Iron regulatory protein 2 contributes to antimicrobial immunity by preserving lysosomal function in macrophages.

Colorectal cancer and Crohn's disease patients develop pyogenic liver abscesses due to failures of immune cells to fight off bacterial infections. Here, we show that mice lacking iron regulatory protein 2 (Irp2), globally (Irp2-/-) or myeloid cell lineage (Lysozyme 2 promoter-driven, LysM)-specifically (Irp2ΔLysM), are highly susceptible to liver abscesses when the intestinal tissue was injured with dextran sodium sulfate treatment. Further studies demonstrated that Irp2 is required for lysosomal acidification and biogenesis, both of which are crucial for bacterial clearance. In Irp2-deficient liver tissue or macrophages, the nuclear location of transcription factor EB (Tfeb) was remarkably reduced, leading to the downregulation of Tfeb target genes that encode critical components for lysosomal biogenesis. Tfeb mislocalization was reversed by hypoxia-inducible factor 2 inhibitor PT2385 and, independently, through inhibition of lactic acid production. These experimental findings were confirmed clinically in patients with Crohn's disease and through bioinformatic searches in databases from Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis biopsies showing loss of IRP2 and transcription factor EB (TFEB)-dependent lysosomal gene expression. Overall, our study highlights a mechanism whereby Irp2 supports nuclear translocation of Tfeb and lysosomal function, preserving macrophage antimicrobial activity and protecting the liver against invading bacteria during intestinal inflammation.

Histone methyltransferase Suv39h1 regulates hepatic stellate cell activation and is targetable in liver fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: Liver fibrosis is a prelude to a host of end-stage liver diseases. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), switching from a quiescent state to myofibroblasts, are the major source for excessive production of extracellular matrix proteins. In the present study, we investigated the role of Suv39h1, a lysine methyltransferase, in HSC-myofibroblast transition and the implication in liver fibrosis. DESIGN: HSC-specific or myofibroblast-specific Suv39h1 deletion was achieved by crossbreeding the Suv39h1 f/f mice to the Lrat-Cre mice or the Postn-CreERT2 mice. Liver fibrosis was induced by CCl4 injection or bile duct ligation. RESULTS: We report that Suv39h1 expression was universally upregulated during HSC-myofibroblast transition in different cell and animal models of liver fibrosis and in human cirrhotic liver tissues. Consistently, Suv39h1 knockdown blocked HSC-myofibroblast transition in vitro. HSC-specific or myofibroblast-specific deletion of Suv39h1 ameliorated liver fibrosis in mice. More importantly, Suv39h1 inhibition by a small-molecule compound chaetocin dampened HSC-myofibroblast transition in cell culture and mitigated liver fibrosis in mice. Mechanistically, Suv39h1 bound to the promoter of heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) and repressed HMOX1 transcription. HMOX1 depletion blunted the effects of Suv39h1 inhibition on HSC-myofibroblast transition in vitro and liver fibrosis in vivo. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that HMOX1 might contribute to HSC-myofibroblast transition by modulating retinol homeostasis. Finally, myofibroblast-specific HMOX1 overexpression attenuated liver fibrosis in both a preventive scheme and a therapeutic scheme. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate a previously unrecognised role for Suv39h1 in liver fibrosis and offer proof-of-concept of its targetability in the intervention of cirrhosis.

Machine Learning-Based Models for Advanced Fibrosis and Cirrhosis Diagnosis in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients With Hepatic Steatosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The global rise of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) superimposed on hepatic steatosis (HS) warrants noninvasive, precise tools for assessing fibrosis progression. This study leveraged machine learning (ML) to develop diagnostic models for advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in this patient population. METHODS: Treatment-naive CHB patients with concurrent HS who underwent liver biopsy in 10 medical centers were enrolled as a training cohort and an independent external validation cohort (NCT05766449). Six ML models were implemented to predict advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. The final models, derived from SHAP (Shapley Additive exPlanations), were compared with Fibrosis-4 Index, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Fibrosis Score, and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index using the area under receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and decision curve analysis (DCA). RESULTS: Of 1,198 eligible patients, the random forest model achieved AUROCs of 0.778 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.749-0.807) for diagnosing advanced fibrosis (random forest advanced fibrosis model) and 0.777 (95% CI, 0.748-0.806) for diagnosing cirrhosis (random forest cirrhosis model) in the training cohort, and maintained high AUROCs in the validation cohort. In the training cohort, the random forest advanced fibrosis model obtained an AUROC of 0.825 (95% CI, 0.787-0.862) in patients with hepatitis B virus DNA ≥105 IU/mL, and the random forest cirrhosis model had an AUROC of 0.828 (95% CI, 0.774-0.883) in female patients. The 2 models outperformed Fibrosis-4 Index, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Fibrosis Score, and aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index in the training cohort, and also performed well in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The random forest models provide reliable, noninvasive tools for identifying advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in CHB patients with concurrent HS, offering a significant advancement in the comanagement of the 2 diseases. CLINICALTRIALS: gov, Number: NCT05766449.

Regulatory role and translational potential of CCL11 in liver fibrosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Myofibroblasts are considered the major effector cell type of liver fibrosis and primarily derived from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In the present study, we investigated the contribution of C-C motif chemokine (CCL11) to HSC-myofibroblast trans -differentiation and its implication in liver fibrosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We report that CCL11 levels were elevated in HSCs, but not in hepatocytes or Kupffer cells, isolated from mice with liver fibrosis compared with the control mice. CCL11 levels were also up-regulated by 2 pro-fibrogenic growth factors TGF-ß and platelet derived growth factor in cultured HSCs. Mechanistically, zinc finger factor 281 bound to the CCL11 promoter and mediated CCL11 trans -activation in HSCs. Depletion of CCL11 attenuated whereas treatment with recombinant CCL11 promoted HSC activation. Further, global CCL11 deletion ( CCL11-/- ) or HSC/myofibroblast-specific CCL11 knockdown mitigated fibrogenesis in mice. RNA-sequencing revealed that CCL11 might regulate HSC activation by stimulating the transcription of Jagged 1. Reconstitution of Jagged 1 restored the fibrogenic response in CCL11-/- mice. Finally, several targeting strategies that aimed at blockading CCL11 signaling, either by administration of an antagonist to its receptor C-C motif chemokine receptor 3 or neutralizing antibodies against CCL11/C-C motif chemokine receptor 3, ameliorated liver fibrosis in mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our data unveil a previously unrecognized role for CCL11 in liver fibrosis and provide proof-of-concept evidence that targeting CCL11 can be considered as an effective therapeutic approach.

Different minimal alcohol consumption in male and female individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The relationship between moderate alcohol intake and health outcomes among individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is complex. Our aim was to investigate the association of minimal alcohol consumption with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among MAFLD individuals of different genders. METHODS: Our study included 2630 MAFLD individuals from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the association between alcohol use measures and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Restricted cubic spline curves were used to evaluate the relationship between alcohol consumption per week and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: In the entire MAFLD cohort, we observed significant disparities in clinical characteristics between male and female individuals with MAFLD. Higher weekly alcohol consumption was significantly associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality (male, hazard ratios [HRs]: 1.009, 95% CIs: 1.004-1.014; female, HRs: 1.032, 95% CIs: 1.022-1.042). In males with MAFLD, a linear association with all-cause mortality was observed for weekly alcohol consumption (p for non-linearity = .21). Conversely, in females with MAFLD, the risk of all-cause mortality remained relatively stable until 2 drinks per week, after which it rapidly increased with each additional drink consumed, and the increase in mortality risk was higher than that observed in males (p for non-linearity < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that any increase in weekly alcohol consumption was associated with increased all-cause mortality in men with MAFLD. Conversely, consuming less than 2 drinks per week had minimal impact on the risk of mortality among female.

Aqueous Sol-Gel Synthesis and Shaping of Covalent Organic Frameworks.

The intrinsic fragility and insoluble nature of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have strongly impeded their processability for practical applications. Herein, an aqueous-based sol-gel synthetic strategy is reported for the synthesis and shaping of COFs with task-specific applications that satisfy the principles of green chemistry for gram-scale production of crystalline materials. Our successful approach involves three pivotal aspects: the "prodrug mimic" design of water-soluble monomers, the utilization of hydrolyzable bonds, and the manipulation of reaction kinetics. The generality of the method is demonstrated by the successful preparation of representative high-surface area two-dimensional (2D) COFs with several commonly used amines. By virtue of this strategy, a COF colloidal dispersion is achieved and can be formulated into processable fluids, structured films, and COF monoliths. Remarkably, the obtained lightweight (∼0.020 g cm-3) and robust aerogels displayed outstanding adsorption capacity (exceeding 57 times its own weight) toward a variety of organic solvents and exhibited superior thermal insulating properties compared to the widely used sponge and cotton. This work demonstrates a versatile strategy for the synthesis and shaping of processable COF materials in water that will contribute to the development of COF monoliths for advanced applications.

Porous Ionic Network/CNT Composite Separator as a Polysulfide Snaring Shield for High Performance Lithium-Sulfur Battery.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery features a high theoretical energy density, but the shuttle of soluble polysulfides between the two electrodes often results in a rapid capacity decay. Herein, a straightforward electrostatic adsorption strategy based on a cross-linked polyimidazolium separator as a snaring shield of polysulfides is reported, which suppresses the undesirable migration of polysulfides to the anode. The porous ionic network (PIN)-modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are successfully prepared and coated onto a commercial porous polypropylene membrane in a vacuum-filtration step. The favorable affinity of the imidazolium ring toward polysulfide via the polar interaction and the electrostatic effect of ions mitigates the undesirable shuttle of polysulfides in the electrolyte, improving the Li─S battery in terms of rate performance and cycling life. Compared to the reference PIN-free CNT-coated separator, the PIN/CNT-coated one has an increased initial capacity of 1.3 folds (up to 1394.8 mAh g-1 for PIN/CNT/PP-3) at 0.1 C.

Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework to Upgrade Cycling Stability and Rate Capability of Li-CO2 Batteries.

Elaborately designed multifunctional electrocatalysts capable of promoting Li+ and CO2 transport are essential for upgrading the cycling stability and rate capability of Li-CO2 batteries. Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) with open channels and easily functionalized surfaces hold great potential for applications in efficient cathodes of Li-CO2 batteries. Herein, a robust HOFS (HOF-FJU-1) is introduced for the first time as a co-catalyst in the cathode material of Li-CO2 batteries. HOF-FJU-1 with cyano groups located periodically in the pore can induce homogeneous deposition of discharge products and accommodate volumetric expansion of discharge products during cycling. Besides, HOF-FJU-1 enables effective interaction between Ru0 nanoparticles and cyano groups, thus forming efficient and uniform catalytic sites for CRR/CER. Moreover, HOF-FJU-1 with regularly arranged open channels are beneficial for CO2 and Li+ transport, enabling rapid redox kinetic conversion of CO2 . Therefore, the HOF-based Li-CO2 batteries are capable of stable operation at 400 mA g-1 for 1800 h and maintain a low overpotential of 1.96 V even at high current densities up to 5 A g-1 . This work provides valuable guidance for developing multifunctional HOF-based catalysts to upgrade the longevity and rate capability of Li-CO2 batteries.

Synergistic Release of Photothermal Molecules from Nanocarriers Induced by Light and Hyperthermia Benefits Efficient Anticancer Phototherapy.

Recently, nanoformulations have been widely applied in the delivery of organic photothermal agents (OPTAs) for cancer therapy to prolong blood circulation or improve tumor-targeting capacity. However, the systematic evaluations of their effects on the photothermal behavior of OPTAs are limited, especially for different types of nanoparticle systems. Herein, we prepared two kinds of nanoparticles (BSA and PEG nanoparticles (NPs)) to load an OPTA, a cyanine photosensitizer (IR780-O-TPE), and investigated their photothermal response, organelle targeting, and in vivo therapeutic efficacy. Due to different assembly forms, the two NPs showed distinct morphological changes after exposure to laser or hyperthermia. Under laser irradiation at 808 nm, BSA NPs could release IR780-O-TPE more efficiently than PEG NPs. We speculate that this phenomenon is probably caused by dual-responsive release of IR780-O-TPE from BSA NPs against light and hyperthermia. Moreover, IR780-O-TPE/BSA NPs were highly mitochondria-targeting and therefore displayed significant inhibition of cell viability. In contrast, IR780-O-TPE/PEG NPs were "shell-core" nanostructures and more stable under laser stimulation. As a consequence, the mitochondria-targeting and anticancer photothermal therapy by IR780-O-TPE/PEG NPs was less obvious. This study revealed the significance of nanocarrier design for OPTA delivery and demonstrated that BSA NPs could release IR780-O-TPE more effectively for efficient photothermal therapy. We also believe that the dual-responsive release of OPTAs from NPs can provide an effective strategy to promote anticancer photothermal treatment.

Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks: Functionalized Construction Strategy by Nitrogen-Containing Functional Group.

The construction of hydrogen-bonded organic framework materials by intermolecular hydrogen bonding forces has been rapidly developed in the last decade, among which, the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding and functional binding sites exhibited by nitrogen-containing functional groups have made them favorites for designing organic components to customize functionalized porous materials. This review systematically introduces the types of nitrogen-containing monomers used to prepare porous hydrogen-bonded organic backbones and the principles of their construction, summarizes the design advantages of crystalline materials from an elemental perspective, and presents the applications of such HOFs in the fields of gas adsorption/separation, molecular recognition, plasmonic conductivity, biomedical, and luminescent materials, etc. Finally, the prospects for the development of such materials are discussed and potential directions for future work are analyzed.

A Tumor-Targeting Near-Infrared Heptamethine Cyanine Photosensitizer with Twisted Molecular Structure for Enhanced Imaging-Guided Cancer Phototherapy.

In recent years, cancer phototherapy has been extensively studied as noninvasive cancer treatment. To present efficient recognition toward cancer cells, most photosensitizers (PSs) are required to couple with tumor-targeted ligands. Interestingly, the heptamethine cyanine IR780 displays an intrinsic tumor-targeted feature even without modification. However, the photothermal efficacy and photostability of IR780 are not sufficient enough for clinical use. Herein, we involve a twisted structure of tetraphenylethene (TPE) between two molecules of IR780 to improve the photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE). The obtained molecule T780T shows strong near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence and improved PCE (38.5%) in the dispersed state. Also, the photothermal stability and ROS generation capability of T780T at the NIR range (808 nm) are both promoted. In the aqueous phase, the T780T was formulated into uniform nanoaggregates (∼200 nm) with extremely low fluorescence and PTT response, which would reduce in vivo imaging background and side effect of PTT response in normal tissues. After intravenous injection into tumor-bearing mice, the T780T nanoaggregates display high tumor accumulation and thus remarkably inhibit the tumor growth. Moreover, the enhanced photostability of the T780T allows for twice irradiation after one injection and leads to more significant tumor inhibition. In summary, our study presents a tumor-targeted small-molecule PS for efficient cancer therapy and brings a new design of heptamethine cyanine PS for potential clinical applications.

An assessment of chromosomal alterations detected by fluorescence in situ hybridisation in pancreatobiliary tract malignancy.

BACKGROUND: Using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) to detect any gain of chromosomes 3, 7, or 17 and loss of the 9p21 locus has been proven to be sensitive in the diagnosis of pancreatobiliary tumors. However, both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of pancreatobiliary tumors. Therefore, it is unknown whether this method is suitable for Chinese patients with pancreatobiliary tumors. This study aims to compare the sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and accuracy of cytology, ERCP/MRCP and FISH based on Chinese patients with pancreatobiliary tumors,and to analyze differences between brushing-based and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE)-based FISH. METHODS: A total of 66 brush cytology specimens obtained during ERCP were detected by FISH and cytology test respectively to compare the sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and accuracy. Besides, FFPE-based FISH was performed on 46 corresponding paraffin sections of pancreatobiliary tumors obtained by surgical resection. RESULTS: Our findings demonstrate that FISH greatly improves diagnostic sensitivity and negative predictive value compared to ERCP/MRCP and cytology without much reduction in specificity and positive predictive value. However, our results also indicate that FFPE-based FISH could not effectively identify the false-negative of brushing-based FISH. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that FISH can effectively distinguish true positive and false positive results of cytological or radiological suspicions of malignancy. However, FFPE-based FISH still does not precisely recognize the false-negative of brushing-based FISH. Both cytology-based and PPFE-based FISH had limitation in some specimens.

Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a mediates interferon-γ-induced MHC II transcription in macrophages.

Macrophages are professional antigen-presenting cells relying on the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) genes. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) activates MHC II transcription via the assembly of an enhanceosome centred on class II trans-activator (CIITA). In the present study, we investigated the role of the forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a in IFN- γ-induced MHC II transcription in macrophages. Knockdown of FOXO3a, but not FOXO1 or FOXO4, diminished IFN-γ-induced MHC II expression in RAW cells. On the contrary, over-expression of FOXO3a, but neither FOXO1 nor FOXO4, enhanced CIITA-mediated trans-activation of the MHC II promoter. IFN-γ treatment promoted the recruitment of FOXO3a to the MHC II promoter. Co-immunoprecipitation and RE-ChIP assays showed that FOXO3a was a component of the MHC II enhanceosome forming interactions with CIITA, RFX5, RFXB and RFXAP. FOXO3a contributed to MHC II transcription by altering histone modifications surrounding the MHC II promoter. Of interest, FOXO3a was recruited to the type IV CIITA promoter and directly activated CIITA transcription by interacting with signal transducer of activation and transcription 1 in response to IFN-γ stimulation. In conclusion, our data unveil a novel role for FOXO3a in the regulation of MHC II transcription in macrophages.

The histone demethylase Kdm4 suppresses activation of hepatic stellate cell by inducing MiR-29 transcription.

One of the hallmark events during liver fibrosis is the transition of quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSC) into activated myofibroblasts, which are responsible for the production and deposition of pro-fibrogenic proteins. The epigenetic mechanism underlying HSC trans-differentiation is not fully understood. In the present study we investigated the contribution of histone H3K9 demethylase KDM4 in this process. We report that expression levels of KDM4 were down-regulated during HSC activation paralleling the up-regulation of alpha smooth muscle cell actin (Acta2), a marker of mature myofibroblast. Furthermore, HSCs isolated from mice induced to develop liver fibrosis exhibit lowered KDM4 expression compared to the control mice. In accordance, KDM4 depletion with siRNA accelerated HSC activation. Of interest, the loss of KDM4 was mirrored by the repression of miR-29, an antagonist of liver fibrosis, during HSC activation both in vitro and in vivo. KDM4 knockdown resulted in the down-regulation of miR-29 expression. Mechanistically, the sequence-specific transcription factor SREBP2 interacted with KDM4 to activate miR-29 transcription. In conclusion, our data delineate a novel epigenetic mechanism underlying HSC activation. Targeting this axis may yield potential therapeutics against liver fibrosis.

The histone methyltransferase Suv39h2 contributes to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice.

Uncontrolled inflammatory response highlights the central theme of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a growing global pandemic. Hepatocytes and macrophages represent two major sources of hepatic inflammation during NASH pathogenesis, contributing to excessive synthesis of proinflammatory mediators. The epigenetic mechanism that accounts for the activation of hepatocytes and macrophages in this process remains obscure. Here, we report that compared to wild-type littermates, mice with a deficiency in the histone H3K9 methyltransferase suppressor of variegation 39 homolog 2 (Suv39h2, knockout) exhibited a less severe form of NASH induced by feeding with a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Pro-NASH stimuli increased Suv39h2 expression in cell culture, in mice, and in human livers. In hepatocytes, Suv39h2 bound to the Sirt1 gene promoter and repressed Sirt1 transcription. Suv39h2 deficiency normalized Sirt1 expression, allowing nuclear factor kappa B/p65 to become hypoacetylated and thus dampening nuclear factor kappa B-dependent transcription of proinflammatory mediators. In macrophages, Suv39h2-mediated repression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transcription favored a proinflammatory M1 phenotype over an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, thereby elevating hepatic inflammation. CONCLUSION: Suv39h2 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammatory response in hepatocytes and macrophages, contributing to NASH pathogenesis. (Hepatology 2017;65:1904-1919).

The arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 regulates CIITA-dependent MHC II transcription.

Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) dependent antigen presentation serves as a key step in mammalian adaptive immunity and host defense. In antigen presenting cells (e.g., macrophages), MHC II transcription can be activated by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and mediated by class II transactivator (CIITA). The underlying epigenetic mechanism, however, is not completely understood. Here we report that following IFN-γ stimulation, symmetrically dimethylated histone H3 arginine 2 (H3R2Me2s) accumulated on the MHC II promoter along with CIITA. IFN-γ augmented expression, nuclear translocation, and promoter binding of the protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 in macrophages. Over-expression of PRMT5 potentiated IFN-γ induced activation of MHC II transcription in an enzyme activity-dependent manner. In contrast, PRMT5 silencing or inhibition of PRMT5 activity by methylthioadenosine (MTA) suppressed MHC II transactivation by IFN-γ. CIITA interacted with and recruited PRMT5 to the MHC II promoter and mediated the synergy between PRMT5 and ASH2/WDR5 to activate MHC II transcription. PRMT5 expression was down-regulated in senescent and H2O2-treated macrophages rendering ineffectual induction of MHC II transcription by IFN-γ. Taken together, our data reveal a pathophysiologically relevant role for PRMT5 in MHC II transactivation in macrophages.

HDAC4 mediates IFN-γ induced disruption of energy expenditure-related gene expression by repressing SIRT1 transcription in skeletal muscle cells.

Metabolic homeostasis is achieved through balanced energy storage and output. Impairment of energy expenditure is a hallmark event in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Previously we have shown that the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ) disrupts energy expenditure in skeletal muscle cells via hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1)-class II transactivator (CIITA) dependent repression of SIRT1 transcription. Here we report that repression of SIRT1 transcription by IFN-γ paralleled loss of histone acetylation on the SIRT1 promoter region with simultaneous recruitment of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4). IFN-γ activated HDAC4 in vitro and in vivo by up-regulating its expression and stimulating its nuclear accumulation. HIC1 and CIITA recruited HDAC4 to the SIRT1 promoter and cooperated with HDAC4 to repress SIRT1 transcription. HDAC4 depletion by small interfering RNA or pharmaceutical inhibition normalized histone acetylation on the SIRT1 promoter and restored SIRT1 expression in the presence of IFN-γ. Over-expression of HDAC4 suppressed the transcription of genes involved in energy expenditure in a SIRT1-dependent manner. In contrast, HDAC4 knockdown/inhibition neutralized the effect of IFN-γ on cellular metabolism by normalizing SIRT1 expression. Therefore, our data reveal a role for HDAC4 in regulating cellular energy output and as such provide insights into rationalized design of novel anti-diabetic therapeutics.

Angiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1 (Aggf1) regulates liver fibrosis by modulating TGF-ß signaling.

Fibrosis is a common pathophysiological process following liver injury and can lead to, if left unattended to, irreversible end-stage liver disease such as cirrhosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a major contributor to liver fibrosis. Here we investigated the involvement of angiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1 (Aggf1) in HSC activation and the underlying mechanisms. Aggf1 expression was down-regulated in the livers in three different mouse models of liver fibrosis following injury. Aggf1 expression was also suppressed in activated HSCs when compared to quiescent HSCs. Over-expression of Aggf1 alleviated liver fibrosis in mice and in cultured HSCs. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis performed in HSCs revealed that Aggf1-dependent transcription regulates several key fibrogenic pathways. Mechanistically, Aggf1 regulated liver fibrogenesis by forming a complex with the inhibitor SMAD protein (SMAD7) thereby leading to diminished SMAD3 binding to the pro-fibrogenic gene promoters. On the contrary, SMAD7 knockdown abrogated the effect of Aggf1 and rescued HSC activation. Aggf1 expression was silenced during HSC activation/liver fibrogenesis as a result of DNA methylation. Treatment with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-Azacytidine) restored Aggf1 expression and repressed liver fibrosis in an Aggf1-dependent manner. In conclusion, our data illustrate a previously unknown role for Aggf1 and shed light on the development of novel therapeutic solutions against liver fibrosis.

MKL1 is an epigenetic modulator of TGF-ß induced fibrogenesis.

Transforming growth factor (TGF-ß) induced activation of portal fibroblast cells serves as a primary cause for liver fibrosis following cholestatic injury. The underlying epigenetic mechanism is not clear. We studied the role of a transcriptional modulator, megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 (MKL1) in this process. We report here that MKL1 deficiency ameliorated BDL-induced liver fibrosis in mice as assessed by histological stainings and expression levels of pro-fibrogenic genes. MKL1 silencing by small interfering RNA (siRNA) abrogated TGF-ß induced transactivation of pro-fibrogenic genes in portal fibroblast cells. TGF-ß stimulated the binding of MKL1 on the promoters of pro-fibrogenic genes and promoted the interaction between MKL1 and SMAD3. While SMAD3 was necessary for MKL1 occupancy on the gene promoters, MKL1 depletion impaired SMAD3 binding reciprocally. TGF-ß treatment induced the accumulation of trimethylated histone H3K4 on the gene promoters by recruiting a methyltransferase complex. Knockdown of individual members of this complex significantly weakened the binding of SMAD3 and down-regulated the activation of portal fibroblast cells. In conclusion, we have identified an epigenetic pathway that dictates TGF-ß induced pro-fibrogenic transcription in portal fibroblast thereby providing novel insights for the development of therapeutic solutions to treat liver fibrosis.

Histone Methyltransferase SET1 Mediates Angiotensin II-Induced Endothelin-1 Transcription and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Mice.

OBJECTIVE: Endothelin-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor derived from vascular endothelium. Elevated endothelin-1 levels are observed in a host of cardiovascular pathologies including cardiomyopathy. The epigenetic mechanism responsible for endothelin-1 induction in these pathological processes remains elusive. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We report here that induction of endothelin-1 expression in endothelial cells by angiotensin II (Ang II) was accompanied by the accumulation of histone H3K4 trimethylation, a preeminent histone modification for transcriptional activation, on the endothelin-1 promoter. In the meantime, Ang II stimulated the expression and the occupancy of Suv, Ez, and Trithorax domain 1 (SET1), a mammalian histone H3K4 trimethyltransferase, on the endothelin-1 promoter, both in vitro and in vivo. SET1 was recruited to the endothelin-1 promoter by activating protein 1 (c-Jun/c-Fos) and synergized with activating protein 1 to activate endothelin-1 transcription in response to Ang II treatment. Knockdown of SET1 in endothelial cells blocked Ang II-induced endothelin-1 synthesis and abrogated hypertrophy of cultured cardiomyocyte. Finally, endothelial-specific depletion of SET1 in mice attenuated Ang II-induced pathological hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that SET1 epigenetically activates endothelin-1 transcription in endothelial cells, thereby contributing to Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. As such, screening of small-molecule compound that inhibits SET1 activity will likely offer a new therapeutic solution to the treatment of cardiomyopathy.