In Situ Tracking of Water Oxidation Generated Nanoscale Dynamics in Layered Double Hydroxides Nanosheets.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are potential catalysts for water oxidation, and it is recognized that they undergo dynamic evolution during the operation. However, little is known about the interfacial behaviors at the nanoscale under working conditions nor the underlying effects on electrocatalytic performance. Herein, using electrochemical atomic force microscopy, we in situ visualize the heterogeneous evolution of LDH nanosheets during oxygen evolution reaction (OER). By further combining density functional theory calculations, we elucidate the origin of the heterogeneous dynamics and their impact on the OER efficiency. Our findings demonstrate that NiCo LDHs transform to the catalytically active NiCoOx(OH)2-x phase during OER, and the redox transition between is accompanied by compressive and tensile strain, leading to in-plane contraction and reversible expansion of the nanosheets. Nonisotropic strain and out-of-plane strain relaxation due to defects and interparticle interactions result in cracking and wrinkling in the nanostructure, which is responsible for the partial activation and long-term deterioration of LDH electrocatalysts toward the OER. With this knowledge, we suggest and validate that engineering defects can precisely tune these dynamic behaviors, improving the OER activity and stability among LDH-based electrocatalysts.

Phospholipid Epitaxial Assembly Behavior on a Hydrophobic Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite Surface.

Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) are excellent models of cell membranes. However, most SLBs exist in the form of phospholipid molecules standing on a substrate, making it difficult to have a side view of the phospholipid membranes. In this study, the phospholipid striped lamella with the arrangement of their alkane tails lying on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was constructed by a spin coating method. Atomic force microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations are utilized to study the self-assembly of phospholipids on HOPG. Results show that various phospholipids with different packing parameters and electrical property are able to epitaxially adsorb on HOPG. 0.1 mg/mL Plasm PC (0.1 mg/mL) could form a striped monolayer with a width of 5.93 ± 0.21 nm and form relatively stable four striped layers with the concentration increasing to 1 mg/mL. The width of the DOPS multilayer is more than that of electroneutral lipids due to the static electrical repulsion force. This universal strategy sheds light on direct observation of the membrane structure from the side view and modification of 2D materials with amphiphilic biomolecules.

Recent advances in two-dimensional nanomaterials for sustainable wearable electronic devices.

The widespread adoption of smart terminals has significantly boosted the market potential for wearable electronic devices. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials show great promise for flexible, wearable electronics of next-generation electronic materials and have potential in energy, optoelectronics, and electronics. First, this review focuses on the importance of functionalization/defects in 2D nanomaterials, a discussion of different kinds of 2D materials for wearable devices, and the overall structure-property relationship of 2D materials. Then, in this comprehensive review, we delve into the burgeoning realm of emerging applications for 2D nanomaterial-based flexible wearable electronics, spanning diverse domains such as energy, medical health, and displays. A meticulous exploration is presented, elucidating the intricate processes involved in tailoring material properties for specific applications. Each research direction is dissected, offering insightful perspectives and dialectical evaluations that illuminate future trajectories and inspire fruitful investigations in this rapidly evolving field.

Characterization of DNA-protein complexes by nanoparticle tracking analysis and their association with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Nanotechnology enables investigations of single biomacromolecules, but technical challenges have limited the application in liquid biopsies, for example, blood plasma. Nonetheless, tools to characterize single molecular species in such samples represent a significant unmet need with the increasing appreciation of the physiological importance of protein structural changes at nanometer scale. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an oligomeric plasma protein and part of the innate immune system through its ability to activate complement. MBL also serves a role as a scavenger for cellular debris, especially DNA. This may link functions of MBL with several inflammatory diseases in which cell-free DNA now appears to play a role, but mechanistic insight has been lacking. By making nanoparticle tracking analysis possible in human plasma, we now show that superoligomeric structures of MBL form nanoparticles with DNA. These oligomers correlate with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. With the direct quantification of the hydrodynamic radius, calculations following the principles of Taylor dispersion in the blood stream connect the size of these complexes to endothelial inflammation, which is among the most important morbidities in lupus. Mechanistic insight from an animal model of lupus supported that DNA-stabilized superoligomers stimulate the formation of germinal center B cells and drive loss of immunological tolerance. The formation involves an inverse relationship between the concentration of MBL superoligomers and antibodies to double-stranded DNA. Our approach implicates the structure of DNA-protein nanoparticulates in the pathobiology of autoimmune diseases.

Identification of hybrid amyloid strains assembled from amyloid-ßand human islet amyloid polypeptide.

Cross-fibrillation of amyloid-ß(Aß) peptides and human islet amyloid polypeptides (hIAPP) has revealed a close correlation between Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Importantly, different amyloid strains are likely to lead to the clinical pathological heterogeneity of degenerative diseases due to toxicity. However, given the complicated cross-interactions between different amyloid peptides, it is still challenging to identify the polymorphism of the hybrid amyloid strains and reveal mechanistic insights into aggregation, but highly anticipated due to their significance. In this study, we investigated the cross-fibrillation of Aßpeptides and different hIAPP species (monomers, oligomers, and fibrils) using combined experimental and simulation approaches. Cross-seeding and propagation of different amyloid peptides monitored by experimental techniques proved that the three species of hIAPP aggregates have successively enhanced Aßfibrillation, especially for hIAPP fibrils. Moreover, the polymorphism of these morphologically similar hybrid amyloid strains could be distinguished by testing their mechanical properties using quantitative nanomechanical mapping, where the assemblies of Aß-hIAPP fibrils exhibited the high Young's modulus. Furthermore, the enhanced internal molecular interactions andß-sheet structural transformation were proved by exploring the conformational ensembles of Aß-hIAPP heterodimer and Aß-hIAPP decamer using molecular dynamic simulations. Our findings pave the way for identifying different hybrid amyloid strains by quantitative nanomechanical mapping and molecular dynamic simulations, which is important not only for the precise classification of neurodegenerative disease subtypes but also for future molecular diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of multiple interrelated degenerative diseases.

Design and Synthesis of Novel Fluorescent Probe Based on Cyanobiphenyl and its Application in Detection of Hypochlorite.

Hypochlorite is an important biological reactive oxygen species, which plays a pivotal role in various life activities. Excessive presence in the human body or excessive intake in life causes a series of diseases. To monitor the hypochlorite level in living cells, organisms and environment water samples, we herein designed and synthesized three organic small molecule fluorescent probes with different recognition sites based on nitrile biphenyl. Through performance comparison, it was found that probe A-HM exhibited the best detection performance for hypochlorite with a low detection limit of 2.47 × 10-6 M. The introduction of hypochlorite will induce probe fluorescence A-HM to turn on, and the fluorescence colour will change from colourless to green. The application of A-HM in biological systems has been demonstrated by the imaging monitoring of hypochlorite in MCF-7, L929 cells and zebrafish. Furthermore, A-HM was also used for the accurate determination of the hypochlorite level in real water samples with high sensitivity and good recoveries.

Tannic acid-functionalized 3D porous nanofiber sponge for antibiotic-free wound healing with enhanced hemostasis, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties.

Developing an antibiotic-free wound dressing with effective hemostasis and antibacterial and antioxidant capacity is highly desirable. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol-tannic acid porous nanofiber sponge (3D-TA) was prepared via electrospinning. Compared with two-dimensional (2D) fiber membrane, the unique fluffy 3D-TA nanofiber sponge had high porosity, water absorption and retention ability, hemostatic capacity. Furthermore, the 3D sponge functionalized by tannic acid (TA) endow the sponge with high antibacterial and antioxidant capacity without loading antibiotics. In addition, 3D-TA composite sponges have shown highly biocompatibility against L929 cells. The in vivo experiment shows the 3D-TA is enable to accelerate wound healing. This newly 3D-TA sponges hold great potential as wound dressings for future clinical application.

Reshapable Osteogenic Biomaterials Combining Flexible Melt Electrowritten Organic Fibers with Inorganic Bioceramics.

Ever-growing various applications, especially for tissue regeneration, cause a pressing need for novel methods to functionalize melt electrowritten (MEW) microfibrous scaffolds with unique nanomaterials. Here, two novel strategies are proposed to modify MEW polycaprolactone (PCL) grids with ZnO nanoparticles (ZP) or ZnO nanoflakes (ZF) to enhance osteogenic differentiation. The calcium mineralization levels of MC3T3 osteoblasts cultured on PCL/ZP 0.1 scaffolds are ∼3.91-fold higher than those cultured on nonmodified PCL scaffolds, respectively. Due to the nanotopography mimicking bone anatomy, the PCL/ZF scaffolds (∼2.60 times higher in ALP activity compared to PCL/ZP 1 and ∼2.17 times higher in mineralization compared to PCL/ZP 0.1) achieved superior results. Moreover, the flexible feature inherited from PCL grids makes it possible for them to act as a reshapable osteogenic bioscaffold. This study provides new strategies for synthesizing nanomaterials on microscale surfaces, opening up a new route for functionalizing MEW scaffolds to fulfill the growing demand of tissue engineering.

Identifying Heterozipper ß-Sheet in Twisted Amyloid Aggregation.

Amyloid peptide (AP) self-assembly is a hierarchical process. However, the mechanistic rule of guiding peptides to organize well-ordered nanostructure in a clear and precise manner remains poorly understood. Herein we explored the molecular insight of AP motif aggregates underlying hierarchical process with helical fibrillar structure by atomic force microscope, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), and molecular dynamics simulation. AP assembly encompasses well-ordered twisted fibrils with uniform morphology, size, and periodicity. More importantly, a heterozipper ß-sheet was identified in a protofilament of AP assembly determined by cryo-EM with a high resolution of 3.5 Å. Each peptide heterozipper was further composed of two antiparallel ß strands and arranged by an alternative manner in a protofilament. The hydrophobic core and hydrophilic area in each zipper played the significant role for peptide assembling. This work proposed and verified the rule facilitating the basic building unit to form twisted fibrils and gave the explanation of peptide hierarchical assembling.

Protonation-Induced Colossal Chemical Expansion and Property Tuning in NdNiO3 Revealed by Proton Concentration Gradient Thin Films.

Protonation can be used to tune diverse physical and chemical properties of functional oxides. Although protonation of nickelate perovskites has been reported, details on the crystal structure of the protonated phase and a quantitative understanding of the effect of protons on physical properties are still lacking. Therefore, in this work, we select NdNiO3 (NNO) as a model system to understand the protonation process from pristine NNO to protonated HxNdNiO3 (H-NNO). We used a reliable electrochemical method with well-defined reference electrode to trigger the protonation-induced phase transition. We found that the protonated H-NNO phase showed a colossal ∼13% lattice expansion caused by a large tilt of NiO6 octahedra and displacement of Nd cations. Importantly, we further designed a novel device configuration to induce a gradient of proton concentration into a single NNO thin film to establish a quantitative correlation between the proton concentration and the lattice constant and transport property of H-NNO.

Mimicking Cellular Metabolism in Artificial Cells: Universal Molecule Transport across the Membrane through Vesicle Fusion.

Mass transport across cell membranes is a primary process for cellular metabolism. For this purpose, electrostatically mediated membrane fusion is exploited to transport various small molecules including glucose-6-phosphate, isopropyl ß-D-thiogalactoside, and macromolecules such as DNA plasmids from negatively charged large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) to positively charged giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). After membrane fusion between these oppositely charged vesicles, molecules are transported into GUVs to trigger the NAD+ involved enzyme reaction, bacterial gene expression, and in vitro gene expression of green fluorescent protein from a DNA plasmid. The optimized charged lipid percentages are 10% for both positively charged GUVs and negatively charged LUVs to ensure the fusion process. The experimental results demonstrate a universal way for mass transport into the artificial cells through vesicle fusions, which paves a crucial step for the investigation of complicated cellular metabolism.

Electric Field Effect on Inhibiting the Co-fibrillation of Amyloid Peptides by Modulating the Aggregation Pathway.

With the revelation of the close link between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type II diabetes (T2D) and the possible assembly of multiple amyloid peptides therein, it is critical to understand and regulate the co-fibrillation pathway between related amyloid peptides. Here, we show experimentally and theoretically that electric field (EF) inhibited hybrid amyloid fibrillation of ß-amyloid peptide (Aß) and human islet amyloid peptide (hIAPP) by modulating the hetero-aggregation pathway. Experimental results confirm that the ß-sheet secondary structure of amyloid peptides would be disrupted under small static EF and accompanied by transforming fibril aggregates into amorphous particles in vitro. Molecular dynamics simulations further demonstrate that even with the transformation of the secondary structure from ß-sheet to random coil, the strong interaction between Aß and hIAPP peptides would remain largely unaffected under the small static EF, leading to the formation of amorphous nanoparticles observed in the experiments. This inhibitory effect of EF on the co-fibrillation of multiple amyloid peptides might contribute to reducing the mutual deterioration of different degenerative diseases and show great potential for the noninvasive treatment of amyloid-related diseases.

Waterproof molecular monolayers stabilize 2D materials.

Two-dimensional van der Waals materials have rich and unique functional properties, but many are susceptible to corrosion under ambient conditions. Here we show that linear alkylamines n-C m H2m+1NH2, with m = 4 through 11, are highly effective in protecting the optoelectronic properties of these materials, such as black phosphorus (BP) and transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs: WS2, 1T'-MoTe2, WTe2, WSe2, TaS2, and NbSe2). As a representative example, n-hexylamine (m = 6) can be applied in the form of thin molecular monolayers on BP flakes with less than 2-nm thickness and can prolong BP's lifetime from a few hours to several weeks and even months in ambient environments. Characterizations combined with our theoretical analysis show that the thin monolayers selectively sift out water molecules, forming a drying layer to achieve the passivation of the protected 2D materials. The monolayer coating is also stable in air, H2 annealing, and organic solvents, but can be removed by certain organic acids.

Oriented Nanoarchitectonics of Bacteriorhodopsin for Enhancing ATP Generation in a Fo F1 -ATPase-Based Assembly System.

Energy conversion plays an important role in the metabolism of photosynthetic organisms. Improving energy transformation by promoting a proton gradient has been a great challenge for a long time. In the present study, we realize a directional proton migration through the construction of oriented bacteriorhodopsin (BR) microcapsules coated by Fo F1 -ATPase molecular motors through layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly. The changes in the conformation of BR under illumination lead to proton transfer in a radial direction, which generates a higher proton gradient to drive the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by Fo F1 -ATPase. Furthermore, to promote the photosynthetic activity, optically matched quantum dots were introduced into the artificial coassembly system of BR and Fo F1 -ATPase. Such a design creates a new path for the use of light energy.

In Situ Resistive Switching Effect Scrutinization on Co-Designed Graphene Sensor.

Resistive switching (RS), an electric property based on the forming and rupture of conductive filaments in metal-insulator-metal structures, has attracted intensive attention due to its potential application in next generation energy-efficient and area-efficient memory devices. In situ studies of the RS effect are urgently needed for its mechanism understanding and memristive performance improvement. Here investigations of both the RS effect as well as the gate tunable conductance quantization effect are realized by co-designing an Ag/SiO2 based memory structure on a graphene local sensor. This design enables self-monitoring of the working states of the memristor in real-time by virtue of the graphene sensor. These findings pave the way for further investigations of on-chip electronics and quantum physics.

Multiple system atrophy-associated oligodendroglial protein p25α stimulates formation of novel α-synuclein strain with enhanced neurodegenerative potential.

Pathology consisting of intracellular aggregates of alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn) spread through the nervous system in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. The discovery of structurally distinct α-Syn polymorphs, so-called strains, supports a hypothesis where strain-specific structures are templated into aggregates formed by native α-Syn. These distinct strains are hypothesised to dictate the spreading of pathology in the tissue and the cellular impact of the aggregates, thereby contributing to the variety of clinical phenotypes. Here, we present evidence of a novel α-Syn strain induced by the multiple system atrophy-associated oligodendroglial protein p25α. Using an array of biophysical, biochemical, cellular, and in vivo analyses, we demonstrate that compared to α-Syn alone, a substoichiometric concentration of p25α redirects α-Syn aggregation into a unique α-Syn/p25α strain with a different structure and enhanced in vivo prodegenerative properties. The α-Syn/p25α strain induced larger inclusions in human dopaminergic neurons. In vivo, intramuscular injection of preformed fibrils (PFF) of the α-Syn/p25α strain compared to α-Syn PFF resulted in a shortened life span and a distinct anatomical distribution of inclusion pathology in the brain of a human A53T transgenic (line M83) mouse. Investigation of α-Syn aggregates in brain stem extracts of end-stage mice demonstrated that the more aggressive phenotype of the α-Syn/p25α strain was associated with an increased load of α-Syn aggregates based on a Förster resonance energy transfer immunoassay and a reduced α-Syn aggregate seeding activity based on a protein misfolding cyclic amplification assay. When injected unilaterally into the striata of wild-type mice, the α-Syn/p25α strain resulted in a more-pronounced motoric phenotype than α-Syn PFF and exhibited a "tropism" for nigro-striatal neurons compared to α-Syn PFF. Overall, our data support a hypothesis whereby oligodendroglial p25α is responsible for generating a highly prodegenerative α-Syn strain in multiple system atrophy.

In vitro single-cell dissection revealing the interior structure of cable bacteria.

Filamentous Desulfobulbaceae bacteria were recently discovered as long-range transporters of electrons from sulfide to oxygen in marine sediments. The long-range electron transfer through these cable bacteria has created considerable interests, but it has also raised many questions, such as what structural basis will be required to enable micrometer-sized cells to build into centimeter-long continuous filaments? Here we dissected cable bacteria cells in vitro by atomic force microscopy and further explored the interior, which is normally hidden behind the outer membrane. Using nanoscale topographical and mechanical maps, different types of bacterial cell-cell junctions and strings along the cable length were identified. More important, these strings were found to be continuous along the bacterial cells passing through the cell-cell junctions. This indicates that the strings serve an important function in maintaining integrity of individual cable bacteria cells as a united filament. Furthermore, ridges in the outer membrane are found to envelop the individual strings at cell-cell junctions, and they are proposed to strengthen the junctions. Finally, we propose a model for the division and growth of the cable bacteria, which illustrate the possible structural requirements for the formation of centimeter-length filaments in the recently discovered cable bacteria.

Identification and Nanomechanical Characterization of the HIV Tat-Amyloid ß Peptide Multifibrillar Structures.

HIV transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein could interact with amyloid ß (Aß) peptide which cause the growth of Aß plaques in the brain and result in Alzheimer's disease in HIV-infected patients. Herein, we employ high-resolution atomic force microscopy and quantitative nanomechanical mapping to investigate the effects of Tat protein in Aß peptide aggregation. Our results demonstrate that the Tat protein could bind to the Aß fibril surfaces and result in the formation of Tat-Aß multifibrillar structures. The resultant Tat-Aß multifibrillar aggregates represent an increase in stiffness compared with Aß fibrils due to the increase in ß-sheet formation. The identification and characterization of the Tat-Aß intermediate aggregates is important to understanding the interactions between Tat protein and Aß peptide, and the development of novel therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease-like disorder in HIV infected individuals.

In situ Surface Charge Density Visualization of Self-assembled DNA Nanostructures after Ion Exchange.

The charge density of DNA is a key parameter in strand hybridization and for the interactions occurring between DNA and molecules in biological systems. Due to the intricate structure of DNA, visualization of the surface charge density of DNA nanostructures under physiological conditions was not previously possible. Here, we perform a simultaneous analysis of the topography and surface charge density of DNA nanostructures using atomic force microscopy and scanning ion conductance microscopy. The effect of in situ ion exchange using various alkali metal ions is tested with respect to the adsorption of DNA origami onto mica, and a quantitative study of surface charge density reveals ion exchange phenomena in mica as a key parameter in DNA adsorption. This is important for structure-function studies of DNA nanostructures. The research provides an efficient approach to study surface charge density of DNA origami nanostructures and other biological molecules at a single molecule level.

Progress of electrospray and electrospinning in energy applications.

In the promotion of energy strategies to address the global energy crisis, nanotechnology has been successfully used to generate novel energy materials with excellent characteristics, such as high specific surface area, good flexibility and large porosity. Among the various methods for fabricating nanoscale materials, electrospray and electrospinning technologies have unlocked low-cost, facile and industrial routes to nanotechnology over the past ten years. This review highlights research into the key parts and primary theory of these techniques and their application in preparing energy-related materials and devices: especially fuel cells, solar cells, lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors as well as hydrogen storage systems. The challenges and future prospects of the manufacturing technologies are also covered in this paper.