The "Hypertension Approaches in the Elderly: a Lifestyle study" multicenter, randomized trial (HAEL Study): rationale and methodological protocol.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a clinical condition highly prevalent in the elderly, imposing great risks to cardiovascular diseases and loss of quality of life. Current guidelines emphasize the importance of nonpharmacological strategies as a first-line approach to lower blood pressure. Exercise is an efficient lifestyle tool that can benefit a myriad of health-related outcomes, including blood pressure control, in older adults. We herein report the protocol of the HAEL Study, which aims to evaluate the efficacy of a pragmatic combined exercise training compared with a health education program on ambulatory blood pressure and other health-related outcomes in older individuals. METHODS: Randomized, single-blinded, multicenter, two-arm, parallel, superiority trial. A total of 184 subjects (92/center), ≥60 years of age, with no recent history of cardiovascular events, will be randomized on a 1:1 ratio to 12-week interventions consisting either of a combined exercise (aerobic and strength) training, three times per week, or an active-control group receiving health education intervention, once a week. Ambulatory (primary outcome) and office blood pressures, cardiorespiratory fitness and endothelial function, together with quality of life, functional fitness and autonomic control will be measured in before and after intervention. DISCUSSION: Our conceptual hypothesis is that combined training intervention will reduce ambulatory blood pressure in comparison with health education group. Using a superiority framework, analysis plan prespecifies an intention-to-treat approach, per protocol criteria, subgroups analysis, and handling of missing data. The trial is recruiting since September 2017. Finally, this study was designed to adhere to data sharing practices. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03264443 . Registered on 29 August, 2017.

Association between interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and adiponectin with adiposity: Findings from the 1993 pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort at 18 and 22 years.

BACKGROUND: Most of the literature has shown a direct association between adiposity, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and an inverse association with adiponectin. The aim of this paper was to assess the association of obesity measurements and IL-6, CRP and adiponectin. METHODS: We performed cross-sectional/longitudinal analysis in the 1993 Birth Cohort in Brazil. Associations between IL-6 (pg/mL), CRP (mg/L) and adiponectin (µg/Ml) with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percentage total fat mass (FM) (BODPOD) and trunk FM (DXA) were verified. Four trajectory variables were generated: (a) highest tertile/obesity according to BMI in both follow-ups; (b) highest tertile/obesity only at 18 years; (c) highest tertile/obesity only at 22 years; (d) not in the highest tertile/not obese at both ages. RESULTS: We found a direct association for IL-6 and CRP and an inverse association for adiponectin with measures of adiposity. For instance, for females, the highest mean IL-6 and CRP, respectively, was for those who had been in the obese category at 18-22 years (2.49; 3.75), in the highest tertile of WC (2.11; 3.08), in the highest % of FM (1.56; 3.30 l), and in the highest tertile of trunk FM (2.07; 3.26) (p < 0.001 for all these results in the adjusted analysis). Adiponectin showed an inverse association for the above variables, with lower mean values for males than females. CONCLUSION: There was a longitudinal and direct association between adiposity and IL-6 and CRP, and an inverse association with adiponectin at 22 years.

Are cytokines (IL-6, CRP and adiponectin) associated with bone mineral density in a young adult birth cohort?

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that cytokines play a role in bone remodeling. METHODS: In 1993, all hospital births occurred in Pelotas (Brazil) were identified and a total of 5249 newborns were included in the present cohort. Sub-samples of this cohort were visited during childhood and all members were traced at 11, 15, 18 and 22 years old. At 18 and 22 years the following biomarkers were measured: IL-6, CRP and adiponectin (the last one in a sub-sample) and bone mineral density (BMD-mg/cm2) was evaluated at 22 years. Crude regression analysis as well as adjusted for confounders (birth weight, pregnancy maternal smoking, gestational age, skin color, schooling, income, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, medical diagnosis of asthma, diabetes and hypertension, BMI, height, calcium intake, corticosteroid use, age at menarche, insulin and testosterone) were performed between the three biomarkers and the whole-body, lumbar spine and femoral BMD. RESULTS: No statistical significant association was found between IL-6 and CRP with BMD, in males. Significant inverse association in the adjusted analysis, among females, was found for the highest tertiles of CRP at 22 y (beta - 15.2 mg/cm2; 95% CI: -25.4; - 4.9; p = 004), of CRP and IL-6 at 22 years (beta - 20.0 mg/cm2; 95% CI: -31.7; - 8.3; p = 0.003), and of IL-6 and CRP at both ages (beta - 20.3 mg/cm2; 95% CI: -38.0; - 2.5; p = 0.001) with total body BMD. Significant association, among males, was also found between the highest tertile of adiponectin at 22 y (beta - 23.3 mg/cm2; 95% CI: -35.5; - 11.1; p = < 001; beta - 22.5 mg/cm2; 95% CI: -42.9; - 2.2; p = 0.03; and beta - 31.8 mg/cm2; 95% CI: -55.5; - 9.1; p = 0.006) and total body, lumbar spine and femur neck BMD, respectively; and, among females, - 17.8 mg/cm2; 95% CI: -34.9; - 0.9; p = 0.033, with lumbar spine BMD. CONCLUSION: CRP at 22 years, in females, seems to be a marker for total body BMD; adiponectin at 22 years is also a marker for BMD at the three sites, in males, and for lumbar spine BMD, in females.

Expression of semaphorin class 3 is higher in the proliferative phase on the human endometrium.

PURPOSE: The semaphorins are related to angiogenesis and cell proliferation depending on the tissue. The purpose of this study was to assess gene expression of class 3 semaphorin (SEMA3A-F) and protein expression of semaphorin 3A (SEMA3A) within human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Gene expression of SEMA3A-F was analyzed by real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and protein expression of SEMA3A was analyzed by ELISA in endometrial biopsies in the proliferative and secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS: Gene expression of SEMA3A, SEMA3C, SEMA3D, and SEMA3E was statistically significant decreased in secretory compared to proliferative phase endometrium (p < 0.05). Accordingly, SEMA3A protein expression in the secretory phase was lower than protein expression in proliferative phase endometrium (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: SEMA3A, 3C, 3D, and 3E are possibly related to cell proliferation in the endometrium, being more expressed in the proliferative phase of the cycle. This finding may stimulate studies of class 3 semaphorins as a possible target for treatment of endometrial pathologies.

Safety of brilliant cresyl blue staining protocols on human granulosa and cumulus cells.

The selection of human immature oocytes destined for in vitro maturation (IVM) is performed according to their cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) morphology. In animal models, oocyte pre-selection with brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) staining improves fertilization and blastocyst rates and even increases the number of calves born. As the granulosa cells and cumulus cells (GCs and CCs) have a close relationship with the oocyte and are available in in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs, applying BCB staining to these cells may help to elucidate whether BCB shows toxicity to human oocytes and to determine the safest protocol for this dye. GCs and CCs were isolated from 24 patients who underwent controlled ovarian stimulation. After 48 h, cells were exposed to: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with or without phenol red, DPBS and mDPBS for 60 min; 13, 20 and 26 µM BCB for 60 min; and 60, 90 or 120 min to 13 µM BCB. Cellular viability was tested using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and trypan blue assays. The 20 and 26 µM BCB exposures resulted in lower cell viability, similar to when cells were exposed to BCB for 90 or 120 min. GCs and CCs viabilities were equal among control group and 13 µM BCB group after 60 min. BCB staining was not toxic to GCs and CCs when the regime of 13 µM BCB for 60 min was used. Due to the close molecular/biochemical relationship between these cells and the gamete, we propose that it is unlikely that the use of BCB could interfere with the viability/health of human oocytes.

Human granulosa cells: insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors and aromatase expression modulation by metformin.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Granulosa cells are the source of the most important ovarian steroids. Even in patients without significant improvement in metabolic parameters, metformin has apparently an important effect on the ovary. The aim of this study was to evaluate gene and protein expression of an insulin receptor (IR), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) receptor (IGF1R) and aromatase in granulosa cells treated with metformin and insulin. METHODS: Luteinized granulosa cells were collected from 27 patients during in vitro fertilization procedures. Cells were isolated, stored in culture for 24 h and divided into four groups: control; metformin for 30 min, and metformin for 30 min plus insulin for 30 or 60 min. RESULTS: IR and IGF1R mRNA expression was significantly enhanced by metformin but was not affected by insulin. Aromatase mRNA expression was significantly reduced in metformin-incubated cells following stimulation with insulin for 30 min. No statistical differences were found in IGF1R and aromatase protein expression, and IR expression was not detected. CONCLUSION: A direct effect of metformin on the gene expression of IGF1R, IR and aromatase was observed. Further studies should investigate the role of IGF1R, IR and aromatase in ovarian physiology for a better understanding of the effect of metformin.

Are growth factor receptors modulated by metformin in human endometrial stromal cells after stimulation with androgen and insulin?

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of metformin on gene and protein expression of insulin receptor (IR) and IGF-1 (IGF-1R) receptor in human endometrial stromal cells after stimulation with androgen and insulin. STUDY DESIGN: Primary culture of endometrial stromal cells stimulated with estrogen, progesterone with or without androgen or insulin, and treated with metformin for 24 and 48 h, followed by RNA (qRT-PCR) and protein (Western blot) extraction and analysis. RESULTS: IR gene expression was increased after treatment with insulin (2.9-fold change, p = 0.027) and further after metformin treatment (4.7-fold change, p < 0.001), and in IGF-1R, the group treated with insulin (1.83-fold change) and metformin (1.78-fold change) showed more expression, than control group (p < 0.001). Similarly, IR protein expression was increased after addition of metformin and insulin (249,869 ± 15,878) in relation to the other groups (p < 0.001). Furthermore, cells treated with insulin (153,634 ± 29,123) and androgen plus insulin (162,854 ± 86,258) had a higher IR protein expression compared to control (104,654 ± 5,634) and androgen group (71,595 ± 3,439, (p = 0.045 and 0.021). In groups treated with insulin (127,711 ± 4,591) and androgen plus insulin (151,098 ± 5,194) the protein IGF-1R was increased compared to control (79,355 ± 3,470) and the androgen-only group (79,326 ± 3,114) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Metformin in combination with insulin increased IR protein and gene expressions, while it had no influence on the protein expression of IGF-1R in endometrial stromal cells.

Metabolic effects of perinatal asphyxia in the rat cerebral cortex.

We reported previously that intrauterine asphyxia acutely affects the rat hippocampus. For this reason, the early effects of this injury were studied in the cerebral cortex, immediately after hysterectomy (acute condition) or following a recovery period at normoxia (recovery condition). Lactacidemia and glycemia were determined, as well as glycogen levels in the muscle, liver and cortex. Cortical tissue was also used to assay the ATP levels and glutamate uptake. Asphyxiated pups exhibited bluish coloring, loss of movement, sporadic gasping and hypertonia. However, the appearance of the controls and asphyxiated pups was similar at the end of the recovery period. Lactacidemia and glycemia were significantly increased by asphyxia in both the acute and recovery conditions. Concerning muscle and hepatic glycogen, the control group showed significantly higher levels than the asphyxic group in the acute condition and when compared with groups of the recovery period. In the recovery condition, the control and asphyxic groups showed similar glycogen levels. However, in the cortex, the control groups showed significantly higher glycogen levels than the asphyxic group, in both the acute and recovery conditions. In the cortical tissue, asphyxia reduced ATP levels by 70 % in the acute condition, but these levels increased significantly in asphyxic pups after the recovery period. Asphyxia did not affect glutamate transport in the cortex of both groups. Our results suggest that the cortex uses different energy resources to restore ATP after an asphyxia episode followed by a reperfusion period. This strategy could sustain the activity of essential energy-dependent mechanisms.

Protein expression of estrogen receptors α and ß and aromatase in myometrium and uterine leiomyoma.

BACKGROUND: Leiomyomas are the most common tumors of the female reproductive tract and a major public health problem. The mechanism of tumorigenesis is unknown, but evidence suggests that estrogens regulate cell proliferation and myoma growth. This effect might be due to different amounts of estrogen receptors (ERα and ERß) in normal and myoma tissues and overexpression of aromatase P450 in myomas. PURPOSE: To assess protein expression of ERs and aromatase in leiomyomas and normal adjacent myometrium of premenopausal women. METHODS: Samples were collected from 12 premenopausal women admitted for abdominal hysterectomy due to fibroids. RESULTS: The protein expression of ERα, ERß and aromatase was similar in leiomyoma and normal myometrium (p = 0.239, p = 0.695 and p = 0.203, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In this analysis of 12 matched leiomyoma and myometrial samples, the data do not support the theory that overexpression ERα, ERß and aromatase in uterine leiomyomas compared to adjacent myometrium are the cause of tumor growth. The estrogens may exert their growth-stimulatory effects on leiomyomas intermediated by other elements, such as cytokines and growth or apoptosis factors. The effect of estrogen on the growth and development of fibroids is complex and far from being completely understood.

Dynamic Knee Alignment and Pelvic Balance: Comparison Regarding Gender in Young Soccer Athletes.

Objective To evaluate knee alignment in the frontal plane and pelvic balance during the step-down test in female and male soccer players. Methods Cross-sectional study carried out with male and female soccer players from under-15 and under-17 teams of a professional club in Southern Brazil. The step-down test was performed, filmed with a video camera, and evaluated according to the angular measurements obtained during movement using the Kinovea software (open source), version 0.8.24. Results The sample consisted of 38 individuals, 19 males and 19 females. Female athletes had a greater varus angle (9.42° ± 1.65°) compared to male athletes (3.91° ± 2.0°; p = 0.04). There was no difference regarding the unilateral pelvic drop between the groups. In addition, the association between the hip-related pelvic drop and the projection angle on the frontal plane of the knee was weak in both genders. Conclusion Even though the pelvic drop was observed in both genders, young female athletes had greater varus knee angles on the step-down test, which require greater attention to minimize the risk of injury.

Association of modifiable risk factors and IL-6, CRP, and adiponectin: Findings from the 1993 Birth Cohort, Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The literature on the relationship between lifestyle behaviors and inflammatory markers is scarce. METHODS: A birth cohort was followed since birth up to 22 years in Southern Brazil. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and adiponectin were measured in nonfasting blood samples drawn at 18 and 22 years of age. Exposures including smoking, alcohol intake, physical inactivity and obesity, were collected at 15, 18 and 22 years. Cross sectional analyses were based on the number of follow-up visits with these exposures and the association with IL-6, CRP and adiponectin at 22 years old. We also carried out a longitudinal Generalized Least Squares (GLS) random-effects analysis with outcomes at 18 and at 22 years old. All analyses were adjusted for several covariates. RESULTS: The sample comprised 3,479 cohort members at 22 years. The presence of obesity at ≥ 2 follow-ups showed the highest mean values (SE) for IL-6 [2.45 (1.05)] and CRP [3.74 (1.11)] and the lowest mean value for adiponectin [8.60 (0.37)] (adjusted analyses, females) compared with other exposures; the highest mean of IL-6 [1.65 (1.05)] and CRP [1.78 (1.11)] and the lowest mean of adiponectin [9.98 (0.38)] were for the number of follow-ups with ≥2 exposures compared to those with no exposures at any follow-up (adjusted analyses, females). The longitudinal analysis showed an increase in obesity associated with IL-6 and CRP in both sexes and an inverse association with adiponectin in females; smoking (in males) was associated with IL-6 and CRP, harmful alcohol intake was associated with CRP in males, and increased in physical activity was inversely associated with CRP in men. CONCLUSION: We concluded that obesity is the main exposure positively associated with IL-6 and CRP and inversely associated with adiponectin (mainly in females). Smoking is also associated with these markers in the longitudinal analysis (in males).

Relative age effect on muscle power in Brazilian youth: a population study / Efeito da idade relativa na potência muscular em jovens brasileiros: um estudo de população

Abstract This study aimed to examine the relative age effect on muscle power in a large sample of Brazilian children and adolescents. The sample consisted of 87,766 girls and boys aged 7-16 years, data collected in repeated cross-sectional surveillance carried out since 1999. The participants were grouped into four age subgroups within each chronological age based on birthdates. Upper and lower limbs muscle power were assessed using the 2-Kg medicine ball throw and horizontal jump tests, respectively. The normative distribution of physical fitness components was used for classification. The results showed a significant association between relative age and normative classification of muscle power. Among boys, there was a sequential increase in the frequency of individuals classified as "very good/excellent" as the relative age increased. A similar trend was observed among girls. The findings provided evidence of a relative age effect on muscle power in Brazilian children and adolescents. These findings have implications for the organization of structured physical activities and sports, as early-born individuals may have an advantage in performance. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and potential interventions to mitigate the relative age effect and promote equal opportunities for all youth in physical activities and sports.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar o efeito da idade relativa na potência muscular em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros. A amostra foi composta por 87.766 meninas e meninos com idades entre 7 e 16 anos. Os participantes foram agrupados em quatro subgrupos etários dentro de cada idade cronológica tendo como base as datas de nascimento e da coleta dos dados. A potência muscular dos membros superiores e inferiores foi avaliada por meio dos testes de arremesso de medicine ball de 2 kg, e salto horizontal, respectivamente. A distribuição normativa (fraco; razoável; bom; muito bom; excelente) dos dois testes de potência foi utilizada para a classificação. Os resultados mostraram associação significativa entre os subgrupos etários e a classificação normativa da potência muscular. Entre os meninos, houve aumento na frequência de indivíduos classificados como "muito bom/excelente" à medida que a idade relativa aumentava. Uma tendência semelhante foi observada entre as meninas. Os achados forneceram evidências do efeito de idade relativa na potência muscular de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros. Esses resultados têm implicações práticas na organização de atividades físicas estruturadas e esportes em diferentes contextos, pois indivíduos nascidos mais cedo podem ter vantagem no desempenho em tarefas que exijam potência muscular. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para explorar os mecanismos subjacentes e intervenções que possam mitigar o efeito de idade relativa e promover oportunidades iguais para todas as crianças e adolescentes nas atividades físicas e esportes.

Ruas de Lazer em Pelotas: Modelo lógico e descrição dos processos de planejamento e execução / Open streets in Pelotas: Logical model and description of the planning and execution process

O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver o modelo lógico do projeto Ruas de Lazer na cidade de Pelotas em 2022, assim como descrever os processos de planejamento, pactuação e execução. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, que utilizou a técnica de observação participante e o emprego de modelo lógico. O projeto possui características de gestão compartilhada que demarcam potencial relevante na criação de vínculo entre universidade, gestão pública e população local. Em 2022, sete eventos foram realizados com proposição de atividades culturais com música e dança, atividades físicas e esportivas e de educação em saúde. O projeto está em permanente construção e evolução, apostando na ampliação de investimentos para atingir os objetivos imediatos de oferta de atividades de lazer e de ampliação da democratização de acesso aos espaços públicos para o uso da população.

The aim of this study was to develop a logical model of the Ruas de Lazer project in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2022, as well as to describe the processes of planning, agreement, and execution. This is a qualitative study that employed the technique of participant observation and the use of a logical model. The project has characteristics of shared management that mark a relevant potential in creating a bond between the university, public management, and the local population. In 2022, seven events were held, proposing cultural activities with music and dance, physical and sports activities, and health education. The project is in permanent construction and evolution, betting on the expansion of investments to achieve the immediate objectives of offering leisure activities and expanding the democratization of access to public spaces for the use of the population.

Physiological markers and multimorbidity: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Multimorbidity is the co-occurrence of two or more diseases in the same individual. One method to identify this condition at an early stage is the use of specific markers for various combinations of morbidities. Nonetheless, evidence related to physiological markers in multimorbidity is limited. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to perform a systematic review to identify physiological markers associated with multimorbidity. DESIGN: Articles available on PubMed, Register of Controlled Trials, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL, Scopus, SocINDEX, Web of Science, LILACS, and SciELO, from their inception to May 2018, were systematically searched and reviewed. The project was registered in PROSPERO under the number CRD42017055522. RESULTS: The systematic search identified 922 papers. After evaluation, 18 articles were included in the full review reporting at least one physiological marker in coexisting diseases or which are strongly associated with the presence of multimorbidity in the future. Only five of these studies examined multimorbidity in general, identifying five physiological markers associated with multimorbidity, namely, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), lipoprotein (Lp), and cystatin C (Cyst-C). CONCLUSIONS: There is a paucity of studies related to physiological markers in multimorbidity. DHEAS, IL-6, CRP, Lp, and Cyst-C could be the initial focus for further investigation of physiological markers related to multimorbidity.

Influência da ventosaterapia sobre o limiar de dor a pressão e flexibilidade muscular da cadeia posterior de membro inferior em atletas de futebol / Influencia de la terapia de ventosas sobre el umbral del dolor por presión y flexibilidad de los músculos de la cadena posterior del miembro inferior en jugadores de fútbol / Influence of cupping therapy on the pain threshold pressure and muscle flexibility of the subsequent chain leg in football athletes

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o limiar de dor à pressão (LDP) e flexibilidade pré e pós-protocolo de ventosaterapia em toda cadeia muscular posterior do membro inferior de atletas de futebol masculino. O estudo é de intervenção de múltiplos casos, com um grupo submetido a um protocolo de ventosaterapia em região posterior de membro inferior nos trilhos anatômicos, mensurando-se a flexibilidade de flexão de quadril (FQ), extensão de joelho (EJ) e dorsiflexão de tornozelo (DT) e o LDP nos pontos gatilhos miofasciais de toda a cadeia posterior, pré e pós-intervenção no primeiro e quarto dia de coleta. A amostra foi composta por 20 atletas, sendo quatro recusas e duas perdas no decorrer do estudo, finalizando o estudo com 16 atletas no momento agudo imediato (n=32) e 14 atletas no momento agudo tardio (n=28). Para análise estatística utilizou-se o teste t-student para amostras pareadas e o nível de significância de p<0,05. Houve diferença estatística significativa no momento agudo tardio no pré e pós-intervenção para as variáveis EJ e DT, demonstrando aumento da flexibilidade após o protocolo. Conclui-se que a intervenção sobre os trilhos anatômicos em região posterior de membro inferior é capaz de aumentar a flexibilidade, porém não diminui LDP.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el umbral de dolor por presión (UDP) y la flexibilidad antes y después de la terapia de ventosas en toda la cadena muscular posterior del miembro inferior de jugadores de fútbol masculino. Esta es una intervención de múltiples casos que sometió a un grupo a un protocolo de terapia de ventosas en la región posterior del miembro inferior sobre los raíles anatómicos, midiendo la flexibilidad de flexión de cadera (FC), la extensión de rodilla (ER) y la dorsiflexión de tobillo (DT) y UDP en los puntos gatillo miofasciales de toda la cadena posterior, antes y después de la intervención en el primer y cuarto día de recolección. La muestra estuvo formada inicialmente por 20 deportistas, pero hubo cuatro rechazos y dos bajas durante el estudio, lo que finalizó el estudio con 16 deportistas en el momento agudo inmediato (n=32) y 14 deportistas en el momento agudo tardío (n=28). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba t student en muestras pareadas y el nivel de significancia de p<0,05. Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el momento agudo tardío antes y después de la intervención para las variables ER y DT, demostrando una mayor flexibilidad después del protocolo. Se concluye que la intervención sobre los raíles anatómicos en la región posterior del miembro inferior es capaz de aumentar la flexibilidad, pero no de disminuir el UDP.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the pressure pain threshold (PPT) and flexibility before and after cupping therapy in the entire posterior muscle chain of the lower limb of soccer players. This study is a multiple-case intervention, with a group submitted to the posterior lower limb cupping therapy protocol on the anatomical trains, measuring the flexibility of hip flexion (HF), knee extension (KE), and ankle dorsiflexion (AD) and PPT at the myofascial trigger points, pre- and post-intervention on the first and fourth day of collection. The initial sample consisted of 20 athletes, four refusals and two losses during the study, ending with 16 athletes in the immediate acute moment (n=32) and 14 athletes in the late acute (n=28). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test and significance level, p <0.05. There was a statistically significant difference in late acute pre- and post-intervention for KE and AD variables, demonstrating increased flexibility after the protocol. We concluded that the intervention on the anatomical trains in the posterior lower limb increases the flexibility, but does not decrease PPT.

Efeitos de um macrociclo de treinamento sobre a aptidão física em atletas de futsal feminino durante uma temporada / Effects of a training macrocycle on the physical fitness in female futsal athletes during a season

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os efeitos de macrociclo de treinamento sobre variáveis de aptidão física em atletas semiprofissionais de futsal feminino. Foram avaliadas quatorze atletas (21,1 ± 4,8 anos) semiprofissionais durante 27 semanas de treinamento, correspondentes a: período pré-competitivo e período competitivo. Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas (massa corporal, estatura e percentual de gordura corporal), testes de potência de membros inferiores (salto vertical e salto horizontal) e membros superiores (arremesso de medicine ball), de força de membros inferiores (1RM de agachamento e legpress) e de membros superiores (supino) e de velocidade (linear e com troca de direção) antes e após o período pré-competitivo e após a primeira fase do período competitivo. ANOVA para medidas repetidas foi utilizada para comparação das variáveis entre os três momentos de avaliação com post hoc de Bonferroni (α = 0,05). Potência de membros inferiores, velocidade linear e força de membros inferiores e superiores (1RM legpress e supino) apresentaram melhora no desempenho nos três momentos (p < 0,001). Percentual de gordura corporal, potência de membros superiores, força de membros inferiores (1RM agachamento) (p < 0,001) e velocidade com troca de direção (p = 0,002) melhoraram o desempenho do momento pré para o momento pós período pré-competitivo e mantiveram este desempenho no momento pós período competitivo. A massa corporal não apresentou diferença significativa entre os momentos. Conclui-se que, os resultados encontrados indicam que as atletas responderam positivamente quanto às variáveis de aptidão física, comprovando a eficácia do treinamento. Ainda, destaca-se a importância do planejamento dos treinos para o sucesso da equipe. (AU)

The aim of the present study was to analyze the macrocycle training effects on physical fitness variables in semiprofessional female futsal athletes. Fourteen semiprofessional athletes (21.1 ± 4.8 years) were measured during 27 weeks of training, corresponding to: precompetitive period and competitive period. The anthropometric variables (body mass, height and body fat percentage), lower limb (vertical and horizontal jump) and upper limb (medicine ball throw) muscle power, lower limb (1RM squat and legpress) and upper limb (1RM bench press) strength and speed (linear and with change of direction) tests were performed pre and post the pre-competitive period and post the first phase of the competitive period. ANOVA for repeated measures plus Bonferroni post hoc were used to compare the variables between the three evaluation moments (α = 0.05). Performance of the lower limb muscle power, linear speed and lower and upper limbs strength (1RM legpress and bench press) were improved at the three moments (p < 0.001). Body fat percentage, upper limb muscle power, lower limb strength (1RM squat) (p <0.001) and speed with change of direction (p = 0.002) improved the performance from pre to post pre-competitive period moment and kept this performance in the post competitive period. Body mass presented no significant difference between the moments. We concluded that the athletes improved physical fitness variables, proving the effectiveness of the training. Still, it is highlighted the importance of the training planning for the team success. (AU)

Dynamic Knee Alignment and Pelvic Balance: Comparison Regarding Gender in Young Soccer Athletes / Alinhamento dinâmico do joelho e equilíbrio pélvico: Comparação entre os sexos em atletas de futebol de base

Abstract Objective To evaluate knee alignment in the frontal plane and pelvic balance during the step-down test in female and male soccer players. Methods Cross-sectional study carried out with male and female soccer players from under-15 and under-17 teams of a professional club in Southern Brazil. The step-down test was performed, filmed with a video camera, and evaluated according to the angular measurements obtained during movement using the Kinovea software (open source), version 0.8.24. Results The sample consisted of 38 individuals, 19 males and 19 females. Female athletes had a greater varus angle (9.42º ± 1.65º) compared to male athletes (3.91º ± 2.0º; p = 0.04). There was no difference regarding the unilateral pelvic drop between the groups. In addition, the association between the hip-related pelvic drop and the projection angle on the frontal plane of the knee was weak in both genders. Conclusion Even though the pelvic drop was observed in both genders, young female athletes had greater varus knee angles on the step-down test, which require greater attention to minimize the risk of injury.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o alinhamento do joelho no plano frontal e o equilíbrio pélvico durante a descida de um degrau comparando atletas de futebol feminino e masculino. Métodos Estudo transversal, realizado com atletas de futebol das categorias sub-15 e sub-17, de ambos os sexos, de um clube profissional do Sul do Brasil. Foi realizado o teste de descida de um degrau, o qual foi filmado por uma câmera de vídeo, e, em sua avaliação, traçaram-se as medidas angulares durante o movimento por meio do software Kinovea (código aberto), versão 0.8.24. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 38 indivíduos, 19 do sexo masculino e 19 do sexo feminino. As atletas do sexo feminino apresentaram maior ângulo em varo (9,42º ± 1,65º) quando comparadas com os atletas masculinos (3,91º ± 2,0º; p = 0,04). Não houve diferença em relação à queda unilateral da pelve (drop pélvico) entre os grupos, e a associação entre o drop pélvico do quadril e o ângulo de projeção no plano frontal do joelho foi fraca em ambos os sexos. Conclusão Apesar de ambos os sexos terem apresentado queda pélvica, as atletas de base do sexo feminino apresentaram maior angulação do joelho em varo no teste de descida do degrau, e necessitam maior atenção para minimizar o risco de lesão.

Relationship between Sprint, lower limb power, and change of direction speed in adolescents

Abstract Aim: The purpose of this study is to verify the association between sprint, lower limb power, and change of direction speed in schoolchildren. Method: This is a cross-sectional school-based study with a probabilistic sample (n=1455) of adolescents aged 10-17 years. The variables were: sex, chronological age, body mass, height, skinfold sum, maturity offset, lower limb power, change of direction speed, and sprint. For the data analyses, we used a t-test for independent samples, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression. A statistical significance level of 5% was considered for all analyses. Results: The three variables of physical fitness presented moderate and significant correlations between them (r = {0.39-0.61}). Three models were tested with sprint (model 1), change of direction sprint (model 2) and lower limb power (model 3) as an outcome. Predictors tested explain 47% of model 1, 49% of model 2, and 54% of model 3. The individual predictor's contribution in both models varied between 0.1% to 38%. Conclusions: The evidence suggests that change of direction speed and sprint, together with sex, body mass, and skinfold sum account for approximately 54% of the variance of lower limb power in adolescents aged 10-17 years.

Acute respiratory flow restriction affects average power, but not heart rate and subjective perceived exertion in healthy women / A restrição aguda do fluxo respiratório afeta a potência média, mas não a frequência cardíaca e a percepção subjetiva do esforço de mulheres saudáveis / La restricción aguda del flujo respiratorio afecta la potencia promedio, pero no la frecuencia cardíaca y el esfuerzo subjetivo percibido en mujeres sanas

ABSTRACT This study aims to verify the effect of the restriction of the ventilatory flow on HR, RPE, and power during HIT-test performed by healthy women. The participants (n=8) underwent HIT-test without and with ventilatory flow restriction. HR, power, and RPE was measured. HRpost showed no significant difference between conditions (p=0,053). The average power presented higher values in the condition without the restriction of ventilatory flow (619,51±144,33W; 565,99±108,43W; p=0,001), but without differences in the fatigue index (p=0,383). In both conditions, increases in RPE were observed during the efforts (p<0,001). It is concluded that HR and RPE did not suffer acute effects from the restriction of ventilatory flow; however, the average power is decreased during HIT-test.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito da restrição do fluxo ventilatório na FC, PSE e potência durante o HIT-teste realizado por mulheres saudáveis. As participantes (n = 8) foram submetidos ao teste HIT sem e com restrição do fluxo ventilatório. HR, potência e PSE foram medidos. FCpos não apresentou diferença significativa entre as condições (p=0,053). A potência média mostrou valores maiores na condição sem restrição do fluxo ventilatório (619,51 ± 144,33W; 565,99 ± 108,43W; p=0,001), mas sem diferenças no índice de fadiga (p=0,383). Em ambas as condições, foram observados aumentos da PSE durante os esforços (p <0,001). Conclui-se que a FC e a PSE não sofreram efeitos agudos da restrição do fluxo ventilatório; no entanto, a potência média diminui durante o HIT-teste.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue verificar el efecto de la restricción del flujo ventilatorio sobre la FC, PSE y potencia durante la prueba HIT realizada por mujeres sanas. Las participantes (n=8) se sometieron a la prueba HIT sin y con flujo de ventilación restringido. Se midieron la FC, la potencia y la PSE. FCpos no mostró diferencias entre las condiciones (p=0,053). La potencia promedio mostró valores más altos sin restricción de flujo ventilatorio (619,51±144,33W; 565,9±108,43W; p=0,001), pero no en el índice de fatiga (p=0,383). En ambas condiciones, se observaron aumentos de PSE durante los esfuerzos (p<0,001). Se concluye que la FC y la PSE no sufrieron efectos agudos de la restricción del flujo ventilatorio; sin embargo, la potencia media disminuye en la prueba HIT.