodicarbene; Pn = Sb or Bi; py = pyridyl). The reaction of (CDC)SbBr3 (1) with one or two equivalents of AgNTf2 (NTf2 = bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) or AgSbF6 gives stibaalkene mono- and dications of the form [(CDC)SbBr3-n][A]n (2-4; n = 1,2; A = NTf2 or SbF6). The stibaalkene trication [(CDC)2Sb][NTf2]3 (5) was also isolated and collectively these molecules fill the gap among the series of cationic pnictaalkenes. The Sb cations are compared to the related CDC-bismaalkene complexes 6-9. With the goal of preparing highly Lewis acidic compounds, a tridentate bis(pyridine)carbodicarbene (pyCDC) was used as a ligand to access [(pyCDC)PnBr2][Br] (10, 12) and trications [(pyCDC)Pn][NTf2]3 (Pn = Sb (11), Bi (13)), forgoing the need for a second CDC as used in the synthesis of 5. The bonding situation in these complexes is elucidated through electron density and energy decomposition analyses in combination with natural orbital for chemical valence theory. In each complex, there exists a CDC-Pn double bonding interaction, consisting of a strong σ-bond and a weaker π-bond, whereby the π-bond gradually strengthens with the increase in cationic charge in the complex. Notably, [(CDC)SbBr][NTf2]2 (4) has an acceptor number (AN) (84) that is comparable to quintessential Lewis acids such as BF3, and tricationic pnictaalkene complexes 11 and 13 exhibit strong Lewis acidity with ANs of 109 (Pn = Sb) and 84 (Pn = Bi), respectively, which are among the highest values reported for any antimony or bismuth cation. Moreover, the calculated fluoride ion affinities (FIAs) for 11 and 13 are 99.8 and 94.3 kcal/mol, respectively, which are larger than that of SbF5 (85.1 kcal/mol), which suggest that these cations are Lewis superacids.

Homogeneous Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 by a CrN3O Complex: Electronic Coupling with a Redox-Active Terpyridine Fragment Favors Selectivity for CO.

Electrocatalyst design and optimization strategies continue to be an active area of research interest for the applied use of renewable energy resources. The electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) is an attractive approach in this context because of the added potential benefit of addressing its rising atmospheric concentrations. In previous experimental and computational studies, we have described the mechanism of the first molecular Cr complex capable of electrocatalytically reducing CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) in the presence of an added proton donor, which contained a redox-active 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) fragment, CrN2O2. The high selectivity for CO in the bpy-based system was dependent on a delocalized CrII(bpy•-) active state. Subsequently, we became interested in exploring how expanding the polypyridyl ligand core would impact the selectivity and activity during electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. Here, we report a new CrN3O catalyst, Cr(tpytbupho)Cl2 (1), where 2-(2,2':6',2″-terpyridin-6-yl)-4,6-di-tert-butylphenolate = [tpytbupho]-, which reduces CO2 to CO with almost quantitative selectivity via a different mechanism than our previously reported Cr(tbudhbpy)Cl(H2O) catalyst. Computational analyses indicate that, although the stoichiometry of both reactions is identical, changes in the observed rate law are the combined result of a decrease in the intrinsic ligand charge (L3X vs L2X2) and an increase in the ligand redox activity, which result in increased electronic coupling between the doubly reduced tpy fragment of the ligand and the CrII center. The strong electronic coupling enhances the rate of protonation and subsequent C-OH bond cleavage, resulting in CO2 binding becoming the rate-determining step, which is an uncommon mechanism during protic CO2 reduction.

A Multidimensional Approach to Carbodiphosphorane-Bismuth Coordination Chemistry: Cationization, Redox-Flexibility, and Stabilization of a Crystalline Bismuth Hydridoborate.

Bismuth complexes stabilized by carbon-based donor ligands are underserved by their instability, often due to facile ligand dissociation and deleterious protonolysis. Herein, we show that the ortho-bismuthination of hexaphenylcarbodiphosphorane enables a robust framework with geometrically constrained carbone-bismuth bonding interactions, which are highly tunable by cationization. The carbodiphosphorane bismuth halides (1 and 2) are remarkably air-stable and feature unprecedented trans carboneC-Bi-X ligation, resulting in highly elongated Bi-X bonds. In contrast to known carbone-bismuth complexes, hydrolytic activation of the carbone yields well-defined organobismuth complexes, and subsequent dehydrohalogenation is feasible using potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide or N-heterocyclic carbenes. The redox-flexibility of this framework was evaluated in the high catalytic activity of 1 and 2 for silylation of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) under mild conditions (50 °C, 24-96 h) and low catalyst loadings (5-10 mol %), which suggests the accessibility of short-lived hydridic and radical bismuth species. The reaction of 1, PhSiH3, and tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) yields the first crystallographically characterized bismuth hydridoborate complex as an ionic species (9), presumably by BCF-mediated hydride abstraction from an unobserved [Bi]-H intermediate. All isolated compounds have been characterized by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, and the bonding situation in representative complexes (1, 2, 5, and 9) were further evaluated using density functional theory.

Systematic Electronic and Structural Studies of 9-Carbene-9-Borafluorene Monoanions and Transformations into Luminescent Boron Spirocycles.

The impact of the exact spatial arrangement of the alkali metal on the electronic properties of 9-carbene-9-borafluorene monoanions is assessed, and a series of [K][9-CAAC-9-borafluorene] complexes (1-4) have been isolated (CAAC = cyclic(alkyl)(amino) carbene, (2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,4-diethyl-2,2-dimethyl-pyrrolidin-5-ylidene). Compound 1, which contains [B]-K(THF)3 interactions, is compared to charge-separated 2-4, which were prepared by capturing the potassium cations with 18-crown-6, 2.2.2-cryptand, or 1,10-phenanthroline. Notably, the 11B NMR spectra of charge-separated borafluorene monoanions 2-4 show distinct low-field signatures compared to 1. Theoretical calculations indicate that charge separation may be exploited to influence the nucleophilic and electron transfer properties of 9-carbene-9-borafluorene monoanions. When [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][9-CAAC-9-borafluorene] (3) is reacted with 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione, the carbene ligand is displaced, and new air-stable R2BO2 spirocycles are formed (5 and 6, respectively). Remarkably, compounds 5 and 6 display fluorescence under UV light in both the solid and solution phases with quantum yields of up to 20%. In addition, a drastic red-shift in the emission color is observed in 6 because of the presence of the nitrogen atoms on the phenanthroline moiety. Mechanistic insights into the formation of these spirocycles are also described based on density functional theory calculations.