Social interactions in trauma disclosure: A multi-informant and multiconstruct investigation.

Research has established that social factors are integral to trauma recovery. Yet, there is relatively little data on the association between social interactions from different supports and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Moreover, few studies have measured these factors from multiple informants. This paper examined social interactions from different sources (i.e., negative and positive reactions from a chosen close other [CO], family/friends, and general non-COs) and their association with PTSD symptoms using multi-informant reports of the social constructs (i.e., from the individual exposed to trauma [TI] and their CO). Participants (N = 104 dyads) were recruited from an urban center within 6 months of the TIs' exposure to a traumatic event. TIs were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. TI self-report, t(97) = 2.58, p = .012, and CO collateral report of disapproval from family/friends, t(97) = 2.14, p = .035, and TI self-report of general disapproval, t(97) = 4.91, p < .001, emerged as significant predictors of PTSD symptoms when compared with other social constructs. Interventions that target family members' and friends' reactions to trauma survivors and societal discourse around trauma and reactions to trauma survivors are recommended. Clinical interventions that buffer against TIs' experiences of disapproval and guide COs on the provision of supportive responses are discussed.

Treating posttraumatic stress disorder across cultures: A systematic review of cultural adaptations of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapies.

OBJECTIVE: Although trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been applied worldwide, the nature of how these Western-based interventions are applied in diverse settings has varied. This paper systematically reviewed the literature on how trauma-focused CBTs have been applied and adapted cross-culturally. METHOD: A systematic review of studies that discuss the process of cultural adaptation of trauma-focused CBTs. RESULTS: Seventeen papers were included and varied in the comprehensiveness of the adaptation process. Two studies stated that a theoretical framework was followed. Almost one-third of the studies did not report whether local stakeholders were involved in the process of application. Fifteen studies examined the efficacy of the adaptations and the results were positive, but the methodology and quality varied. CONCLUSION: There are inconsistencies in how trauma-focused CBTs are culturally adapted. A systematic approach to the transportation of such therapies would enable greater investigation into the necessity and efficacy of such adaptations.

Quality of life measures in older adults after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: On average older adults experiencing TBI are hospitalized four times as often, have longer hospital stays, and experience slower recovery trajectories and worse functional outcomes compared to younger populations with the same injury severity. A standard measure of Qol for older adults with TBI would facilitate accurate and reliable data across the individual patient care continuum and across clinical care settings, as well as support more rigorous research studies of metadata. PURPOSE: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate patient reported Qol measures in studies with older adults post TBI. METHOD: A systematic review was carried out focusing on the various tools to measure Qol in older adults, ≥ 65 years of age with a diagnosis of TBI. Data bases searched included Medline, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, and PsychInfo from date of inception to September 25, 2017. RESULTS: A total of 20 articles met the inclusion criteria. Nine different tools were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Findings based on the comparison of reliability and construct validity of the Qol measures reported in this review suggest that no single instrument is superior to all others for our study population. Future research in this field should include the enrollment of larger study samples of older adults. Without these future efforts, the ability to detect an optimal Qol measure will be hindered.

Internet-Delivered Early Interventions for Individuals Exposed to Traumatic Events: Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Over 75% of individuals are exposed to a traumatic event, and a substantial minority goes on to experience mental health problems that can be chronic and pernicious in their lifetime. Early interventions show promise for preventing trauma following psychopathology; however, a face-to-face intervention can be costly, and there are many barriers to accessing this format of care. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to systematically review studies of internet-delivered early interventions for trauma-exposed individuals. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in PsycINFO and PubMed for papers published between 1991 and 2017. Papers were included if the following criteria were met: (1) an internet-based intervention was described and applied to individuals exposed to a traumatic event; (2) the authors stated that the intervention was intended to be applied early following trauma exposure or as a preventive intervention; and (3) data on mental health symptoms at pre-and postintervention were described (regardless of whether these were primary outcomes). Methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. RESULTS: The interventions in the 7 studies identified were categorized as selected (ie, delivered to an entire sample after trauma regardless of psychopathology symptoms) or indicated (ie, delivered to those endorsing some level of posttraumatic distress). Selected interventions did not produce significant symptom improvement compared with treatment-as-usual or no intervention control groups. However, indicated interventions yielded significant improvements over other active control conditions on mental health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with the notion that many experience natural recovery following trauma, results imply that indicated early internet-delivered interventions hold the most promise in future prevention efforts. More studies that use rigorous methods and clearly defined outcomes are needed to evaluate the efficacy of early internet-delivered interventions. Moreover, basic research on risk and resilience factors following trauma exposure is necessary to inform indicated internet-delivered interventions.

Memory impairment among people who are homeless: a systematic review.

Cognitive impairment may interfere with an individual's ability to function independently in the community and may increase the risk of becoming and remaining homeless. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature on memory deficits among people who are homeless in order to gain a better understanding of its nature, causes and prevalence. Studies that measured memory functioning as an outcome among a sample of homeless persons were included. Data on sampling, outcome measures, facet of memory explored and prevalence of memory impairment were extracted from all selected research studies. Included studies were evaluated using a critical appraisal process targetted for reviewing prevalence studies. Eleven studies were included in the review. Verbal memory was the most commonly studied facet of memory. Potential contributing factors to memory deficits among persons who are homeless were explored in seven studies. Memory deficits were common among the samples of homeless persons studied. However, there was a great deal of variation in the methodology and quality of the included studies. Conceptualisations of "homelessness" also differed across studies. There is a need for more controlled research using validated neuropsychological tools to evaluate memory impairment among people who are homeless.

Web-based intervention programs for depression: a scoping review and evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Although depression is known to affect millions of people worldwide, individuals seeking aid from qualified health care professionals are faced with a number of barriers to treatment including a lack of treatment resources, limited number of qualified service providers, stigma associated with diagnosis and treatment, prolonged wait times, cost, and barriers to accessibility such as transportation and clinic locations. The delivery of depression interventions through the Internet may provide a practical solution to addressing some of these barriers. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this scoping review was to answer the following questions: (1) What Web-delivered programs are currently available that offer an interactive treatment component for depression?, (2) What are the contents, accessibility, and usability of each identified program?, and (3) What tools, supports, and research evidence are available for each identified program? METHODS: Using the popular search engines Google, Yahoo, and Bing (Canadian platforms), two reviewers independently searched for interactive Web-based interventions targeting the treatment of depression. The Beacon website, an information portal for online health applications, was also consulted. For each identified program, accessibility, usability, tools, support, and research evidence were evaluated and programs were categorized as evidence-based versus non-evidence-based if they had been the subject of at least one randomized controlled trial. Programs were scored using a 28-point rating system, and evidence- versus non-evidence-based programs were compared and contrasted. Although this review included all programs meeting exclusion and inclusion criteria found using the described search method, only English language Web-delivered depression programs were awarded an evaluation score. RESULTS: The review identified 32 programs meeting inclusion criteria. There was a great deal of variability among the programs captured in this evaluation. Many of the programs were developed for general adolescent or adult audiences, with few (n=2) focusing on special populations (eg, military personnel, older adults). Cognitive behavioral therapy was the most common therapeutic approach used in the programs described. Program interactive components included mood assessments and supplementary homework sheets such as activity planning and goal setting. Only 12 of the programs had published evidence in support of their efficacy and treatment of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: There are a number of interactive depression interventions available through the Internet. Recommendations for future programs, or the adaptation of existing programs include offering a greater selection of alternative languages, removing registration restrictions, free trial periods for programs requiring user fees, and amending programs to meet the needs of special populations (eg, those with cognitive and/or visual impairments). Furthermore, discussion of specific and relevant topics to the target audience while also enhancing overall user control would contribute to a more accessible intervention tool.

Electronic Health Record-Based Screening for Intimate Partner Violence: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health issue, with a 25% lifetime prevalence. Screening for IPV in primary care is a recommended practice whose effectiveness is debated. Objective: To assess the effect of an electronic health record (EHR)-based multifactorial intervention screening on the detection of IPV risk in primary care practice. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cluster randomized clinical trial used a stepped-wedge design to assign 15 family medicine primary care clinics in the Medical University of South Carolina Health System in the Charleston region to 3 matched blocks from October 6, 2020, to March 31, 2023. All women aged 18 to 49 years who were seen in these clinics participated in this study. Intervention: A noninterruptive EHR alert combined with confidential screening by computer questionnaire using the EHR platform followed by risk assessment and a decision support template. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes were the rate at which patients were screened for IPV across the clinics and the rate at which patients at risk for IPV were detected by screening procedures. Results: The study clinics cared for 8895 unique patients (mean [SD] age, 34.6 [8.7] years; 1270 [14.3%] with Medicaid or Medicare and 7625 [85.7%] with private, military, or other insurance) over the study period eligible for the screening intervention. The intervention had significant effects on the overall rate of screening for IPV, increasing the rate of screening from 45.2% (10 268 of 22 730 patient visits) to 65.3% (22 303 of 34 157 patient visits) when the noninterruptive alert was active (relative risk, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.44-1.49]; P < .001). The confidential screening process was more effective than baseline nurse-led oral screening at identifying patients reporting past-year IPV (130 of 8895 patients [1.5%] vs 9 of 17 433 patients [0.1%]). Conclusions and Relevance: The intervention was largely effective in increasing screening adherence and the positive detection rate of IPV in primary care. A highly private approach to screening for IPV in primary care may be necessary to achieve adequate detection rates while addressing potential safety issues of patients experiencing IPV. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06284148.

Sources of Social Support and Trauma Recovery: Evidence for Bidirectional Associations from a Recently Trauma-Exposed Community Sample.

Although the association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and social support is well documented, few studies have tested the causal pathways explaining this association at several points in the acute post-trauma recovery period or examined whether the association varies for different sources of social support. To address these gaps, 151 community individuals (mean age = 37.20 years, 69.5% women) exposed to trauma within the previous 6 months were recruited to complete measures of PTSD and social support from intimate partners, friends, and relatives four times in 1 year. In line with recent recommendations for research on social support and PTSD symptoms, random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling (RI-CLPM) was used to examine dynamic changes between PTSD severity and social support over time. The pattern of RI-CLPM cross-lagged coefficients indicated that positive deviations from one's expected stable level of total social support (across all sources) sped up the recovery of PTSD symptoms at the end of the post-trauma year, and more severe PTSD symptoms than expected based on one's expected stable level of PTSD started eroding social support midway through the assessment year. When specific sources of social support were analyzed separately, the association between within-person increases in social support from friends at any given time point accelerated the recovery from PTSD across the entire year. Among participants with intimate partners (n = 53), intimate partner support did not predict PTSD symptoms, but more severe PTSD symptoms at any given time point predicted less support at the following time point. Results from this longitudinal study provide additional support for the bidirectional relationship between PTSD and social support over time and suggest that perceived social support from friends may be especially helpful during trauma recovery.

Clarifying the link between traumatic brain injury and homelessness: workshop proceedings.

PURPOSE: To disseminate the proceedings of a 1-day multidisciplinary stakeholder workshop aimed at examining the inter-relationship between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and homelessness. METHODS: Thirty-seven stakeholders participated in the workshop, including frontline workers with individuals who are homeless, physicians, nurses and other healthcare workers, researchers, policy-makers, students and individuals with lived experience of homelessness. Didactic presentations, large group discussions and break-out sessions were used to disseminate knowledge, identify service and research gaps, develop a research agenda and facilitate networking. RESULTS: The participants identified barriers to service provision for individuals who are homeless and have sustained TBI with a focus on age- and gender-related issues, co-morbid TBI and mental illness and jurisdictional differences. Challenges and strategies related to engaging stakeholders in research with this population, as well as disseminating knowledge were discussed and research questions were identified. CONCLUSION: There is very little empirical literature on the topic of TBI and homelessness. The workshop identified key issues for consideration, including gaps in knowledge related to this topic.

Depression and anxiety in parent versus spouse caregivers of adult patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review.

A systematic review of studies which evaluated depression and anxiety in parent versus spouse caregivers of adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) was conducted. Demographic variables of the TBI patients and caregivers, study design, measurement tools used, and outcomes reported were collected. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated for methodological quality. While the majority of studies revealed no significant differences between caregiver types on measures of depression and/or anxiety, there was a great deal of variation in methodology and quality between the studies. Overall, high levels of caregiver distress were exposed, regardless of caregiver type (parent versus spouse). There is a need for qualitative and quantitative research designs in order to elucidate the factors that put caregivers at risk for depression and anxiety.

Measuring Grief in the Context of Traumatic Loss: A Systematic Review of Assessment Instruments.

Following traumatic loss, defined as the death of a loved one due to unexpected or violent circumstances, adults may experience a myriad of grief-related problems. Given the addition of Prolonged Grief Disorders into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders Fifth Edition, Text-Revision and influx of unexpected deaths due to the global Coronavirus pandemic, there is heightened interest in the measurement of grief-related processes. We conducted a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify measures of grief used in studies of adults who experienced traumatic loss. Searches yielded 164 studies that used 31 unique measures of grief-related constructs. The most commonly used instrument was the Inventory of Complicated Grief-Revised. Half of the measures assessed constructs beyond diagnosable pathological grief responses. Given the wide variation and adaptations of measures reviewed, we recommend greater testing and uniformity of measurement across the field. Future research is needed to adapt and/or design measures to evaluate new criteria for Prolonged Grief Disorder.

Assessment Tools for Children who Experience Traumatic Loss: A Systematic Review.

Children who experience the traumatic (i.e., violent and/or unexpected) death of a loved one are at risk for a range of adverse developmental and mental health problems, including pathological processes of grief. Over the last decades, conceptualizations of maladaptive grief have varied, resulting in a range of assessment tools and no "gold standard" measure to assess symptoms of prolonged grief in children. The current paper is a systematic review of studies that measured grief in children who experienced traumatic loss in order to determine the measures currently used in the literature with children who experience traumatic loss. Searches were conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses in PUBMED, PsycINFO, and OVID and through hand searches of relevant reference lists. Two authors reviewed each study yielded by searches and conducted data extraction on included studies. Studies were included if they were peer-reviewed, included a measure of grief, and consisted of samples of children (age 18 and younger) whereby at least a portion experienced traumatic loss. Thirty-nine studies met inclusion criteria, from which 17 measures were identified. The most commonly used measure was the Inventory of Complicated Grief (n = 10 studies) followed by the Extended Grief Inventory (n = 6). Most studies used different measures and variations of the same measures to assess similar constructs. All but one measure relied on child self-report. More standardization of measurement across studies is needed, along with parent and/or teacher reported measures.

Women's Behavioral Coping Responses During Sexual Assault: Association With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and the Moderating Role of Alexithymia.

We examined the associations between women's behavioral coping responses during sexual assault and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and the moderating role of alexithymia in college women (N = 152). Immobilized responses (b = 0.52, p < .001), childhood SA (b = 0.18, p = .01), and alexithymia (b = 0.34, p < .001) significantly predicted PTSD. The interaction between immobilized responses and alexithymia was significant (b = 0.39, p = .002), indicating a stronger association for those higher in alexithymia. Immobilized responses are associated with PTSD, particularly for those with difficulty identifying and labeling emotions.

Traumatic brain injury among people who are homeless: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Homelessness and poverty are important social problems, and reducing the prevalence of homelessness and the incidence of injury and illness among people who are homeless would have significant financial, societal, and individual implications. Recent research has identified high rates of traumatic brain injury (TBI) among this population, but to date there has not been a review of the literature on this topic. The objective of this systematic review was to review the current state of the literature on TBI and homelessness in order to identify knowledge gaps and direct future research. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in PsycINFO (1887-2012), Embase (1947-2012), and MEDLINE/Pubmed (1966-2012) to identify all published research studies on TBI and homelessness. Data on setting, sampling, outcome measures, and rate of TBI were extracted from these studies. RESULTS: Eight research studies were identified. The rate of TBI among samples of persons who were homeless varied across studies, ranging from 8%-53%. Across the studies there was generally little information to adequately describe the research setting, sample sizes were small and consisted mainly of adult males, demographic information was not well described, and validated screening tools were rarely used. The methodological quality of the studies included was generally moderate and there was little information to illustrate that the studies were adequately powered or that study samples were representative of the source population. There was also an absence of qualitative studies in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of TBI is higher among persons who are homeless as compared to the general population. Both descriptive and interventional studies of individuals who are homeless should include a psychometrically sound measure of history of TBI and related disability. Education of caregivers of persons who are at risk of becoming, or are homeless, should involve training on TBI. Dissemination of knowledge to key stakeholders such as people who are homeless, their families, and public policy makers is also advocated.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual and couple therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: Clinical and intimate relationship outcomes.

The association between symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults and difficulties in intimate relationships is well documented. Growing literature suggests that interpersonally-oriented therapies, such as couple and family interventions, may lead to improvements in both PTSD symptoms and intimate relationship functioning. However, it is unknown how individual PTSD treatments compare to couple/family interventions in relational outcomes. The present study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual and couple/family treatments to examine changes in PTSD symptoms and intimate relationship functioning. Twelve couple treatment studies with 13 unique samples and 7 individual treatment studies with 9 unique samples met inclusion criteria. No family-based treatments were identified. Meta-analytic findings indicated moderate to large reductions in PTSD symptoms for both couple and individual studies. Small but significant improvements in intimate relationship functioning across individual and couple studies were observed. Moderation analysis suggested that across both individual and couple treatment formats, trauma-focused treatments had larger effects on PTSD symptoms. Trauma-focused treatments had larger effects on intimate relationship functioning for individual studies. Military status did not moderate outcomes. This study supports the utility of both individual and couple treatment formats for treating PTSD and provides preliminary support for these modalities for also enhancing intimate relationship functioning.

Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder under ongoing threat: A systematic review.

Some individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at elevated risk of reexposure to trauma during treatment. Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) are recommended as first-line PTSD treatments but have generally been tested with exclusion criteria related to risk for trauma exposure. Therefore, there is limited knowledge on how to best treat individuals with PTSD under ongoing threat of reexposure. This paper systematically reviewed the effectiveness of CBTs for PTSD in individuals with ongoing threat of reexposure. Literature searches yielded 21 studies across samples at ongoing risk of war-related or community violence (n = 14), domestic violence (n = 5), and work-related traumatic events (n = 2). Medium to large effects were found from pre to posttreatment and compared with waitlist controls. There were mixed findings for domestic violence samples on long-term outcomes. Treatment adaptations focused on establishing relative safety and differentiating between realistic threat and generalized fear responses. Few studies examined whether ongoing threat influenced treatment outcomes or whether treatments were associated with adverse events. Thus, although the evidence is promising, conclusions cannot be firmly drawn about whether trauma-focused CBTs for PTSD are safe and effective for individuals under ongoing threat. Areas for further inquiry are outlined.

Assessing posttraumatic stress disorder with close others' collateral reports: Convergence with self- and clinician reports.

Although multisource assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is considered best practice, past studies have either compared convergence between clinician interview and self-report or self- and close other collateral report of PTSD symptoms without clinician interview. Familial and interpersonal relationships are consistently found to be associated with an individual's psychological recovery following a traumatic event. Thus, it is important to understand the extent to which close others' collateral reports converge with clinician and self-reports of PTSD. This study compared self-, collateral, and clinician reports of PTSD symptom severity. Recently trauma-exposed individuals (N = 117) were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS; Blake et al., 1995) and completed the past-month PTSD Checklist-Specific Stressor (PCL; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Huska, & Keane, 1993). Close others (N = 117) completed the PCL for close others (PCL-CO; Monson, 2012) that assessed their perceptions of the trauma-exposed individual's PTSD symptoms. There were significant positive correlations among PCL, PCL-CO, and CAPS total and symptom cluster scores (rs = .36-.80). Correlations were significantly stronger between clinician and self-report ratings than self-report and collateral ratings. The weakest correlations were between the PCL and PCL-CO assessing hyperarousal symptoms, r = .36, p < .01, and CAPS and PCL-CO assessing intrusive symptoms, r = .37, p < .01. Self-report measures may provide reliable PTSD assessment when clinician semistructured assessment is unfeasible. Convergence between close others' collateral and clinician and collateral and self-assessment was comparatively weak. Hyperarousal and intrusive symptoms may be more difficult for collaterals to observe and report. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Prediction of posttraumatic stress and depression one-month post-injury: A comparison of two screening instruments.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the combined and individual utility of 2 screening tools in prediction of depression and PTSD one-month post traumatic injury. METHOD: 484 Level I Trauma Center patients were administered the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI) and Injured Trauma Survivor Screen (ITSS). Approximately 30 days post-injury, patients completed the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8). RESULTS: Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curves for the PDI suggested a cutoff score of 17.5 predicting PTSD (Sensitivity = 70%; Specificity = 62%) and depression (Sensitivity = 74%; Specificity = 64%). For the ITSS, ROC curves suggested a cutoff score of 1.5 to predict PTSD (Sensitivity = 72%; Specificity = 60%) and depression (Sensitivity = 67%; Specificity = 62%). Inclusion of both instruments in regression analyses accounted for 2.4%-6.8% greater variance than 1 measure alone in predicting PCL-5 and PHQ-8 scores. CONCLUSIONS: The ITSS and PDI each demonstrated significant clinical utility in practice. Use of both measures, versus either alone, likely does not produce sufficient added clinical benefit. Follow-up screening and/or ongoing symptom monitoring is recommended as an adjunct to brief bedside screening. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

A systematic review of cognitive and behavioral treatments for individuals with psoriasis.

Background: Although there are effective dermatological treatments for psoriasis, a proportion of individuals also experience psychological distress not addressed by these treatments. Psychological factors may be targeted by cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) which may in turn also decrease psoriasis severity.Method: A systematic review using PsycINFO, PubMed, and SCOPUS databases was performed in 2019 to examine the efficacy of treatments that delivered psychotherapy with a major cognitive/behavioral component to patients with psoriasis. Quality of included studies was assessed.Results: Nine randomized controlled trials with 8 unique samples met inclusion criteria. Study quality ranged from fair to good. Half of the studies found improved psoriasis severity following treatment. Several studies found improvements following treatment in anxiety, depression, and stress. The studies that reported non-significant findings on psychological outcomes had samples with healthy baseline psychological functioning. Nearly all studies that examined quality of life as an outcome found improvements following treatment.Conclusion: CBT as an adjunct to conventional dermatological treatments may be particularly beneficial for individuals with more severe pretreatment psychopathology in improving psoriasis severity, anxiety, and depression symptoms. CBT appears to be generally effective in improving quality of life. Greater methodological rigor is needed in future research.

Notes on the development of health psychology and behavioral medicine in the United States.

A "standard" historiographical overview of the development of health psychology in the United States, alongside behavioral medicine, first summarizes previous disciplinary and professional histories. A "historicist" approach follows, focussing on a collective biographical summary of accumulated contributions of one cohort (1967-1971) at State University of New York at Stony Brook. Foundational developments of the two areas are highlighted, contextualized within their socio-political context, as are innovative cross-boundary collaboration on "precursor" studies from the 1960s and 1970s, before the official disciplines emerged. Research pathways are traced from social psychology to health psychology and from clinical psychology to behavioral medicine.