2-Phenylbenzofuran derivatives as butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors: Synthesis, biological activity and molecular modeling.

A series of 2-phenylbenzofurans compounds was designed, synthesized and evaluated as cholinesterase inhibitors. The biological assay experiments showed that most of the compounds displayed a clearly selective inhibition for butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), while a weak or no effect towards acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was detected. Among these benzofuran derivatives, compound 16 exhibited the highest BChE inhibition with an IC50 value of 30.3 µM. This compound was found to be a mixed-type inhibitor as determined by kinetic analysis. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations revealed that compound 16 binds to both the catalytic anionic site (CAS) and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of BChE and it displayed the best interaction energy value, in agreement with our experimental data.

Tri-iodothyronine induces hepatocyte proliferation by protein kinase A-dependent ß-catenin activation in rodents.

UNLABELLED: Thyroid hormone (T3), like many other ligands of the steroid/thyroid hormone nuclear receptor superfamily, is a strong inducer of liver cell proliferation in rats and mice. However, the molecular basis of its mitogenic activity, which is currently unknown, must be elucidated if its use in hepatic regenerative medicine is to be considered. F-344 rats or C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing T3 for 2-7 days. In rats, administration of T3 led to an increased cytoplasmic stabilization and nuclear translocation of ß-catenin in pericentral hepatocytes with a concomitant increase in cyclin-D1 expression. T3 administration to wild-type (WT) mice resulted in increased hepatocyte proliferation; however, no mitogenic response in hepatocytes to T3 was evident in the hepatocyte-specific ß-catenin knockout mice (KO). In fact, T3 induced ß-catenin-TCF4 reporter activity both in vitro and in vivo. Livers from T3-treated mice demonstrated no changes in Ctnnb1 expression, activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3ß, known to phosphorylate and eventually promote ß-catenin degradation, or E-cadherin-ß-catenin association. However, T3 treatment increased ß-catenin phosphorylation at Ser675, an event downstream of protein kinase A (PKA). Administration of PKA inhibitor during T3 treatment of mice and rats as well as in cell culture abrogated Ser675-ß-catenin and simultaneously decreased cyclin-D1 expression to block hepatocyte proliferation. CONCLUSION: We have identified T3-induced hepatocyte mitogenic response to be mediated by PKA-dependent ß-catenin activation. Thus, T3 may be of therapeutic relevance to stimulate ß-catenin signaling to in turn induce regeneration in selected cases of hepatic insufficiency.

Effects of memantine on mania-like phenotypes exhibited by Drosophila Shaker mutants.

INTRODUCTION: Increased glutamate levels and electrolytic fluctuations have been observed in acutely manic patients. Despite some efficacy of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist memantine (Mem), such as antidepressant-like and mood-stabilizer drugs in clinical studies, its specific mechanisms of action are still uncertain. The present study aims to better characterize the Drosophila melanogaster fly Shaker mutants (SH), as a translational model of manic episodes within bipolar disorder in humans, and to investigate the potential anti-manic properties of Mem. METHODS AND RESULTS: Our findings showed typical behavioral abnormalities in SH, which mirrored with the overexpression of NMDAR-NR1 protein subunit, matched well to glutamate up-regulation. Such molecular features were associated to a significant reduction of SH brain volume in comparison to Wild Type strain flies (WT). Here we report on the ability of Mem treatment to ameliorate behavioral aberrations of SH (similar to that of Lithium), and its ability to reduce NMDAR-NR1 over-expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the SH, given the interaction between the Shaker channel and the NMDA receptor, suggesting this model as a promising tool for studying the neurobiology of bipolar disorders. Moreover, our results show Mem as a potential disease-modifying therapy, providing insight on new mechanisms of action.

Aging and Cancer: The Waning of Community Bonds.

Cancer often arises in the context of an altered tissue landscape. We argue that a major contribution of aging towards increasing the risk of neoplastic disease is conveyed through effects on the microenvironment. It is now firmly established that aged tissues are prone to develop clones of altered cells, most of which are compatible with a normal histological appearance. Such increased clonogenic potential results in part from a generalized decrease in proliferative fitness, favoring the emergence of more competitive variant clones. However, specific cellular genotypes can emerge with reduced cooperative and integrative capacity, leading to disruption of tissue architecture and paving the way towards progression to overt neoplastic phenotypes.

Time-Restricted Eating, Intermittent Fasting, and Fasting-Mimicking Diets in Weight Loss.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reviews the current literature on dietary interventions, including time-restricted eating (TRE), intermittent fasting (IF), and fasting-mimicking diets (FMD) and their effects on weight loss. RECENT FINDINGS: Dietary interventions, primarily known for their potential health benefits, are attracting considerable interest also for their effects on weight loss. The literature suggests that many popular diets can induce weight loss but only a limited number of studies actually demonstrate long-term weight loss efficacy. Here we present an update on the latest studies on some of the most popular dietary interventions able to trigger the physiology of fasting and highlight their impact on weight loss in overweight or obese individuals.

Synergistic effect of fasting-mimicking diet and vitamin C against KRAS mutated cancers.

Fasting-mimicking diets delay tumor progression and sensitize a wide range of tumors to chemotherapy, but their therapeutic potential in combination with non-cytotoxic compounds is poorly understood. Here we show that vitamin C anticancer activity is limited by the up-regulation of the stress-inducible protein heme-oxygenase-1. The fasting-mimicking diet selectivity reverses vitamin C-induced up-regulation of heme-oxygenase-1 and ferritin in KRAS-mutant cancer cells, consequently increasing reactive iron, oxygen species, and cell death; an effect further potentiated by chemotherapy. In support of a potential role of ferritin in colorectal cancer progression, an analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas Database indicates that KRAS mutated colorectal cancer patients with low intratumor ferritin mRNA levels display longer 3- and 5-year overall survival. Collectively, our data indicate that the combination of a fasting-mimicking diet and vitamin C represents a promising low toxicity intervention to be tested in randomized clinical trials against colorectal cancer and possibly other KRAS mutated tumors.

Caloric restriction delays early phases of carcinogenesis via effects on the tissue microenvironment.

Caloric restriction (CR) is an effective and consistent means to delay aging and the incidence of chronic diseases related to old age, including cancer. However, the precise mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effect of CR on carcinogenic process are yet to be identified.In the present studies the hypothesis was tested that the CR might delay carcinogenesis via modulatory effects exerted on the age-associated, neoplastic-prone tissue microenvironment. Using a well characterized, orthotopic cell transplantation (Tx) system in the rat, preneoplastic hepatocytes isolated from liver nodules were injected into either old syngeneic rats fed ad libitum (AL) or animals of the same age given a CR diet (70% of AL feeding). Analysis of donor-derived cell clusters performed at 10 weeks post-Tx revealed a significant shift towards smaller class sizes in the group receiving CR diet. Clusters comprising more than 50 cells, including large hepatic nodules, were thrice more frequent in AL vs. CR animals. Incidence of spontaneous endogenous nodules was also decreased by CR. Markers of cell senescence were equally expressed in the liver of AL and CR groups. However, higher levels of SIRT1 and FOXO1 proteins were detected in CR-exposed livers, while expression of HDAC1 and C/EBPß were decreased. These results are interpreted to indicate that CR delays the emergence of age-associated neoplastic disease through effects exerted, at least in part, on the tissue microenvironment. Nutrient-sensing pathways might mediate such modulatory effect.

Regenerative Medicine: Shedding Light on the Link between Aging and Cancer.

The evidence linking aging and cancer is overwhelming. Findings emerging from the field of regenerative medicine reinforce the notion that aging and cancer are profoundly interrelated in their pathogenetic pathways. We discuss evidence to indicate that age-associated alterations in the tissue microenvironment contribute to the emergence of a neoplastic-prone tissue landscape, which is able to support the selective growth of preneoplastic cell populations. Interestingly, tissue contexts that are able to select for the growth of preneoplastic cells, including the aged liver microenvironment, are also supportive for the clonal expansion of normal, homotypic, transplanted cells. This suggests that the growth of normal and preneoplastic cells is possibly driven by similar mechanisms, implying that strategies based on principles of regenerative medicine might be applicable to modulate neoplastic disease.

Differentiation of amniotic epithelial cells into various liver cell types and potential therapeutic applications.

The aim of Regenerative Medicine is to replace or regenerate human cells, tissues or organs in order to restore normal function. Among all organs, the liver is endowed with remarkable regenerative capacity. Nonetheless, there are conditions in which this ability is impaired, and the use of isolated cells, including stem cells, is being considered as a possible therapeutic tool for the management of chronic hepatic disease. Placenta holds great promise for the field of regenerative medicine. It has long been used for the treatment of skin lesions and in ophthalmology, due to its ability to modulate inflammation and promote healing. More recently, cells isolated from the amniotic membrane are being considered as a possible resource for tissue regeneration, including in the context liver disease. Two cell types can be easily isolated from human amnion: epithelial cells (hAEC) and mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSC). However only the first cell population has been demonstrated to be a possible source of proficient hepatic cells. This review will summarize current knowledge on the differentiation of hAEC into liver cells and their potential therapeutic application.

Aging promotes neoplastic disease through effects on the tissue microenvironment.

A better understanding of the complex relationship between aging and cancer will provide important tools for the prevention and treatment of neoplasia. In these studies, the hypothesis was tested that aging may fuel carcinogenesis via alterations imposed in the tissue microenvironment. Preneoplastic hepatocytes isolated from liver nodules were orthotopically injected into either young or old syngeneic rats and their fate was followed over time using the dipeptidyl-peptidase type IV (DPPIV) system to track donor-derived-cells. At 3 months post-Tx, the mean size of donor-derived clusters was 11±3 cells in young vs. 42±8 in old recipients. At 8 months post-Tx, no visible lesion were detected in any of 21 young recipients, while 17/18 animals transplanted at old age displayed hepatic nodules, including 7 large tumors. All tumors expressed the DPPIV marker enzyme, indicating that they originated from transplanted cells. Expression of senescence-associated ß-galactosidase was common in liver of 18-month old animals, while it was a rare finding in young controls. Finally, both mRNA and IL6 protein were found to be increased in the liver of aged rats compared to young controls. These results are interpreted to indicate that the microenvironment of the aged liver promotes the growth of pre-neoplastic hepatocytes.

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Functionalized with Hyaluronic Acid and Chitosan Biopolymers. Effect of Functionalization on Cell Internalization.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), based on the MCM-41 matrix, were functionalized with amino groups, and then with hyaluronic acid (HA) or chitosan (CHIT) to fabricate bioactive conjugates. The role of the functional groups toward cytotoxicity and cellular uptake was investigated using 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. A very high biocompatibility of MSN-NH2, MSN-HA and MSN-CHIT matrices was assessed through the MTS biological assay and Coulter counter evaluation. No significant differences in cytotoxicity data arise from the presence of different functional groups in the investigated MSNs. Fluorescence microscopy experiments performed using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated MSN-NH2, MSN-HA, and MSN-CHIT, and transmission electron microscopy experiments performed on slices of the investigated systems embedded in epoxy resins give evidence of significant differences due to type of functionalization in terms of cellular uptake and stability of the particles in the biological medium. MSN-NH2 and MSN-HA conjugates are easily internalized, the uptake of the HA-functionalized MSNs being much higher than that of the -NH2-functionalized MSNs. Differently, MSN-CHIT conjugates tend to give large aggregates dispersed in the medium or localized at the external surface of the cell membranes. Both fluorescence microscopy and TEM images show that the MSNs are distributed in the cytoplasm of the cells in the case of MSN-NH2 and MSN-HA, whereas only a few particles are internalized in the case of MSN-CHIT. Flow cytometry experiments confirmed quantitatively the selectively high cellular uptake of MSN-HA particles.

Mucuna pruriens (Velvet bean) rescues motor, olfactory, mitochondrial and synaptic impairment in PINK1B9 Drosophila melanogaster genetic model of Parkinson's disease.

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) mutant for PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1B9) gene is a powerful tool to investigate physiopathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Using PINK1B9 mutant Dm we sought to explore the effects of Mucuna pruriens methanolic extract (Mpe), a L-Dopa-containing herbal remedy of PD. The effects of Mpe on PINK1B9 mutants, supplied with standard diet to larvae and adults, were assayed on 3-6 (I), 10-15 (II) and 20-25 (III) days old flies. Mpe 0.1% significantly extended lifespan of PINK1B9 and fully rescued olfactory response to 1-hexanol and improved climbing behavior of PINK1B9 of all ages; in contrast, L-Dopa (0.01%, percentage at which it is present in Mpe 0.1%) ameliorated climbing of only PINK1B9 flies of age step II. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of antennal lobes and thoracic ganglia of PINK1B9 revealed that Mpe restored to wild type (WT) levels both T-bars and damaged mitochondria. Western blot analysis of whole brain showed that Mpe, but not L-Dopa on its own, restored bruchpilot (BRP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression to age-matched WT control levels. These results highlight multiple sites of action of Mpe, suggesting that its effects cannot only depend upon its L-Dopa content and support the clinical observation of Mpe as an effective medication with intrinsic ability of delaying the onset of chronic L-Dopa-induced long-term motor complications. Overall, this study strengthens the relevance of using PINK1B9 Dm as a translational model to study the properties of Mucuna pruriens for PD treatment.

Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 7-fluoro-7-deaza-2-aminopurine nucleoside derivatives.

Three 7-fluoro-7-deaza-2-aminopurine nucleoside derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as potential inhibitors of RNA virus replication, including hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Synthesis and study of 9-deazaguanosine derivatives as potential inhibitors of RNA virus replication.

9-Deazaguanosine and the alpha and beta anomers of its 2'-C-methyl counter part, have been synthesized and evaluated against a broad range of RNA viruses, including hepatitis C virus.

Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 4-fluoropyrazole-3-carboxamide nucleoside derivatives.

A series of novel 4-fluoro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide nucleoside analogues were synthesized and evaluated as potential inhibitors of RNA virus replication, including hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of a seven-membered sugar ring nucleoside analog, 9-(5-deoxy-beta-D-allo-septanosyl)-adenine.

The first example of a nucleoside analogue bearing a 5'-deoxy-beta-D-allo-septanose as the sugar moiety was synthesized and evaluated as a potential inhibitor of several virus replication.