Investigating the Relationship between Sociodemographic Factors and Bird Identification by Landowners Across a Rural-to-Urban Gradient.

Social, cultural, and economic differences have been shown to influence ecological knowledge. Given the importance of ecological knowledge for appreciation and protection of nature, we sought to investigate the relationship between landowners' sociodemographic attributes and the number of birds listed by landowners on their property across a rural-to-urban gradient. We hypothesized that: (1) age and education would be positively related to the number of birds an individual listed, while gender would be unrelated to the number of birds an individual listed; (2) rural landowners would list a larger number of bird species due to their increased level of exposure to nature and place-based knowledge; and (3) the number of years spent living on a property would positively impact the number of birds an individual listed by increasing the amount of time possible to interact with nature. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a survey of ~1700 landowners (with 59% responding) across a rural-to-urban gradient in southeastern Michigan that asked questions pertaining to age, gender, education, property size, years lived on property, and bird identification. Age, education, and years on property were positively associated with the number of birds listed by landowner. However, sociodemographic factors interacted with the rural-to-urban gradient to determine how such factors influenced landowner listing ability. For example, females listed more birds than males on suburban routes, but not on urban or rural routes. Ultimately, sociodemographic factors were indicators of a person's ability to list bird species on their property.

Screening Options in Autism Telediagnosis: Examination of TAP, M-CHAT-R, and DCI Concordance and Predictive Value in a Telediagnostic Model.

Tele-assessment of autism in early childhood has increased. However, it is unclear how autism screening tools (M-CHAT-R, DCI) function as part of tele-assessment and relate to a commonly used tele-assessment instrument, the TAP. 361 families from a clinically referred sample of children (mean age: 27.63 months, sd = 4.86 months) completed the M-CHAT-R and DCI prior to a tele-assessment visit utilizing the TAP. Data was collected on demographic background, measure scores, and diagnostic outcome. No significant differences in measure scores or diagnostic findings emerged in age at referral, age group, age at diagnosis, or child sex, ethnicity, or racial background. The M-CHAT-R and DCI correlated strongly and positively. Older age was associated with lower risk scores on screening instruments. Children with autism had significantly higher scores on all screener and subdomain scores, with the exception of DCI Behavior. Subdomains of the DCI emerged as the strongest predictor of diagnostic outcome. Both the DCI total score and the M-CHAT-R significantly related to diagnostic outcome and TAP score in this tele-assessment model, regardless of child age or sex. Findings also support use of the DCI for children under 24 months of age.