"It's a Little Different for Men"-Sponsorship and Gender in Academic Medicine: a Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Women remain underrepresented in top leadership positions in academic medicine. In business settings, a person with power and influence actively supporting the career advancement of a junior person is referred to as a sponsor and sponsorship programs have been used to diversify leadership. Little is known about how sponsorship functions in academic medicine. OBJECTIVE: To explore perceptions of sponsorship and its relationship to gender and career advancement in academic medicine. DESIGN: Qualitative study using semi-structured, one-on-one interviews with sponsors and protégés. PARTICIPANTS: Twelve sponsors (clinical department chairs) and 11 protégés (participants of a school of medicine executive leadership program [N = 23]) at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. KEY RESULTS: All sponsors were men and all were professors, six of the 11 protégés were women, and four of the 23 participants were underrepresented minorities in medicine. We identified three themes: (1) people (how and who): women seek out and receive sponsorship differently; (2) process (faster and further): sponsorship provides an extra boost, especially for women; and (3) politics and culture (playing favorites and paying it forward): sponsorship and fairness. Informants acknowledge that sponsorship provides an extra boost for career advancement especially for women. Sponsors and protégés differ in their perceptions of how sponsorship happens. Informants describe gender differences in how sponsorship is experienced and specifically noted that women were less likely to actively seek out sponsorship and be identified as protégés compared to men. Informants describe a tension between sponsorship and core academic values such as transparency, fairness, and merit. CONCLUSION: Sponsorship is perceived to be critical to high-level advancement and is experienced differently by women. Increased understanding of how sponsorship works in academic medicine may empower individual faculty to utilize this professional relationship for career advancement and provide institutions with a strategy to diversify top leadership positions.

Does a multimethod approach improve identification of medication nonadherence in adolescents with chronic kidney disease?

BACKGROUND: Medical provider assessment of nonadherence is known to be inaccurate. Researchers have suggested using a multimethod assessment approach; however, no study has demonstrated how to integrate different measures to improve accuracy. This study aimed to determine if using additional measures improves the accurate identification of nonadherence beyond provider assessment alone. METHODS: Eighty-seven adolescents and young adults (AYAs), age 11-19 years, with chronic kidney disease (CKD) [stage 1-5/end-stage renal disease (ESRD)] and prescribed antihypertensive medication, their caregivers, and 17 medical providers participated in the multisite study. Five adherence measures were obtained: provider report, AYA report, caregiver report, electronic medication monitoring (MEMS), and pharmacy refill data [medication possession ratio (MPR)]. Concordance was calculated using kappa statistic. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, and negative predictive power were calculated using MEMS as the criterion for measuring adherence. RESULTS: There was poor to fair concordance (kappas = 0.12-0.54), with 35-61% of AYAs classified as nonadherent depending on the measure. While both providers and MEMS classified 35% of the AYAs as nonadherent, sensitivity (0.57) and specificity (0.77) demonstrated poor agreement between the two measures on identifying which AYAs were nonadherent. Combining provider report of nonadherence and MPR < 75% resulted in the highest sensitivity for identifying nonadherence (0.90) and negative predictive power (0.88). CONCLUSIONS: Nonadherence is prevalent in AYAs with CKD. Providers inaccurately identify nonadherence, leading to missed opportunities to intervene. Our study demonstrates the benefit to utilizing a multimethod approach to identify nonadherence in patients with chronic disease, an essential first step to reduce nonadherence.

Patient Health Beliefs and Characteristics Predict Longitudinal Antihypertensive Medication Adherence in Adolescents With CKD.

Objective: To investigate longitudinal associations of health beliefs, which included self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and perceived barriers, and demographic risk factors (i.e., age, gender, race, and family income) with antihypertensive medication adherence in adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD) over 24 months. Method: The sample included 114 adolescents (M age = 15.03 years, SD = 2.44) diagnosed with CKD. Adolescents reported their self-efficacy for taking medications, medication outcome expectancies, and barriers to adherence at baseline and 12 and 24 months after baseline. Antihypertensive medication adherence was assessed via electronic monitoring for 2 weeks at baseline and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after baseline. Results: Adherence increased and then decreased over the 2-year study period (inverted U-shape). Self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and barriers did not change over time. Older adolescent age, female gender, African American race, <$50,000 annual family income, and public health insurance were associated with lower adherence. However, family income was the primary demographic risk factor that predicted adherence over time (≥$50,000 annual family income was longitudinally associated with higher adherence). Higher self-efficacy and more positive and less negative outcome expectancies across time were also associated with higher antihypertensive medication adherence across time. Conclusions: Clinical interventions should be developed to target medication self-efficacy and outcome expectancies to improve long-term antihypertensive medication adherence in adolescents with CKD. Family income may be considered when conceptualizing contextual factors that likely contribute to adolescents' consistent challenges with medication adherence over time.

Association of higher erythropoiesis stimulating agent dose and mortality in children on dialysis.

BACKGROUND: Higher doses of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) have been associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESRD), but to our knowledge no trials have been performed in children. We examined the association between ESA dose and all-cause mortality in a prevalent pediatric dialysis population. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study utilizing national data on all prevalent dialysis patients aged <18 years from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' 2005 ESRD Clinical Performance Measures (CPM) project, linked to 18-month mortality records from the United States Renal Data System. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to determine the risk of mortality by mean weekly ESA dose. RESULTS: Eight-hundred and twenty-nine children were included in the analysis; 7 % died during follow-up. A higher proportion of patients receiving ESA doses in the highest category (erythropoietin ≥350 units/kg/week or darbepoetin ≥1.5 units/kg/week) died (50 % vs 28 %, p = 0.002), and also demonstrated a trend toward lower hemoglobin (11.0 vs 11.4 g/dL, p = 0.05). In multivariate analysis, patients receiving the highest dose of ESA demonstrated an increased risk of mortality (hazard ratio 3.37; p value <0.01). CONCLUSION: Higher ESA dose is independently associated with mortality in children on chronic dialysis.

Disparities in antihypertensive medication adherence in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension affects up to 5 % of all children, but little is known about the role of medication adherence on blood pressure (BP) control. In this study we examined the association between adolescents' antihypertensive medication adherence and BP control, investigating for racial disparities. METHODS: A total of 21 adolescents with essential hypertension [mean age 14.7 ± 2.0 years, 57 % male, 52 % African American] were recruited from a pediatric nephrology clinic. Objective medication adherence measures were obtained with Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) caps and pharmacy refill records to determine medication possession ratios (MPRs). RESULTS: The African Americans adolescents had lower medication adherence than non-African Americans adolescents based on the MPR over the past 12 months (mean 0.54 ± 0.21 vs. 0.85 ± 0.16, respectively; p < 0.001) and a trend for less adherence measured by MEMS caps over the last 28 days (mean 0.75 ± 0.26 vs. 0.91 ± 0.04, respectively; p < 0.07). Seven of the eight participants with low adherence (MPR <0.65) had uncontrolled BP (systolic and/or diastolic BPs ≥ 95th percentile), and no participants with high adherence according to the MPR had uncontrolled BP (p < 0.001). There was no difference in BP control by race. CONCLUSIONS: Antihypertensive medication adherence measured by pharmacy refills was associated with BP control. AAs were more likely to have lower medication adherence. Targeting medication adherence through the use of electronic medical records may be a potential mechanism to reduce health disparities.

Effects of obesity and race on left ventricular geometry in hypertensive children.

BACKGROUND: Like left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), abnormal left ventricular (LV) geometry increases cardiovascular risk, but little data utilizing age and sex-specific norms are currently available on LV geometry in hypertensive children. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 141 hypertensive children aimed at determining the prevalence of LVH and abnormal LV geometry in the patient population and whether clinical characteristics associated with these findings differ by race. LVH was defined as an LV mass index of ≥95th percentile or cardiologist diagnosis. Abnormal geometry was defined as the presence of LVH or a relative wall thickness of >0.41. RESULTS: The prevalence of LVH was 35 % overall. According to race, LVH prevalence was 49 % among African-Americans (AA) versus 30 % among non-AA (p < 0.05). Overweight/obesity was also highly prevalent among AA compared to non-AA (87 vs. 71 %, respectively; p = 0.03). After multivariable adjustment, the body mass index (BMI) z-score and 95 % diastolic blood pressure (BP) index were the sole independent predictors of LVH. Of the 141 hypertensive children, 40 % had abnormal LV geometry; 63 % among AA vs. 32 % among non-AA (p = 0.001). Multivariable analyses revealed a 3.8-fold increased odds of abnormal geometry among AA (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: While LVH, abnormal geometry and overweight/obesity are more prevalent among AA hypertensive children, after multivariable adjustment, BMI and race were independently associated with LVH and abnormal geometry, respectively. This result suggests that both race and obesity have important roles in the development of end-organ damage among children with primary hypertension.

Increased risk of death in pediatric and adult patients with ESRD secondary to lupus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease that can cause significant kidney disease. Our goal was to assess the relative mortality risk associated with SLE in pediatric and adult populations with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) maintained on hemodialysis (HD). We performed Kaplan-Meier survival analysis from data collected by the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) in strata of pediatric and adult patients. This file includes data on all Medicare-reimbursed renal replacement patients. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess mortality after adjusting for race and gender. Subjects were censored at transplantation or at end of follow-up. Pediatric patients with ESRD secondary to SLE had a 2-fold increased risk of death compared with other pediatric patients with ESRD (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-3.7). Adult patients with ESRD secondary to SLE were also at increased risk of death compared with other adult patients (HR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2-2.7). The most common causes of death in both pediatric and adult patients with SLE were cardiovascular disease and cardiac arrest. Our study demonstrates that there is a significant increase in mortality secondary to cardiovascular disease in pediatric and adult patients with ESRD secondary to SLE. Patients with ESRD secondary to SLE may need aggressive monitoring for traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis and the diagnosis of SLE alone may be an independent risk factor for death in patients with ESRD.

No difference in meeting hemoglobin and albumin targets for dialyzed children with urologic disorders.

Urologic disorders are the most common cause of chronic kidney disease in children. To determine whether children with urologic etiology of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) fare better than children with ESRD from other causes while on dialysis, we conducted a cross-sectional study of children <18 years receiving peritoneal and hemodialysis in the United States using data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 2005 ESRD CPM Project. We compared baseline demographics and the study groups. In multivariate logistic regression analysis of 1,286 subjects, we assessed whether children with urologic disorders had a higher odds of meeting adult KDOQI targets for hemoglobin levels ≥11 g/dl and albumin ≥3.5 BCG/3.2 BCP g/dl. We conducted a subset analysis of 1,136 patients to examine the impact of erythropoietin on hemoglobin targets. Our results did not reveal differences in achievement of adult hemoglobin targets (adjusted OR: 1.27; p value 0.09; CI: 0.97-1.66) or in the subset analysis with erythropoietin (adjusted OR: 1.32; p value 0.06; CI: 0.98-1.78) or albumin targets (adjusted OR: 1.22; p value 0.21; CI: 0.90-1.65) in adjusted analyses. Due to our study's limitations, it is difficult to determine whether this may result from treatment prior to dialysis initiation or treatment effect of dialysis rather than underlying diagnosis.

Comparative clinical outcomes between pediatric and young adult dialysis patients.

Published data on the comparative achievement of The Kidney Disease Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative (KDOQI) recommended clinical performance targets between children and young adults on dialysis are scarce. To characterize the achievement of KDOQI targets among children (<18 years) and young adults (18-24 years) with prevalent end stage renal disease (ESRD), we performed a cross-sectional analysis of data collected by the Mid-Atlantic Renal Coalition, in conjunction with the 2007 and 2008 ESRD Clinical Performance Measures Projects. Data on all enrolled pediatric dialysis patients, categorized into three age groups (0-8, 9-12, 13-17 years), and on a random sample of 5% of patients ≥ 18 years in ESRD Network 5 were examined for two study periods: hemodialysis (HD) data were collected from October to December 2006 and from October to December 2007 and peritoneal dialysis (PD) data were collected from October 2006 to March 2007 and from October 2007 to March 2008. In total, 114 unique patients were enrolled the study, of whom 41.2% (47/114) were on HD and 58.8% (67/114) on PD. Compared to the pediatric patients, young adults were less likely to achieve the KDOQI recommended serum phosphorus levels and serum calcium × phosphorus product values, with less than one-quarter demonstrating values at or below each goal. Multivariate analysis revealed that both young adults and 13- to 17-year-olds were less likely to achieve target values for phosphorus [young adults: odds ratio (OR) 0.04, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.01-0.19, p < 0.001; 13- to 17-year-olds: OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.04-0.77, p = 0.02] and calcium × phosphorus product (young adults: OR 0.01, 95% CI 0.002-0.09, p < 0.001; 13- to 17-year-olds: OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02-0.56, p = 0.01) than younger children. In summary, there are significant differences in clinical indices between pediatric and young adult ESRD patients.

Engagement and Affective Communication During Pediatric Nephrology Clinic Visits: Associations with Medication Adherence.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether engagement and affective communication among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with chronic kidney disease (CKD), caregivers, and pediatric nephrology providers during outpatient clinic visits predicts antihypertensive medication adherence. METHODS: AYAs (n = 60, M age = 15.4 years, SD = 2.7, 40% female, 43% African American/Black) and caregivers (n = 60, 73% female) attended audio-recorded clinic visits with pediatric nephrologists (n = 12, 75% female). Recordings were analyzed using global affect ratings of the Roter Interactional Analysis System. Antihypertensive medication adherence was monitored electronically before and after clinic visits. A linear regression model evaluated associations between affect ratings and post-visit adherence. RESULTS: AYAs took 84% of doses (SD = 20%) pre-visit and 82% of doses (SD = 24%) post-visit. Higher AYA engagement (ß = 0.03, p = .01) and the absence of provider negative affect (ß=-0.15, p = .04) were associated with higher post-visit adherence, controlling for pre-visit adherence, AYA sex, age, and race, and clustered by provider. CONCLUSIONS: Post-visit adherence was higher when AYAs were rated as more engaged and providers as less negative. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: AYAs with lower engagement may benefit from further adherence assessment. Communication strategies designed to more actively engage AYAs in their care and diminish provider conveyance of negative affect during clinic visits may positively influence adherence among AYAs with CKD.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism and anemia in children treated by hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Many patients treated using hemodialysis remain anemic despite exogenous erythropoietin therapy, suggesting that the anemia experienced by these patients is multifactorial in cause. Iron deficiency, infection, inflammation, and malnutrition have been implicated in this process. Additionally, secondary hyperparathyroidism has been associated with anemia in adults, but few data exist about this topic in children. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional retrospective. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Children treated in hemodialysis centers (N = 588) within the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' 2002 Clinical Performance Measures Project. PREDICTOR: Intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels assessed in October, November, and December 2001 and categorized as quintiles. OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS: Achievement of serum hemoglobin level > or = 11 g/dL was assessed using Poisson regression adjusting for sex, age, race, dialysis vintage, vascular access type, single-pool Kt/V, serum albumin level, normalized protein catabolic rate, calcium-phosphorus product, and erythropoietin alfa dose. RESULTS: Using the second quintile (iPTH, 103-224 pg/mL) as the reference quintile, there was no association between iPTH quintile and achievement of the hemoglobin goal: quintile 1 prevalence ratio, 1.0 (95% CI, 0.9-1.2); quintile 3, 0.95 (95% CI, 0.8-1.1); quintile 4, 0.99 (95% CI, 0.8-1.2); and quintile 5, 0.97 (95% CI, 0.8-1.1). Only serum albumin level >/= 3.5 g/dL (bromocresol green assay method) or > or = 3.2 g/dL (bromocresol purple assay method) was significantly associated with meeting the hemoglobin goal: 1.4 (95% CI, 1.2-1.6). LIMITATIONS: The simultaneous collection of iPTH and hemoglobin limits causal inference. Iron stores and iron therapy are potential confounders not accounted for in this study. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest study of this topic in children, no association was found between iPTH level and achievement of a hemoglobin level > or = 11 g/dL. Serum albumin level was associated strongly with achievement of the hemoglobin goal.

Hospitalization rates and clinical performance measures in U.S. adolescent hemodialysis patients.

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Clinical Performance Measures (CPM) Project monitors clinical measure attainment in pediatric hemodialysis (HD) patients. Targets include hemoglobin ≥ 11 g/dL, albumin ≥ 3.5/3.2 g/dL (bromcresol green/purple), single-pooled Kt/V ≥ 1.2, and the use of subcutaneous access. We hypothesized that the achievement of multiple targets by adolescent HD patients is associated with decreased morbidity. Data on patients aged 12-18 years included in the ESRD CPM Project from 2000 to 2004 with Medicare as primary payer were linked to the U.S. Renal Data System data from October 1, 1999 to December 31, 2004. Hospitalization rates by number of targets achieved were determined with Poisson regression analysis adjusted for dialysis vintage, short stature, and race. A total of 1534 patients with 1774 patient-years of follow-up, with 580 hospitalizations, were included in the analysis. In their first year in the ESRD CPM Project, 22% of the patients achieved four targets, with 34 and 28% achieving three and two targets, respectively. Subcutaneous access was least frequently attained target; spKt/V ≥ 1.2 was the most frequently attained target. After adjustment, there was decreased hospitalization risk with increasing target attainment (incidence rate ratio 0.74, 95% confidence interval 0.67-0.80, p < 0.001). Based on this analysis, meeting adult-defined targets is associated with decreases in the hospitalization rate of adolescent HD patients. Tracking adult-defined HD measures is appropriate for assessing hospitalization risk in adolescent patients, although no evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship exists.

Predictors and consequences of higher estimated glomerular filtration rate at dialysis initiation.

There have been no studies in pediatric dialysis patients to evaluate the impact of higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at dialysis initiation on clinical outcomes. Baseline clinical and demographic information was collected for children aged 1-18 years undergoing incident dialysis from 1995-2002 within the United States Renal Data System. Baseline eGFRs calculated by the Schwartz formula were categorized as high (>15 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) or low (< or = 15 ml/min/1.73 m(2)). We determined predictors of eGFR at baseline, and associations between baseline eGFR and subsequent hospitalization for hypertension (HTN) or pulmonary edema (PE) in a longitudinal nonconcurrent pediatric end-stage renal disease (ESRD) cohort. Twenty percent of children had a high eGFR at initiation. Black children were less likely to initiate dialysis with a high eGFR [adjusted odds ratio (adjOR) 0.71, p < 0.001]. Girls were less likely to have a high eGFR at baseline (adjOR 0.71, p < 0.001). Children who received predialysis erythropoietin therapy were more likely to start dialysis with a high eGFR (adjOR 6.67, p < 0.001). Children with higher baseline eGFR were found to have a 21% decreased risk of hospitalization [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65-0.96, p = 0.02]. It is not known whether this clinical benefit will result in decreased mortality and complication rates from cardiovascular disease.

Executive functioning, caregiver monitoring, and medication adherence over time in adolescents with chronic kidney disease.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between executive functioning and caregiver adherence monitoring with objective antihypertensive medication adherence over 24 months in adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: Adolescents (N = 97, 11-20 years old) with CKD taking antihypertensive medication and their caregivers were recruited from three pediatric nephrology clinics. At baseline, adolescents and caregivers reported on adolescents' executive functioning and caregivers reported on their adherence monitoring. Antihypertensive medication adherence was objectively assessed via electronic monitoring at baseline and every 6 months after for 24 months. Associations between executive functioning, caregiver monitoring, and longitudinal adherence were evaluated with linear mixed models. RESULTS: Up to 38% of adolescents had elevated executive functioning scores indicating more severe impairments, with rates varying by scale and reporter (adolescent vs. caregiver). Caregiver monitoring showed a significant, negative association with adherence, but adolescents' executive functioning was not significantly associated with adherence. Neither variable was associated with the rate of change in adherence over time. CONCLUSIONS: Given that adolescents' executive functioning was not associated with antihypertensive medication adherence or changes in adherence over time, adherence to daily pill-form medications may involve less cognitive effort than more complex medical regimens. Higher levels of caregiver monitoring were unexpectedly associated with lower adherence levels. This unanticipated finding may reflect increased caregiver monitoring efforts when faced with adolescents' medication nonadherence, but this finding warrants further investigation. Adolescents with CKD who are nonadherent may benefit from medication adherence-promoting strategies beyond increasing caregiver monitoring. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Evaluating provider communication in pediatric chronic kidney disease care using a global coding system.

OBJECTIVE: Among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with chronic illness, effective provider communication is essential for patient-centered care during a sensitive developmental period. However, communication in chronic illness care for AYAs is not well studied. Our objectives were to describe the provider communication skills in pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) care visits; and determine if communication skills differ by AYA characteristics. METHODS: We adapted a global consultation rating system for pediatric subspecialty care using audiotaped clinic encounters of 18 pediatric nephrologists with 99 AYAs (age M(SD) = 14.9(2.6)) with CKD stages 1-5 and 96 caregivers. We hypothesized that provider communication skills would differ by AYA characteristics (age, gender, and race). RESULTS: The strongest provider skills included initiating the session and developing rapport; lowest rated skills were asking patient's perspective and checking understanding. Communication scores did not consistently differ by AYA age or race, but were rated higher with female AYAs in several domains (ps<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric providers generally had adequate or good communication scores with AYAs, but improvement in certain skills, particularly with male AYAs, may further support patient-centered care. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: To achieve consistent, patient-centered communication with AYAs, an observation-based global assessment may identify areas for provider improvement.

Patterns of use of vascular catheters for hemodialysis in children in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) and grafts (AVGs) have been associated with improved clinical outcomes in children and adults with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) therapy, but use of vascular catheters is high. Identifying the reasons for the high prevalence of vascular catheters in children on HD therapy is necessary to assess whether targeted interventions may increase the prevalence of AVFs/AVGs. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Children younger than 18 years on HD therapy in the 2001 to 2003 ESRD Clinical Performance Measures (CPM) Projects followed up in the US Renal Data System transplant files through December 31, 2004. PREDICTOR: Vascular access type and reasons for use of a vascular catheter. OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS: Demographic/clinical characteristics, including the reason provided for use of a vascular catheter, and the association of type of vascular access and (1) patient size and (2) time to kidney transplantation. RESULTS: Of 1,284 prevalent pediatric CPM patients examined, 529 (41%) had an AVF/AVG and 755 (59%) had a vascular catheter. Of 755 children with a catheter, "small body size" was a commonly listed reason (N = 142); 49% of these children weighed 20 kg or more. Of 53 patients with catheters described as having an "AVF/AVG maturing" and present in the consecutive ESRD CPM project year, 64% had a functioning AVF/AVG the following year. For those with "transplantation scheduled" listed as a reason for a vascular catheter (N = 83), 69% underwent transplantation within 1 year, and median time to transplantation was 115 days. Of all children with vascular catheters (N = 755), 32.2% underwent transplantation within 1 year, and median time to transplantation was 264 days compared with 21.7% and 347 days for those with AVFs/AVGs, respectively (N = 529). Of the 445 incident children in this cohort, 89% had a vascular catheter at dialysis therapy initiation. LIMITATIONS: Because of study design, only associations can be described. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular catheter use in children on HD therapy is high. This is partially explained by expeditious transplantation and technical barriers to AVF/AVG placement in small children; however, only one-third of patients with a vascular catheter underwent transplantation within 1 year. Interventions to decrease vascular catheter use in this population may be necessary.

Persistent low albumin and temporary vascular access in pediatric patients with SLE on hemodialysis.

Pediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often present with significant kidney disease. In a previous cross-sectional analysis, we showed that pediatric patients with ESRD secondary to SLE have lower serum albumin levels and less permanent vascular access for hemodialysis (HD) compared to pediatric patients on HD secondary to other causes. The goal of this longitudinal study was to determine if there was an improvement in these targets over time. To this end, we performed a longitudinal analysis of patients receiving HD in the ESRD Clinical Performance Measures Project 2000-2004 study years, comparing achievement of clinical targets between pediatric patients with SLE and pediatric patients with other causes of ESRD. In the longitudinal follow-up, pediatric patients with SLE were less likely to reach target albumin levels than other children with ESRD maintained on HD [odds ratio (OR) 0.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09, 0.35] and were less likely to have arteriovenous fistulas or grafts than other pediatric patients (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.23, 0.89). Pediatric patients with SLE maintained on HD are at particularly high risk for failing to meet some clinical targets that have been associated with improved long-term outcomes in other populations. This is true even as they remain on dialysis over time.

Identifying Gender Disparities and Barriers to Measuring the Status of Female Faculty: The Experience of a Large School of Medicine.

Background: Women in academic medicine are not attaining parity with men in several domains. This issue is not only one of fairness; some funding agencies are requesting data on gender benchmarking. However, most published reports on gender disparities have not included examination of trends or actionable recommendations to address them. Materials and Methods: The Dean of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine charged the Committee on the Status of Women (CSW) with conducting a comprehensive review of gender equity. In 2014, the CSW identified key domains important for academic success and created a sustainable framework to monitor trends by gender. Utilizing data from multiple key sources, the CSW measured differences in the domains of academic promotion, leadership, and satisfaction. Results: Gender differences were present in each domain. Data were not centralized and not readily available for most domains. The CSW recommended strategies to address gender disparities and created a set of measurable recommendations to monitor progress. The recommendations include requiring detailed descriptions of departmental organizational leadership charts; diverse compositions of both search committees and applicant pools; increased proportion of female faculty in top-tier leadership positions; and transparent departmental promotions criteria and processes. Conclusions: To maintain progress, we recommend that data be readily and easily accessible from a central institutional registry rather than come from multiple sources, that data be analyzed on a regular basis, and that results be shared across the institution to ensure transparency and accountability.