Emergency Medical Services Provider Perspectives on Pediatric Calls: A Qualitative Study.

Objective: Previous research indicates that 9-1-1 response to incidents involving children is particularly distressing for emergency medical services (EMS) clinicians. This qualitative study was conducted to increase understanding about the difficulties of responding to pediatric calls and to obtain information about how organizations can better support EMS providers in managing potentially difficult calls. Methods: Paramedics and emergency medical technicians from a single U.S. ambulance service were invited to participate in focus groups about responding to 9-1-1 calls involving pediatric patients. A total of 17 providers from both rural and metro service regions participated in six focus groups held in community meeting spaces. A semi-structured focus group guide was used to explore (1) elements that make pediatric calls difficult, (2) pre-arrival preparation practices, (3) experiences with coping after difficult pediatric calls, and (4) perspectives about offered and desired resources or support. Focus groups were audio recorded and transcripts were analyzed using standard coding, memoing, and content analysis methods in qualitative analysis software (NVivo). Results: Responses about elements that make pediatric calls difficult were organized into the following themes: (1) special social value of children, (2) clinical difficulties with pediatric patients, (3) added acuity to already challenging calls, (4) caregivers as secondary patient, and (5) identifying with patient or patient's family. Pre-arrival preparation methods included mental or verbal review of hypothetical scenarios and refocusing nerves or emotions back to the technical aspect of the job. Participants described using available resources that largely took the form of social support. Suggestions for additional resources included: increased opportunities for external feedback; more frequent pediatric clinical training; institutionalization of recovery time after difficult calls; and improved storage and labeling of pediatric equipment. Conclusions: This study provides qualitative data about the difficulties of responding to pediatric calls and resources needed to support clinicians. Findings from this study can be used to guide EMS leaders in designing and implementing institutional initiatives to enhance training and support for prehospital clinicians providing care to children.

A mixed methods analysis of quality of life among late-life patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses.

BACKGROUND: Quality of life (QOL) is an important consideration for people living with advancing chronic conditions. Palliative care providers speak about how, despite physical decline in late life, many patients report growth and meaning in other domains. This mixed methods study uses QOL survey responses to explore domain trajectories and interview data to explore how patients with advancing chronic conditions experience distinct QOL domains. METHODS: The study sample includes 156 now-deceased participants who completed the FACIT-Pal quarterly, and 40 (10 now-deceased) participants who discussed QOL in an interview. Mean subscale scores were plotted over participants' last 18 months to reveal QOL trajectories. Interview data were analyzed to reveal how participants' experience, actions and cognitive processes influenced QOL scores. RESULTS: Physical and functional subscale ratings show gradual decline. Emotional QOL maintains with a small dip 2-3 months before death, and social QOL ratings improve in participants' final 3 months. Participants create and strengthen relationships that help them better manage health and receive instrumental and emotional support; seek activities in which they can find joy, meaning, and purpose; and support cognitions through which patients accept and communicate about illness, and emphasize positives. CONCLUSION: QOL domains exist in different trajectories. Despite physical and functional decline, participant ratings of emotional QOL maintain and ratings of social QOL improve at end of life. Understanding the processes through which participants countered declining QOL may help providers identify how to best support and promote improved QOL for patients during their final months.

Combining Best Practices and Patient, Caregiver, and Healthcare Provider Perspectives for Late-Life Supportive Care: LifeCourse.

Healthcare systems seek effective ways to support and treat the growing number of individuals living with serious illness. The nature of these care episodes challenges delivery systems to attain proficiency in dealing with the multiplicity of chronic conditions in individuals and populations through understanding and attending to patients' medical and nonmedical aspects of health. This article describes LifeCourse, a healthcare approach that provides palliative care practices to patients with serious illness years prior to death.

Real-World Treatment Patterns Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Initiating Treatment with Oral Semaglutide.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment landscape for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is complex and constantly evolving, and real-world evidence of prescribing patterns is limited. The objectives of this study were to characterize lines of therapy (LOTs), calculate the length of time spent on each LOT, and identify the reasons for the LOT end among patients who initiated oral semaglutide for T2DM. METHODS: This retrospective, claims-based study included commercial and Medicare Advantage adults with T2DM. Data from November 1, 2019, and June 30, 2020, were obtained from Optum Research Database. Patients with ≥ 1 claim for oral semaglutide and continuous health plan enrollment for ≥ 12 months prior to (baseline period) and ≥ 6 months following (follow-up period) the date of the first oral semaglutide claim were included. LOT 1 began on the date of the first oral semaglutide claim. The start date of any subsequent LOTs was the date of the first claim for an additional non-insulin anti-diabetic drug class or a reduction in drug class with use of commitment medications. The LOT ended at the first instance of medication class discontinuation, change in regimen or end of follow-up. RESULTS: Of the 1937 patients who initiated oral semaglutide, 950 (49.0%) remained on their initial regimen over the 6-month follow-up period, 844 (43.6%) had at least one subsequent LOT, and 89 (4.6%) had at least two subsequent LOTs. Among patients with more than one LOT, approximately 20%-25% used oral semaglutide as monotherapy or combination therapy during LOTs 2 and 3. Metformin was frequently used during treatment across all LOTs. CONCLUSION: This study provides insight for physicians and payers into the real-world prescribing practices within the first 6 months following oral semaglutide initiation and fills the gap in understanding the frequency of regimen changes in the constantly evolving and complex environment of T2DM care.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disease which, over time, can cause higher than normal levels of sugar in the blood (hyperglycemia) which can be harmful if not treated. Treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus can be complex, and how doctors prescribe medications is always changing. For some people with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are overweight or obese, it is recommended for patients to use certain medications that can help with weight management such as semaglutide and metformin. This study aims to fill gaps in current treatment knowledge about type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and their treatment of oral semaglutide. Researchers in this study explored how patients treated with oral semaglutide differentiated among line of therapies, how long patients stuck to them and why they stopped. The study found that those patients who started with oral semaglutide, almost half of those patients stuck to their initial treatment plan for the entire 6 months. When it came to the top ten treatment plans, about 20% of patients used oral semaglutide alone and about 25% of patients used oral semaglutide plus an additional treatment option. Metformin was frequently used during treatment across all line of therapies. There is little information on the real-life setting of treatment after the start of therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The results from this study show what happens when patients start using oral semaglutide and helps healthcare providers understand how often treatment plans can change in type 2 diabetes mellitus care.

Expanding the Palliative Care Domains to Meet the Needs of a Community-Based Supportive Care Model.

BACKGROUND: Whole person care is appropriate for seriously ill persons. The current framework of palliative care domains in the National Consensus Project (NCP) Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care offers an opportunity to reassess the domains of care delivered at home, earlier in the course of illness. OBJECTIVE: This qualitative study was used to test the applicability of a proposed, expanded set of domains. The results were used to inform a home-based, upstream model of supportive care for serious illness. METHODS: Quotes relating to the experience of late-life serious illness were derived from transcripts of 12 semi-structured group interviews conducted with patients, family, and professionals. Quotes originally coded to the NCP domains of palliative care were then coded to the proposed domain set, which included new categories of family/caregiver, legal/financial, and legacy/bereavement domains. RESULTS: A total of 489 quotes were assigned to the proposed expanded set of domains. One hundred one (19%) coded to the family/caregiver domain, 28 (5%) to the legacy/bereavement domain, and 27 (5%) to the legal/financial domain. Ninety-seven (87%) of the 111 quotes coded to family/caregiver had been initially coded to the NCP social aspects of care. Family/caregiver themes included challenges, rewards, insights, and family growth. CONCLUSION: The preponderance of family-related issues suggests that including the family domain may promote recognition and support of family caregivers and the services they provide. Although this study provides some support for including the legacy/bereavement and legal/financial domains, additional research is needed to determine whether there is a basis for including them in the domain structure.