Inverse Relationship between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Serum Cystatin C Levels.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to examine serum cystatin C levels in association with the Mediterranean diet in a healthy Greek population. METHODS: Cystatin C together with basic clinical chemistry tests was measured in a total of 490 adults (46±16 years, 40% of males), who underwent an annual health check. Demographic, anthropometric and lifestyle characteristics were recorded, while adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated through the MedDietScore (0-55). RESULTS: The mean level of serum cystatin C was 0.84 mg/L, while men had increased serum cystatin C levels compared to women (0.86 mg/L vs. 0.83 mg/L, respectively, 0.017). After adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albumin and ferritin levels, each unit increase in MedDietScore led to 0.002 mg/dL drop off in cystatin C serum levels. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated an inverse relationship between the MedDietScore and serum cystatin C levels. Our finding that increases in MedDietScore are associated with decreases in serum cystatin C levels could imply that adherence to the Mediterranean diet may reduce the cardiovascular risk, as assessed by cystatin C, a prognostic marker of the cardiometabolic risk. This notion could have a great impact on public health.

Neck circumference is correlated with triglycerides and inversely related with HDL cholesterol beyond BMI and waist circumference.

BACKGROUND: Neck circumference, beyond a measure of obesity, is a unique fat depot with increasing significance. This study aimed to investigate the association between neck circumference and biomarkers, indicators of cardiovascular risk. METHODS: During 2009, 490 volunteers (46 ± 16 years, 40% men) were consecutively enrolled to the study (participation rate 85%). Biochemical analyses were performed through established procedures, and after 12-h fasting and glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, cystatin C, uric acid and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were measured. Anthropometric, lifestyle and dietary characteristics were also recorded to account for potential confounders. Additive linear and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between neck circumference and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk. RESULTS: A positive association between neck circumference and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides, uric acid and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and a negative association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were revealed (all ps < 0.05); models were adjusted for age, gender, years of school, smoking, physical activity status, MedDietScore and alcohol intake. The relationship between neck circumference and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides and uric acid remained significant when models were further stratified by body mass index class and abnormal waist circumference. CONCLUSION: Neck circumference was found to be a powerful indicator of atherogenic dyslipidaemia above and beyond central obesity indicators.

Nomenclature and basic concepts in automation in the clinical laboratory setting: a practical glossary.

In the early 80s, the word automation was used in the clinical laboratory setting referring only to analyzers. But in late 80s and afterwards, automation found its way into all aspects of the diagnostic process, embracing not only the analytical but also the pre- and post-analytical phase. While laboratories in the eastern world, mainly Japan, paved the way for laboratory automation, US and European laboratories soon realized the benefits and were quick to follow. Clearly, automation and robotics will be a key survival tool in a very competitive and cost-concious healthcare market. What sets automation technology apart from so many other efficiency solutions are the dramatic savings that it brings to the clinical laboratory. Further standardization will assure the success of this revolutionary new technology. One of the main difficulties laboratory managers and personnel must deal with when studying solutions to reengineer a laboratory is familiarizing themselves with the multidisciplinary and technical terminology of this new and exciting field. The present review/glossary aims at giving an overview of the most frequently used terms within the scope of laboratory automation and to put laboratory automation on a sounder linguistic basis.

Influence of protein intake from haem and non-haem animals and plant origin on inflammatory biomarkers among apparently-healthy adults in Greece.

Intake of different types of protein may be associated with differences in biomarkers among various populations. This work investigated the influence of protein intake from haem and non-haem animals as well as protein from plants on haematological and biochemical parameters in inflammation among apparently-healthy adults living in Greece, a Mediterranean country. Four hundred and ninety apparently-healthy subjects (46 +/- 16 years, 40% men), who consecutively visited Polykliniki General Hospital for routine examinations, voluntarily agreed to participate in the study (participation rate 85%). Demographic, anthropometric and lifestyle characteristics were recorded. Participants completed a valid, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Protein intake was classified into three sources: protein from haem animals, protein from non-haem animals, and protein from plant origin. Fasting blood samples were taken from all participants; uric acid, creatinine, lipids, cystatin C, haptoglobin, haemoglobin, haematocrit, iron, ferritin, white blood cells, monocytes, platelets, and C-reactive protein were measured. Protein intake from only haem animals was associated with increased haemoglobin and haematocrit levels (p < 0.05) whereas intake of protein from non-haem animals and plant origin was not associated with the investigated haematological and biochemical markers of low-grade chronic inflammation when lifestyle factors and overall dietary habits were taken into account. Intake of protein from only haem animals seems to be consistently associated with haematological markers. The confounding role of dietary habits and lifestyle variables on the tested parameters deserves further attention in future research.

Associations of acute-phase reactants with metabolic syndrome in middle-aged overweight or obese people.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome, i.e. the clustering of visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension, has become a major public-health challenge worldwide. An acute-phase reactant is one whose level increases by 25% of the standard value during inflammation. Associations of acute-phase reactants with the components of metabolic syndrome among overweight or obese patients has rarely been examined. MATERIAL/METHODS: The CRP, ferritin, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, and ESR levels of 117 consecutive overweight or obese patients were measured. Metabolic syndrome was defined if central obesity was combined with at least two of the following factors: triglyceride level > or = 150 mg/dl or specific treatment for this abnormality, HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dl in males and < 50 mg/dl in females or specific treatment for this abnormality, systolic/diastolic blood pressures > or = 130/85 mmHg or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension, and fasting plasma glucose > or = 100 mg/dl or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients were characterized as having metabolic syndrome and 35 as healthy controls. CRP, haptoglobin, and ESR levels increased with increasing number of components of metabolic syndrome. Ferritin and fibrinogen, in contrast, were increased in patients with metabolic syndrome but did not correlate with the number of components. CONCLUSIONS: CRP, haptoglobin, and ESR may add significant information regarding the severity of metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese patients.

The therapeutic potential of milk thistle in diabetes.

Milk thistle has been known for more than 2.000 years as a herbal remedy for a variety of disorders. It has mainly been used to treat liver and gallbladder diseases. Silibum marianum, the Latin term for the plant, and its seeds contain a whole family of natural compounds, called flavonolignans. Silimarin is a dry mixture of these compounds; it is extracted after processing with ethanol, methanol, and acetone. Silimarin contains mainly silibin A, silibin B, taxifolin, isosilibin A, isosilibin B, silichristin A, silidianin, and other compounds in smaller concentrations. Apart from its use in liver and gallbladder disorders, milk thistle has recently gained attention due to its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. Recently, a substance from milk thistle has been shown to possess peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist properties. PPARγ is the molecular target of thiazolidinediones, which are used clinically as insulin sensitizers to lower blood glucose levels in diabetes type 2 patients. The thiazolidinedione type of PPARγ ligands is an agonist with a very high binding affinity. However, this ligand type demonstrates a range of undesirable side effects, thus necessitating the search for new effective PPARγ agonists. Interestingly, studies indicate that partial agonism of PPARγ induces promising activity patterns by retaining the positive effects attributed to the full agonists, with reduced side effects. In this review, the therapeutic potential of milk thistle in the management of diabetes and its complications are discussed.

Association of butyrylcholinesterase with cardiometabolic risk factors among apparently healthy adults.

BACKGROUND: Although butyrylcholinesterase is widely distributed in different tissues of the human body, its physiological role has not yet been defined. This study aimed to explore the relationship between butyrylcholinesterase and lipids levels, among apparently healthy adults. METHODS: During 2009, 490 volunteers (46 ± 16 years, 40% men) who visited the outpatients' office of our hospital for routine examinations were consecutively enrolled in the study (participation rate 85%). Biochemical analyses were performed through established procedures, after 12 h fasting, and haematological as well as biochemical parameters were measured. Anthropometric, lifestyle and dietary characteristics were also recorded to account for potential confounding. RESULTS: Butyrylcholinesterase activity was positively correlated with glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, haptoglobin and platelet count, after age-sex adjustments (all Ps < 0.05). Further adjustment for a series of anthropometric, lifestyle and clinical characteristics revealed that only BMI, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglycerides were positively associated with serum butyrylcholinesterase activity. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the positive association of serum butyrylcholinesterase activity with BMI, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglycerides, a fact that could state a hypothesis for a novel marker of atherosclerotic disease that could - together with other biomarkers - improve our potential to assess cardiovascular disease risk.

The impact of demographic characteristics and lifestyle in the distribution of cystatin C values in a healthy greek adult population.

Background. The aim of the present study was to examine sources of variation for serum cystatin C in a healthy Greek population. Methods. Cystatin C together with basic clinical chemistry tests was measured in a total of 490 adults (46 ± 16 yrs, 40% males) who underwent an annual health check. Demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle characteristics were recorded. Results. Higher values of cystatin C were observed among males (P = .04), participants aged over 65 years (P < .001), current smokers (P = .001) and overweight/obese participants (P = .03). On the contrary, alcohol consumption and physical activity seemed to have no influence on cystatin C levels (P = .61; P = .95, resp.). Conclusions. In interpreting serum cystatin C values in a healthy adult population, age, gender, Body Mass Index, and cigarette smoking need to be considered, and determination of reference ranges among distinct subpopulations seem to be prudent.

An inverse relationship between cumulating components of the metabolic syndrome and serum magnesium levels.

Metabolic syndrome has been defined as the presence of abdominal obesity combined with 2 of the following factors: hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose tolerance, or diabetes mellitus. Magnesium is an essential cofactor for more than 300 enzymes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In this study, we enrolled 117 consecutive overweight and obese patients and we measured serum magnesium levels together with fasting serum glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triacylglycerols. A strong inverse relationship between magnesium levels in serum and the presence of metabolic syndrome was noticed. Moreover, magnesium levels decreased as the number of components of metabolic syndrome increased. Also, there is an inverse relationship between serum magnesium levels and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. We concluded that decreased levels of serum magnesium are associated with increased risk for metabolic syndrome, perhaps by a low-grade inflammation process.