May Measurement Month 2019: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Venezuela, Latin America.

Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in Venezuela. Raised blood pressure (BP) accompanied by diabetes mellitus, obesity, lipid abnormalities, and tobacco usage are the biggest contributors to mortality. The May Measurement Month (MMM) campaign is a global initiative aimed to raising awareness of hypertension, which has been conducted in Venezuela since 2017. MMM2019 included 24 672 subjects (mean age: 54.7 years, SD 25.2, 63.1% female). The proportion with hypertension was 48.9%; 14.3% were unknown hypertensives, 35.5% of those who receiving treatment had uncontrolled hypertension (systolic BP ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg); when considering all hypertensives, 53.3% were controlled. Sixty per cent of those on anti-hypertensive medication were on monotherapy, 27.7% were on two, and 7.7% were on three or more drugs. Body mass index, calculated for the total population, was on average 25.6 (SD: 4.8) kg/m2. 16.2% of participants were classified as obese, 34.0% as overweight, and 4.0% were classified as underweight. Diabetes mellitus was reported by 9.4%, smoking by 7.3%, and 10.5% reported drinking alcohol regularly. Conditions associated with higher BP levels were obesity, diabetes mellitus, and women with a history of hypertension during a previous pregnancy. These results are consistent with the two previous MMM campaigns and indicate that repeated screening can routinely identify hypertension. There is an urgent need for Venezuela to implement programmes of detection, treatment, and control not only for hypertension but also for other common cardiovascular risk factors.

Results of May Measurement Month 2018 campaign in Venezuela.

Cardiovascular diseases, mainly coronary heart disease and stroke, are the main cause of death in Venezuela; hypertension is the primary risk factor. The May Measurement Month (MMM) study is a global initiative aimed at raising awareness of elevated blood pressure (BP). The previous MMM 2017 campaign showed 48.9% of participants had hypertension, higher than previous Venezuelan epidemiological studies. The MMM 2018 campaign included 28 649 participants screened [mean age: 54.2 (SD 15.13) years; female 62.8%] carried out mainly in pharmacies in 61 sites. Physical measurements included height, weight, and BP, taken in sitting position three times. After multiple imputations, 48.4% had hypertension, of which 87.7% were aware of their diagnosis. Of the individuals not receiving antihypertensive medication, 14.0% had hypertension and 33.7% of those receiving treatment had uncontrolled hypertension. Overall, the percentage of hypertensives with controlled hypertension was 54.8%. Body mass index was calculated for the total population, and it was on average 25.2 (SD: 4.65) kg/m2. Of all, 14.2% was classified as obese and 32.6% as overweight; meanwhile 4.8% as underweight. Diabetes was reported by 9.5%. These results suggest that repeated screening like the MMM campaign can routinely identify hypertension and consequently implement programmes of treatment in Venezuela, also other common risk factors, like obesity or diabetes.

Results of the May Measurement Month 2017: blood pressure campaign in Venezuela-Americas.

Cardiovascular diseases, mainly coronary heart disease and stroke, are the first cause of death in Venezuela; and hypertension is the main risk factor. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global initiative aimed at raising awareness of elevated blood pressure (BP) and to act as a temporary solution to the lack of regular screening programmes. Some representative studies indicate prevalence of hypertension in Venezuela between 24 and 39%, and control rate around 20%. Sixty-four sites were included to participate in MMM, mainly in pharmacies. Physical measurements included height, weight, and abdominal circumference. Blood pressure was measured in the sitting position three times after resting for 5 min, 1 min apart, using validated oscillometric devices. 21 644 individuals were screened. After multiple imputation, 10 584 individuals [48.9% (50.7% male; 47.7% female)] had hypertension. Of individuals not receiving antihypertensive medication, 1538 (12.2%) were hypertensive. Of individuals receiving antihypertensive medication, 2974 (32.9%) had uncontrolled BP. About 16% had obesity calculated by body mass index; 43.8% of women and 20.7% of men had abdominal obesity. This was the largest BP screening carried out in Venezuela, in which 48.9% of the individuals had elevated BP, untreated hypertension was 12.2%, and one-third of subjects taking treatment were not controlled. About 16% had obesity by body mass index, and abdominal obesity is more common in women. These results suggest that repeated screening like MMM17 can identify hypertension in important numbers and can also evaluate programmes of hypertension treatment and control in Venezuela.

Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en adolescentes de tres institutos de educación diversificada del Municipio Iribarren, Barquisimeto, Estado Lara, Venezuela / Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents from three institutes of diversified education in Iribarren Municipality, Barquisimeto, Lara State, Venezuela

INTRODUCCIÓN: la obesidad infantil es un importante problema de salud pública, por su prevalencia y consecuencias sobre las expectativas y la calidad de vida. En población infantil y adolescente, no hay consenso para diagnosticar el síndrome metabólico, esto explica las diferentes prevalencias reportadas. OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en estudiantes de tres instituciones de educación diversificada del Municipio Iribarren Barquisimeto Estado Lara mediante los criterios establecidos por Adult Treatment Panel III. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: se realizó una investigación transversal, descriptiva, donde se evaluó las medidas antropométricas, los parámetros clínicos y paraclínicos que se incluyen en los criterios establecidos para el diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico. La muestra estuvo conformada por 108 adolescentes pertenecientes a la U.E. Colegio "Inmaculada Concepción", U.E. "Rafael Villavicencio" y "Escuela Técnica Industrial Lara". Los resultados obtenidos fueron analizados mediante frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes. RESULTADOS: Se encontró que 4,6% de adolescentes presentó 3 o más criterios establecidos para el diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico. La dislipidemia (27,78%) y la hipertensión (19,4%) fueron los factores más frecuentes, seguidos por la obesidad abdominal. CONCLUSIÓN: la prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en adolescentes fue de 4,6% lo que refleja la importancia de identificar los factores de riesgo en edades tempranas para promover cambios de estilos de vida más saludable con el fin de prevenir enfermedades cardiometabólicas en la edad adulta.

INTRODUCTION: childhood obesity is an important public health problem, due to its prevalence and consequences on expectations and quality of life. In children and adolescents, there is no consensus to diagnose metabolic syndrome, this explains the different reported prevalences. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in students from three diversified educational institutions in the Municipality of Iribarren Barquisimeto, Lara State, using the criteria established by Adult Treatment Panel III. METHODS: a cross-sectional, descriptive investigation was carried out, where the anthropometric measures, the clinical and paraclinical parameters that are included in the criteria established for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome were evaluated. The sample consisted of 108 adolescents belonging to the U.E. Colegio "Inmaculada Concepción", U.E. "Rafael Villavicencio" and "Lara Industrial Technical School". The results obtained were analyzed using absolute frequencies and percentages. RESULTS: It was found that 4.6% of adolescents presented 3 or more established criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Dyslipidemia (27.78%) and hypertension (19.4%) were the most frequent factors, followed by abdominal obesity. CONCLUSION: the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents was 4.6%, which reflects the importance of identifying risk factors at an early age to promote healthier lifestyle changes in order to prevent cardiometabolic diseases in adulthood.

Propuesta de programa psicoeducativo de estrategias de afrontamiento ante el estrés de crianza dirigido a padres y representantes / Proposal for a psychoeducational program of coping strategies for parenting stress addressed to parents and parents representatives

Esta investigación tuvo como propósito realizar la propuesta de un programa psicoeducativo para desarrollar estrategias de afrontamiento de estrés de crianza dirigido a los padres y representante de la consulta de Psicología Infantil del Hospital Militar Dr. José Ángel Álamo. La muestra estuvo conformada por 40 sujetos que asistían con sus hijos a la consulta en el periodo enero-febrero del 2018. La presencia de estrés de crianza y estrategias de afrontamiento se evaluó a través de aplicación de un cuestionario modificado, usando el Test de Estrés Parental (Abidin) y el Test de Estrategias de Afrontamiento (Carver). 54% de los participantes tenían un funcionamiento psicológico inadecuado, 65% reportaron ausencia de recursos personales y 53% de los sujetos señalan que está presente el apoyo familiar y social. En la mayoría de los participantes están presentes estrategias adecuadas de afrontamiento tales como resolución de problemas, búsqueda de apoyo social, reevaluación, regulación afectiva y búsqueda de información. El estudio de factibilidad proporcionó resultados favorables para diseñar un programa psicoeducativo que incluya estrategias de afrontamiento del estrés de crianza bajo la modalidad de cuatro talleres vivenciales teórico­prácticos que le brinden herramientas a los padres para entender la naturaleza de su rol, el neurodesarrollo de los niños y estrategias de disciplina positiva(AU)

The purpose of this research was to propose a psychoeducational program to develop parenting stress strategies for parents and parent's representative of children that attend the children's psychology office of the Hospital Militar Dr. José Ángel Álamo. The sample included 40 subjects that attended the consult in the January-February 2018 period. In the diagnostic phase, the presence of parenting stress and coping strategies was determined through the application of a modified questionnaire using the Parental Stress Test (Abidin) and the Coping Strategies Test (Carver). The results showed that 54% of participants had an inadequate psychological functioning, 65% had absence of personal resources and 53% had social and family support The majority of subjects had adequate coping strategies which included conflict resolution, search for social support, reevaluation, afective regulation and search for information. The feasibility study provided favorable results to design a psychoeducational program to develop coping stress strategies in the form of four (04) theoretical-practical workshops which will provide parents with tools to understand the nature of their role, the neurodevelopment of children and positive discipline strategies(AU)

Deseos en los adolescentes de la calle / Wishes in the adolescents street children

Identificar los 3 deseos más frecuentes de 42 adolescentes de ambos sexos entre 10 y 17 años, albergados en las casas "Abuelita Mami" y " Mi Tío Simón", de la Alcaldía de Caracas y compararlos con los deseos de 42 pacientes de la consulta de Medicina del Adolescente del Hospital J.M de Los Ríos en el lapso marzo-junio de 1997. El deseo más frecuente se relacionó con estudios (33 por ciento) en muchachos de la calle. Otros fueron buena salud (19,5 por ciento) en niños de consulta. Unión familiar y afecto: todos los grupos, especialmente muchachos de la calle (11,9 por ciento). Trabajar: muchachos de la calle (14,2 por ciento). Recreación: niños de la calle (14,2 por ciento). A ambos grupos se les aplicó un instrumento de autoevaluación, en el cual se solicita la descripción de tres deseos que se analizaron de acuerdo a orden de frecuencia por método porcentual. Los deseos fueron diferentes en ambos grupos de adolescentes. Los muchachos de la calle desean estudiar y trabajar. Es importante reinsertar a los muchachos de la calle a su núcleo familiar, debido a la carencia afectiva que manifiestan a través de los deseos

Diagnóstico integral de los adolescentes en la calle / Integral diagnosis of the adolescents of the street

Conocer el diagnóstico integral de salud de los adolescentes de la calle y compararlos con los adolescentes de la consulta del Hospital "J.M. de los Ríos". Se evalauron 84 adolescentes de ambos sexos a través del formato OMS-CLAP. El análisis estadístico utilizado, fue chi cuadrado. Se observó predominio del sexo masculino. El patrón de maduración temprano estuvo presente en 5 por ciento de la calle del sexo femenino. La evalución antropométrica evidenció talla baja en 24,0 por ciento de adolescentes de la calle. El estado nutricional reveló malnutrición por exceso 2,4 por ciento y por déficit 21,4 por ciento en adolescentes de la calle. Los adolescentes de la calle presentaron riesgo en hogar 100 por ciento; educación 100 por ciento; actividad 71,4 por ciento; droga 42,9 por ciento; sexo 47,6 por ciento; suicidio 7,1 por ciento. Los adolecentes de la consulta presentaron riesgo en hogar 35,7 por ciento; educación 54,7 por ciento; actividad 2,4 por ciento; droga 7,1 por ciento; sexo y suicidio 2,4 por ciento cada uno. Realizar a todo adolescente diagnóstico integral. La maduración temprana conlleva a inicio temprano de actividad sexual y sus consecuencias. Debe tomarse en cuenta los factores de riesgo a fin de tomar las medidas preventivas necesarias