RESUMO
The poor light absorption and low carrier separation efficiency of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) limit its further application. The introduction of plasma metal Ag have the potential to solve these drawbacks owing to its plasma resonance effect. Thus core-shell structure Ag@TiO2 plasma photocatalysts was prepared by using facile reduction method in this work. More specifically, Ag@TiO2 composite catalysts with different Ag loading amounts were prepared in the presence of surfactant PVP. Ag@TiO2 demonstrates excellent light absorption performance and photoelectric separation efficiency compared with pure TiO2. As a result, it displays excellent performance of Cr(VI) reduction under visible light. The optimal composite catalysts Ag@TiO2-5P achieves exceptional visible-light-driven photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction efficiency of 0.01416 min-1 that is 2.29 times greater than pure TiO2. To investigate the role of PVP, we also synthesized Ag@TiO2-5 without PVP. The experimental results show that although Ag@TiO2-5 Cr(VI) reduction performance is superior to pure TiO2, it significantly decreases compared with Ag@TiO2-5P. The results of TEM and optoelectronic testing show that agglomeration of Ag particles leads to a decrease in the photoelectric separation efficiency of Ag@TiO2-5. The smaller Ag particles provide more active sites and demonstrating a stronger overall local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect. DMPO spin-trapping ESR spectra testing indicates that âO2- and âOH are the main reactive species. This research provides a potential strategy to prepare Ag-based plasma photocatalysts for environment protection.
Assuntos
Prata , Ressonância de Plasmônio de Superfície , Prata/química , Titânio/química , Cromo/química , Luz , CatáliseRESUMO
To explore the complete biosynthesis process of flavonoid glycosides in safflower, specifically the key glycosyltransferase that might be involved, as well as to develop an efficient biocatalyst to synthesize flavonoid glycosides, a glycosyltransferase CtUGT4, with flavonoid-O-glycosyltransferase activity, was identified in safflower. The fusion protein of CtUGT4 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the target protein was purified. The recombinant protein can catalyze quercetin to form quercetin-7-O-glucoside, and kaempferol to form kaempferol-3-O in vitro, and a series of flavones, flavonols, dihydroflavones, chalcones, and chalcone glycosides were used as substrates to generate new products. CtUGT4 was expressed in the tobacco transient expression system, and the enzyme activity results showed that it could catalyze kaempferol to kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, and quercetin to quercetin-3-O-glucoside. After overexpressing CtUGT4 in safflower, the content of quercetin-3-O-rutinoside in the safflower florets increased significantly, and the content of quercetin-3-O-glucoside also tended to increase, which preliminarily confirmed the function of CtUGT4 flavonoid-O-glycosyltransferase. This work demonstrated the flavonoid-O-glycosyltransferase function of safflower CtUGT4 and showed differences in the affinity for different flavonoid substrates and the regioselectivity of catalytic sites in safflower, both in vivo and in vitro, providing clues for further research regarding the function of UGT genes, as well as new ideas for the cultivation engineering of the directional improvement of effective metabolites in safflower.
Assuntos
Carthamus tinctorius , Quempferóis , Quempferóis/metabolismo , Quercetina/metabolismo , Carthamus tinctorius/genética , Carthamus tinctorius/metabolismo , Glucosiltransferases/genética , Glucosiltransferases/metabolismo , Flavonóis/metabolismo , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Glicosídeos/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismoRESUMO
This study explored toxicity attenuation processing technology of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae stir-fried with Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction for the first time, and further explored its detoxification mechanism. Nine processed products of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae stir-fried with Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction were prepared by orthogonal experiment with three factors and three levels. Based on the decrease in the content of the main hepatotoxic component diosbulbin B before and after processing of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae by high-performance liquid chromatography, the toxicity attenuation technology was preliminarily screened out. On this basis, the raw and representative processed products of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae were given to mice by gavage with 2 g·kg~(-1)(equival to clinical equivalent dose) for 21 d. The serum and liver tissues were collected after the last administration for 24 h. The serum biochemical indexes reflecting liver function and liver histopathology were combined to further screen out and verify the proces-sing technology. Then, the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant indexes of liver tissue were detected by kit method, and the expressions of NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1) and glutamate-cysteine ligase(GCLM) in mice liver were detected by Western blot to further explore detoxification mechanism. The results showed that the processed products of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae stir-fried with Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction reduced the content of diosbulbin B and improved the liver injury induced by Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bul-biferae to varying degrees, and the processing technology of A_2B_2C_3 reduced the excessive levels of alanine transaminase(ALT) and aspartate transaminase(AST) induced by raw Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae by 50.2% and 42.4%, respectively(P<0.01, P<0.01). The processed products of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae stir-fried with Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction reversed the decrease protein expression levels of NQO1 and GCLM in the liver of mice induced by raw Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae to varying degrees(P<0.05 or P<0.01), and it also reversed the increasing level of malondialdehyde(MDA) and the decreasing levels of glutathione(GSH), glutathione peroxidase(GPX), and glutathione S-transferase(GST) in the liver of mice(P<0.05 or P<0.01). In summary, this study shows that the optimal toxicity attenuation processing technology of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae stir-fried with Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction is A_2B_2C_3, that is, 10% of Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction is used for moistening Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae and processed at 130 â for 11 min. The detoxification mechanism involves enhancing the expression levels of NQO1 and GCLM antio-xidant proteins and related antioxidant enzymes in the liver.
Assuntos
Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Paeonia , Camundongos , Animais , Antioxidantes/análise , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Rizoma/química , Paeonia/química , Glutationa/análiseRESUMO
PURPOSE: Gastrointestinal adverse reactions (GIARs) to liraglutide exhibit significant individual differences in type 2 diabetes. This study investigated the association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and GIARs. METHODS: Adverse events of liraglutide were observed in 376 T2DM patients. Seven tag SNPs at GLP-1R were sequenced in 152 participants. The influencing factors of GIARs and the genetic model of tag SNPs were examined by logistic regression analysis. The relationship between the tag SNPs and GIARs was determined by the chi-square test and cochran-armitage trend test. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis was used to explore interactive analysis in GIARs risk. RESULTS: Twenty-nine percent of subjects had side effects, mainly GIARs. Nausea was the most common GIARs. Compared with males, females were more likely to develop GIARs (P = 0.043, OR = 1.895, 95% CI: 1.021-3.517). The T allele at GLP-1R rs2254336 (P = 0.028) and the A allele at GLP-1R rs3765467 (P = 0.007) were associated with GIARs of liraglutide. As the number of rs2254336 T alleles (P = 0.014) or rs3765467 A alleles (P = 0.008) increased, the subjects tended to develop GIARs. MDR analysis identified that there were no significant interactions among rs2254336, rs3765467 and sex. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that female sex, the T allele at GLP-1R rs2254336 and the A allele at GLP-1R rs3765467 could be predictors of GIARs with liraglutide in T2DM patients.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1 , Alelos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Feminino , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/genética , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Liraglutida/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo ÚnicoRESUMO
RATIONALE: There is incomplete knowledge of the impact of bone marrow cells on the gut microbiome and gut barrier function. OBJECTIVE: We postulated that diabetes mellitus and systemic ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) deficiency would synergize to adversely impact both the microbiome and gut barrier function. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing and metatranscriptomic analysis were performed on fecal samples from wild-type, ACE2-/y, Akita (type 1 diabetes mellitus), and ACE2-/y-Akita mice. Gut barrier integrity was assessed by immunofluorescence, and bone marrow cell extravasation into the small intestine was evaluated by flow cytometry. In the ACE2-/y-Akita or Akita mice, the disrupted barrier was associated with reduced levels of myeloid angiogenic cells, but no increase in inflammatory monocytes was observed within the gut parenchyma. Genomic and metatranscriptomic analysis of the microbiome of ACE2-/y-Akita mice demonstrated a marked increase in peptidoglycan-producing bacteria. When compared with control cohorts treated with saline, intraperitoneal administration of myeloid angiogenic cells significantly decreased the microbiome gene expression associated with peptidoglycan biosynthesis and restored epithelial and endothelial gut barrier integrity. Also indicative of diabetic gut barrier dysfunction, increased levels of peptidoglycan and FABP-2 (intestinal fatty acid-binding protein 2) were observed in plasma of human subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (n=21) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=23) compared with nondiabetic controls (n=23). Using human retinal endothelial cells, we determined that peptidoglycan activates a noncanonical TLR-2 (Toll-like receptor 2) associated MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88)-ARNO (ADP-ribosylation factor nucleotide-binding site opener)-ARF6 (ADP-ribosylation factor 6) signaling cascade, resulting in destabilization of p120-catenin and internalization of VE-cadherin as a mechanism of deleterious impact of peptidoglycan on the endothelium. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate for the first time that the defect in gut barrier function and dysbiosis in ACE2-/y-Akita mice can be favorably impacted by exogenous administration of myeloid angiogenic cells.
Assuntos
Bactérias/metabolismo , Transplante de Medula Óssea , Permeabilidade Capilar , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/cirurgia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Mucosa Intestinal/irrigação sanguínea , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Intestino Delgado/irrigação sanguínea , Intestino Delgado/microbiologia , Neovascularização Fisiológica , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/deficiência , Fator 6 de Ribosilação do ADP , Junções Aderentes/metabolismo , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/enzimologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/microbiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Disbiose , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Intestino Delgado/enzimologia , Intestino Delgado/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Peptidoglicano/metabolismo , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/genética , Recuperação de Função FisiológicaRESUMO
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the primary enzyme of the vasoprotective axis of the renin angiotensin system (RAS). We tested the hypothesis that loss of ACE2 would exacerbate diabetic retinopathy by promoting bone marrow dysfunction. ACE2-/y were crossed with Akita mice, a model of type 1 diabetes. When comparing the bone marrow of the ACE2-/y -Akita mice to that of Akita mice, we observed a reduction of both short-term and long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells, a shift of hematopoiesis toward myelopoiesis, and an impairment of lineage- c-kit+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HS/PC) migration and proliferation. Migratory and proliferative dysfunction of these cells was corrected by exposure to angiotensin-1-7 (Ang-1-7), the protective peptide generated by ACE2. Over the duration of diabetes examined, ACE2 deficiency led to progressive reduction in electrical responses assessed by electroretinography and to increases in neural infarcts observed by fundus photography. Compared with Akita mice, ACE2-/y -Akita at 9-months of diabetes showed an increased number of acellular capillaries indicative of more severe diabetic retinopathy. In diabetic and control human subjects, CD34+ cells, a key bone marrow HS/PC population, were assessed for changes in mRNA levels for MAS, the receptor for Ang-1-7. Levels were highest in CD34+ cells from diabetics without retinopathy. Higher serum Ang-1-7 levels predicted protection from development of retinopathy in diabetics. Treatment with Ang-1-7 or alamandine restored the impaired migration function of CD34+ cells from subjects with retinopathy. These data support that activation of the protective RAS within HS/PCs may represents a therapeutic strategy for prevention of diabetic retinopathy. Stem Cells 2018;36:1430-1440.
Assuntos
Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Retinopatia Diabética/induzido quimicamente , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/efeitos adversos , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/deficiência , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , CamundongosRESUMO
Individuals with end-stage diabetic peripheral neuropathy present with decreased pain sensation. Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is implicated in pain signaling and resides on sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. We investigated the expression and functional activity of TRPV1 in DRG neurons of the Ins2+/Akita mouse at 9 months of diabetes using immunohistochemistry, live single cell calcium imaging, and whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence assay was used to determine the level of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in DRGs. Although TRPV1 expressing neuron percentage was increased in Ins2+/Akita DRGs at 9 months of diabetes compared to control, capsaicin-induced Ca2+ influx was smaller in isolated Ins2+/Akita DRG neurons, indicating impaired TRPV1 function. Consistently, capsaicin-induced Ca2+ influx was decreased in control DRG neurons cultured in the presence of 25 mM glucose for seven days versus those cultured with 5.5 mM glucose. The high glucose environment increased cytoplasmic ROS accumulation in cultured DRG neurons. Patch-clamp recordings revealed that capsaicin-activated currents decayed faster in isolated Ins2+/Akita DRG neurons as compared to those in control neurons. We propose that in poorly controlled diabetes, the accelerated rate of capsaicin-sensitive TRPV1 current decay in DRG neurons decreases overall TRPV1 activity and contributes to peripheral neuropathy.
Assuntos
Cálcio/metabolismo , Capsaicina/farmacologia , Neuropatias Diabéticas/metabolismo , Gânglios Espinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Dor/metabolismo , Canais de Cátion TRPV/metabolismo , Animais , Neuropatias Diabéticas/genética , Neuropatias Diabéticas/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fluoresceínas/química , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Gânglios Espinais/metabolismo , Gânglios Espinais/patologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Glucose/farmacologia , Transporte de Íons/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Potenciais da Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Potenciais da Membrana/fisiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Imagem Óptica , Dor/genética , Dor/fisiopatologia , Técnicas de Patch-Clamp , Cultura Primária de Células , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Análise de Célula Única , Canais de Cátion TRPV/genéticaRESUMO
Electroacupuncture (EA) performed in rats and humans using limb acupuncture sites, LI-4 and LI-11, and GV-14 and GV-20 (humans) and Bai-hui (rats) increased functional connectivity between the anterior hypothalamus and the amygdala and mobilized mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the systemic circulation. In human subjects, the source of the MSC was found to be primarily adipose tissue, whereas in rodents the tissue sources were considered more heterogeneous. Pharmacological disinhibition of rat hypothalamus enhanced sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation and similarly resulted in a release of MSC into the circulation. EA-mediated SNS activation was further supported by browning of white adipose tissue in rats. EA treatment of rats undergoing partial rupture of the Achilles tendon resulted in reduced mechanical hyperalgesia, increased serum interleukin-10 levels and tendon remodeling, effects blocked in propranolol-treated rodents. To distinguish the afferent role of the peripheral nervous system, phosphoinositide-interacting regulator of transient receptor potential channels (Pirt)-GCaMP3 (genetically encoded calcium sensor) mice were treated with EA acupuncture points, ST-36 and LIV-3, and GV-14 and Bai-hui and resulted in a rapid activation of primary sensory neurons. EA activated sensory ganglia and SNS centers to mediate the release of MSC that can enhance tissue repair, increase anti-inflammatory cytokine production and provide pronounced analgesic relief. Stem Cells 2017;35:1303-1315.
Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso Central/citologia , Eletroacupuntura , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Tendão do Calcâneo/patologia , Pontos de Acupuntura , Adipócitos/citologia , Tecido Adiposo Marrom/citologia , Tecido Adiposo Branco/citologia , Animais , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Membro Anterior/fisiologia , Membro Posterior/fisiologia , Humanos , Hiperalgesia/terapia , Hipotálamo/citologia , Interleucina-10/sangue , Macrófagos/citologia , Camundongos , Rede Nervosa/fisiologia , Ratos , Ruptura , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/metabolismo , Proteína Desacopladora 1/metabolismoRESUMO
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) acts as a defense against a variety of bone marrow (BM) stressors. We hypothesized that ATM loss in BM-hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) would be detrimental to both HSC function and microvascular repair while sustained ATM would be beneficial in disease models of diabetes. Chronic diabetes represents a condition associated with HSC depletion and inadequate vascular repair. Gender mismatched chimeras of ATM(-/-) on wild type background were generated and a cohort were made diabetic using streptozotocin (STZ). HSCs from the STZ-ATM(-/-) chimeras showed (a) reduced self-renewal; (b) decreased long-term repopulation; (c) depletion from the primitive endosteal niche; (d) myeloid bias; and (e) accelerated diabetic retinopathy (DR). To further test the significance of ATM in hematopoiesis and diabetes, we performed microarrays on circulating angiogenic cells, CD34(+) cells, obtained from a unique cohort of human subjects with long-standing (>40 years duration) poorly controlled diabetes that were free of DR. Pathway analysis of microarrays in these individuals revealed DNA repair and cell-cycle regulation as the top networks with marked upregulation of ATM mRNA compared with CD34(+) cells from diabetics with DR. In conclusion, our study highlights using rodent models and human subjects, the critical role of ATM in microvascular repair in DR.
Assuntos
Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/biossíntese , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Retinopatia Diabética/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima , Adulto , Animais , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/genética , Retinopatia Diabética/genética , Retinopatia Diabética/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
p300, a transcriptional co-activator with histone acetyl transferase (HAT) activity, plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in response to multiple pro-hypertrophic stimuli including hyperglycemia. However, the precise mechanisms by which p300 expression is regulated remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of miR-150, a potential p300-targeting microRNA (miRNA), in the post-transcriptional control of p300 expression and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by high glucose. We observed that the expression of miR-150 was significantly reduced, whereas the expression of p300 was strongly elevated, concomitant with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, in the hearts of diabetic rats compared with normal controls. Similar alterations were observed in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes that had been exposed to high levels of glucose. miR-150 mimics inhibited p300 3'-UTR luciferase reporter activity, as well as endogenous p300 expression. In addition, miR-150 mimics prevented glucose-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Co-transfection with a p300 expression vector and miR-150 mimics reversed the protective effect of miR-150 on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. We further showed that the high glucose-mediated activation of PKCß(2) in turn mediated the down-regulation of miR-150 expression. These data demonstrated a novel upstream role for miR-150 in p300-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and revealed a previously uncharacterized miRNAs and HATs cross-talk mechanism for the hypertrophic phenotype induced by high glucose.
Assuntos
Proteína p300 Associada a E1A/genética , Glucose/farmacologia , MicroRNAs/fisiologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/efeitos dos fármacos , Miócitos Cardíacos/patologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Células Cultivadas , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Proteína p300 Associada a E1A/antagonistas & inibidores , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Hipertrofia/genética , Masculino , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Interferência de RNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) plays a pivotal role in inducing metabolic inflammation in diabetes. Additionally, the NOD1 ligand disrupts the equilibrium of bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, a process that has immense significance in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). We hypothesized that NOD1 depletion impedes the advancement of DR by resolving bone marrow dysfunction. METHODS: We generated NOD1-/--Akita double-mutant mice and chimeric mice with hematopoietic-specific NOD1 depletion to study the role of NOD1 in the bone marrow-retina axis. RESULTS: Elevated circulating NOD1 activators were observed in Akita mice after 6 months of diabetes. NOD1 depletion partially restored diabetes-induced structural changes and retinal electrical responses in NOD1-/--Akita mice. Loss of NOD1 significantly ameliorated the progression of diabetic retinal vascular degeneration, as determined by acellular capillary quantification. The preventive effect of NOD1 depletion on DR is linked to bone marrow phenotype alterations, including a restored HSC pool and a shift in hematopoiesis toward myelopoiesis. We also generated chimeric mice with hematopoietic-specific NOD1 ablation, and the results further indicated that NOD1 had a protective effect against DR. Mechanistically, loss of hematopoietic NOD1 resulted in reduced bone marrow-derived macrophage infiltration and decreased CXCL1 and CXCL2 secretion within the retina, subsequently leading to diminished neutrophil chemoattraction and NETosis. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study unveil, for the first time, the critical role of NOD1 as a trigger for a hematopoietic imbalance toward myelopoiesis and local retinal inflammation, culminating in DR progression. Targeting NOD1 in bone marrow may be a potential strategy for the prevention and treatment of DR.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Retinopatia Diabética , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD1 , Degeneração Retiniana , Animais , Camundongos , Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus/metabolismo , Retinopatia Diabética/genética , Retinopatia Diabética/terapia , Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/metabolismo , Inflamação/genética , Inflamação/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Retina/metabolismo , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD1/genética , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD1/metabolismoRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae; RDB) is commonly used as an expectorant and cough suppressant herb but is accompanied by severe hepatotoxicity. Using the juice of auxiliary herbs (such as Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma; GRR) juice) in concocting poisonous Chinese medicine is a conventional method to reduce toxicity or increase effects. Our previous study found that concoction with GRR juice provided a detoxifying effect against the major toxic hepatotoxicity induced by RDB, but the principle for the detoxification of the concoction is unknown to date. AIM OF THE STUDY: The principle of concoction was investigated by using the processing excipient GRR juice to reduce the major toxic hepatotoxicity of RDB, and the efficacy of RDB as an expectorant and cough suppressant was enhanced. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, common factors (RDB:GRR ratio, concocted temperature, and concocted time) in the concoction process were used for the preparation of each RDB concocted with GRR juice by using an orthogonal experimental design. We measured the content of the main toxic compound diosbulbin B (DB) and serum biochemical indicators and performed pathological analysis in liver tissues of mice to determine the best detoxification process of RDB concocted with GRR juice. On this basis, the biological mechanisms of target organs were detected by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the inflammation and apoptosis levels. Further, the effects of RDB on expectorant and cough suppressant with GRR juice were evaluated by the conventional tests of phenol red expectorant and concentrated ammonia-induced cough. Lastly, the major compounds in the GRR juice introduced to RDB concoction were determined. RESULTS: RDB concocted with GRR juice significantly alleviated DB content, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase levels, and improved liver pathological damages. The best detoxification process was achieved by using an RDB:GRR ratio of 100:20 at 120 °C for 20 min. Further, RDB concocted with GRR juice down-regulated the protein levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and Bcl-2 related X protein (Bax) in the liver and enhanced the expectorant and cough suppressant effects of RDB. Finally, liquiritin (LQ) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in the GRR juice were introduced to the RDB concoction. CONCLUSION: Concoction with GRR juice not only effectively reduced the major toxic hepatotoxicity of RDB but also enhanced its main efficacy as an expectorant and cough suppressant, and that the rationale for the detoxification and/or potentiation of RDB was related to the reduction in the content of the main hepatotoxic compound, DB, the introduction of the hepatoprotective active compounds, LQ and GA, in the auxiliary GRR juice, as well as the inhibition of NF-κB/COX-2/Bax signaling-mediated inflammation and apoptosis.
Assuntos
Antitussígenos , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas , Dioscorea , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Glycyrrhiza uralensis , Glycyrrhiza , Camundongos , Animais , Glycyrrhiza uralensis/química , Expectorantes , Antitussígenos/farmacologia , Excipientes , Dioscorea/química , NF-kappa B , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2 , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2 , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/análise , Glycyrrhiza/química , InflamaçãoRESUMO
The qualities of wheat dough are influenced by the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), a critical component of wheat gluten protein. However, it is still unknown how HMW-GS silencing affects the aggregation characteristics of dough. Two groups of near-isogenic wheat were used to study the effects of HMW-GS silencing on dough aggregation characteristics, dough texture characteristics, and dough microstructure. It was observed that the content of gliadin in LH-11 strain significantly increased compared to the wild-type (WT). Additionally, the amount of glutenin macropolymer and the glutenin/gliadin both decreased. The aggregation characteristics and rheological characteristics of the dough in LH-11 strain were significantly reduced, and the content of ß-sheet in the dough was significantly reduced. The HMW-GS silencing resulted in a reduction in the aggregation of the gluten network in the dough, which related to the alteration of the secondary and microstructure of the gluten.
Assuntos
Gliadina , Glutens , Gliadina/metabolismo , Peso Molecular , Glutens/química , Triticum/química , Farinha , Subunidades Proteicas/químicaRESUMO
Empagliflozin is currently known to decrease blood glucose levels, delay renal failure, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes with cardiovascular disease. However, the effects of empagliflozin on the lifespan and health of naturally aged organisms are unclear. This study was designed to investigate the impacts and potential mechanisms of empagliflozin on lifespan and liver senescence in naturally aged mice. Our study revealed that empagliflozin improved survival and health in naturally aged mice. Empagliflozin extended the median survival of male mice by 5.9%. Meanwhile, empagliflozin improved learning memory and motor balance, decreased body weight, and downregulated the hepatic protein expression of P21, P16, α-SMA, and COL1A1. Empagliflozin modulates the structure of the intestinal flora, increasing the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lactobacillus, Blautia, and Muribaculaceae and decreasing the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae, Turicibacter, and Dubosiella in naturally aged mice. Further exploration discovered that empagliflozin increased the concentration of SCFAs, decreased the levels of the inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL9, and regulated the PI3K/AKT/P21 and AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB pathways, which may represent the underlying mechanisms involved in these beneficial hepatic effects. Taken together, the above results indicated that empagliflozin intervention could be considered a potential strategy for extending lifespan and slowing liver senescence in naturally aged mice.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Compostos Benzidrílicos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Glucosídeos , Fígado , Longevidade , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Animais , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Compostos Benzidrílicos/farmacologia , Masculino , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Longevidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/farmacologia , Envelhecimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
Aims: Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is a crucial molecular promoter of oxidative stress and has been identified to be associated with cellular senescence. It is an important mediator of ß cell insulin secretion and has effects on ß cell mass. However, its role in ß cell senescence is unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of TXNIP on the senescence and aging- and diet-related dysfunction of ß cells. Methods: Human pancreatic paraffin tissues and serum samples from different ages were collected to detect TXNIP expression. TXNIP-/- and C57BL/6J mice were fed either a normal chow diet (NCD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) until 5, 11, 14, or 20 months. The recapitulation experiment was conducted with TXNIP protein injection. MIN6 cells were transfected with LV-TXNIP and LV-siTXNIP. The biochemical indexes, ageing-related markers, cell cycle proteins, and pathways were examined both in vivo and in vitro. Results: TXNIP expression showed an age-related increase in ß cells and serum samples from humans. TXNIP significantly impaired glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in an age-dependent manner. TXNIP aggravated age-related and obesity-induced structural failure, oxidative stress, decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis in ß cells, and induced the cell cycle arrest. TXNIP interacted with p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and modulated the p16/p21-CDK-Rb axis to accelerate ß cell senescence. Innovation and Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that TXNIP may exacerbate pancreatic ß cell senescence and age-related dysfunction by inducing cell cycle arrest through the p38-p16/p21-CDK-Rb pathway, in natural and pathological states. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 480-495.
Assuntos
Células Secretoras de Insulina , Camundongos , Animais , Humanos , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular , Senescência Celular , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Tiorredoxinas/metabolismoRESUMO
AIMS: Corni Fructus (CF) and some CF-contained prescriptions are commonly used in clinical treatment of depression. This investigation aims to evaluate the main active compound of CF in antidepressant properties and its key target. METHODS: Firstly, this study established a behavioral despair model and used high-performance liquid chromatography method to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of water extract, 20%, 50%, and 80% ethanol extracts of CF, and its main active compound. Then, this study created chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model to assess loganin's antidepressant-like properties, and its target was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, Immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) inhibitor. RESULTS: Results showed that the different extracts of CF significantly shortened the immobility time in forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Moreover, loganin alleviated CUMS-induced depression-like behavior, promoted neurotrophy and neurogenesis, and inhibited neuroinflammation. Furthermore, K252a blocked the improvement of loganin on depression-like behavior, and eliminated the enhancement of neurotrophy and neurogenesis and the inhibition of neuroinflammation. CONCLUSION: Overall, these results indicated that loganin could be used as a major active compound of CF for the antidepressant-like properties and exerted antidepressant-like actions by regulating brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling, and TrkB could be used as key target for itsantidepressant-like actions.
Assuntos
Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo , Cornus , Animais , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Cornus/metabolismo , Receptor trkB , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Antidepressivos/uso terapêutico , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Estresse Psicológico/tratamento farmacológico , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) acts as a procarcinogenic bacterium in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) by regulating the inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which can be generated by persistent inflammation, have been recently considered to be significant contributors in promoting cancer progression. However, whether NETs are implicated in Fn-related carcinogenesis is still poorly characterized. Here, we explored the role of NETs in Fn-related CRC as well as their potential clinical significance. METHODS: Fn was measured in tissue specimens and feces samples from CRC patients. The expression of NET markers were also detected in tissue specimens, freshly isolated neutrophils and blood serum from CRC patients, and the correlation of circulating NETs levels with Fn was evaluated. Cell-based experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanism by which Fn modulates NETs formation. In addition, we clarified the functional mechanism of Fn-induced NETs on the growth and metastasis of CRC in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS: Tissue and blood samples from CRC patients, particularly those from Fn-infected CRC patients, exhibited greater neutrophil infiltration and higher NETs levels. Fn infection induced abundant NETs production in in vitro studies. Subsequently, we demonstrated that Fn-induced NETs indirectly accelerated malignant tumor growth through angiopoiesis, and facilitated tumor metastasis, as manifested by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related cell migration, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated basement membrane protein degradation, and trapping of CRC cells. Mechanistically, the Toll-like receptor (TLR4)-reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathway and NOD-like receptor (NOD1/2)-dependent signaling were responsible for Fn-stimulated NETs formation. More importantly, circulating NETs combined with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) could predict CRC occurrence and metastasis, with areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) of 0.92 and 0.85, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that Fn-induced NETs abundance by activating TLR4-ROS and NOD1/2 signalings in neutrophils facilitated CRC progression. The combination of circulating NETs and CEA was identified as a novel screening strategy for predicting CRC occurrence and metastasis.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais , Armadilhas Extracelulares , Fusobacterium nucleatum , Neutrófilos , Neoplasias Colorretais/microbiologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Progressão da Doença , Humanos , Microambiente Tumoral , Inflamação , Transdução de Sinais , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD1/metabolismo , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD2/metabolismo , Antígeno Carcinoembrionário/sangue , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Animais , Camundongos , Metástase NeoplásicaRESUMO
Objective: circRNAs were a group of the most promising molecular biomarkers for clinical prognosis and diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It was a pity that academic circle still struggled to figure out how circRNAs acted on NSCLC. This article aimed to study the function and mechanism of hsa_circ_0077837 in NSCLC progression. Methods: Cell viability was measured via CCK-8, while apoptosis was evaluated with flow cytometry. The transwell assay and scratch test were used to detect invasion and migration, respectively. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay verified the regulatory effect of miR-1178-3p on hsa_circ_0077837 and miR-1178-3p on apoptosis-inducing, TAF9-like domain 1 (APITD1). The TUNEL assay and immunohistochemistry were used to assess cells apoptosis and proliferation in lung tumor tissues in mice. Results: Hsa_circ_0077837 and APITD1 expression were suppressed in NSCLC tissues and cells, and miR-1178-3p level was promoted. High amount of hsa_circ_0077837 intensely prevented cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, promoted cell apoptosis in vitro, and delayed tumor growth in mice. Further analysis indicated that hsa_circ_0077837 acted as a miR-1178-3p sponge to stabilize APITD1, the target of miR-1178-3p. Mechanistically, we discovered that hsa_circ_0077837 could prevent proliferation, viability, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells through stimulating the miR-1178-3p/APITD1 pathway. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings validated that hsa_circ_0077837 served as a miR-1178-3p sponge by targeting APITD1 that alleviated NSCLC progression.
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Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae (RDB) was effective on relieving cough and expectorant but accompanied by severe toxicity, especially in hepatotoxicity. A previous study found that processing with Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) reduced RDB-induced hepatotoxicity. However, up to now, the optimized processing process of ASR-processed RDB has not been explored or optimized, and the detoxification mechanism is still unknown. This study evaluated the detoxification technology and possible mechanism of processing with ASR on RDB-induced hepatotoxicity. The optimized processing process of ASR-processed RDB was optimized by the content of diosbulbin B (DB), the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and histopathological analysis. The processing detoxification mechanism was evaluated by detecting the antioxidant levels of nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLM), and the levels of downstream antioxidant factors of Nrf2. Besides, the antitussive and expectorant efficacy of RDB was also investigated. This work found that processing with ASR attenuated RDB-induced hepatotoxicity, which can be verified by reducing the levels of ALT, AST, and ALP, and reversing the pathological changes of liver histomorphology. And the optimized processing process of ASR-processed RDB is "processing at a mass ratio of 100:20 (RDB:ASR) and a temperature of 140°C for 10 min." Further results corroborated that the intervention of processed products of ASR-processed RDB remarkably upregulated the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1/GCLM protein expression levels in liver, and conserved antitussive and expectorant efficacy of RDB. The above findings comprehensively indicated that the optimized processing process of ASR-processed RDB was "processing at a mass ratio of 100:20 (RDB:ASR) and a temperature of 140°C for 10 min," and the processing detoxification mechanism involved enhancing the level of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense in liver as a key target organ.
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Impairment of bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) contributes to the progression of vascular complications in subjects with diabetes. Very small amounts of bacterial-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) establish the bone marrow cell pool. We hypothesize that alteration of the PAMP peptidoglycan (PGN) exacerbates HSPC dysfunction in diabetes. We observed increased PGN infiltration in the bone marrow of diabetic mice. Exogenous administration of PGN selectively reduced the number of long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs), accompanied by impaired vasoreparative functions in db/db mouse bone marrow. We further revealed that bone marrow denervation contributed to PGN-associated HSPC dysfunction. Inhibition of NOD1 ameliorated PGN-induced bone marrow autonomic neuropathy, which significantly rejuvenated the HSPC pools and functions in vivo. These data reveal for the first time that PGN, as a critical factor on the gut-bone marrow axis, promotes bone marrow denervation and HSPC modulation in the context of diabetes.