[Cardioband®: Where do we stand, who are suitable patients?] / Cardioband®: Wo stehen wir, was sind geeignete Patienten?

Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is characterized by a dilatation of the mitral valve annulus resulting in an insufficient adaptation of the anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets and/or severe tethering of the leaflets due to dilatation of the left ventricle. The Cardioband® system was introduced in 2015 and is a catheter-based direct mitral valve annuloplasty procedure for treatment of FMR. In the European CE approval study 60 patients with moderate or severe FMR were analyzed per protocol. There were no device or procedure-related deaths. The technical success rate of the procedure, defined as successful implantation and tightening was 97%. At 1 year, the overall survival and survival free of hospital readmission for heart failure were 87% and 66%, respectively. Currently, various interventional treatment procedures are available, such as the edge-to-edge technique as well as direct and indirect annuloplasty. In summary, patients with FMR as a result of a dilatation of the mitral valve annulus appear to be suitable for direct annuloplasty with the Cardioband® system.

Pulmonary hypertension and valvular heart disease.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality in patients with left-sided heart disease, including valvular heart disease. In this context, elevated left atrial pressure primarily leads to the development of post-capillary PH. Despite the fact that repair of left-sided valvular heart disease by surgical or interventional approaches will improve PH, recent studies have highlighted that PH (pre- or post-interventional) remains an important predictor of long-term outcome. Here, we review the current knowledge on PH in valvular heart disease taking into account new hemodynamic PH definitions, and the distinction between post- and pre-capillary components of PH. A specific focus is on the precise characterization of hemodynamics and cardiopulmonary interaction, and on potential strategies for the management of residual PH after mitral or aortic valve interventions. In addition, we highlight the clinical significance of tricuspid regurgitation, which may occur as a primary condition or as a consequence of PH and right heart dilatation (functional). In this context, proper patient selection for potential tricuspid valve interventions is crucial. Finally, the article highlights gaps in evidence, and points toward future perspectives.

[Interventional catheter treatment of tricuspid valve regurgitation]. / Katheterinterventionelle Therapie der Trikuspidalklappeninsuffizienz.

BACKGROUND: The tricuspid valve can be considered the "forgotten" valve because in the past hardly any research has been conducted in this field and as a result only few therapeutic options existed. The prognosis of untreated tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is poor and mortality is high for patients with severe TR. Patients frequently return to medical practices and hospitals because of cardiac decompensation, with shortness of breath and leg edema. OBJECTIVE: Recent years have seen more development in catheter-based treatment options. Currently, several devices are in clinical evaluation, which are presented in this article. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A web-based literature search was carried out and information was gathered at international cardiology meetings (TCT 2016 in Washington, DGK 2017 in Mannheim, EuroPCR 2017 in Paris). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There are various options for interventional catheter procedures for TR, which are being investigated within the scope of clinical studies. Most aim at reducing the tricuspid annular diameter and optimizing leaflet coaptation. Because of these new therapy options patients can now be treated who were considered untreatable in the past because of the high perioperative mortality.

[Future interventional procedures for valve diseases]. / Zukünftige interventionelle Verfahren bei Herzklappenerkrankungen.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous valve therapies represent one of the most innovative areas within interventional cardiology in the past 10 years. AIM: The aim of this work is to give an overview of current and upcoming therapeutic options. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this manuscript, the results of a retro- and prospective literature research are summarized. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: With the introduction of percutaneous therapies for valvular heart disease, patients who were previously considered too ill for surgery can now be treated. The percutaneous treatment of aortic or mitral valve disease has become standard therapy. Likewise, promising results have been obtained for percutaneous treatment options for pathologies of the tricuspid valve, which are still under intense investigation.

[Mitral valve interventions: Where do we stand?]. / Mitralklappeninterventionen : Wo stehen wir?

Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) with resulting heart failure is one of the most prevalent types of valvular heart disease. Currently, various approaches to catheter-based therapy of MR are already available for patients deemed to be at high-risk for surgery. Most experience has been gained with the MitraClip® system. Technological developments in the field of catheter-based treatment of MR is advancing at a rapid pace, with treatment modalities suited for patients with both primary and secondary MR. Annuloplasty is the surgical gold standard, particularly for patients with secondary MR. For catheter-based therapy of secondary MR a distinction is made between indirect and direct annuloplasty, with the latter most closely corresponding to surgical ring implantation. Catheter-based mitral valve replacement is technically feasible at present; however, experience is still limited and only few reports have been published. Technological development is markedly slower than in the field of transcatheter aortic valve replacement, predominantly owing to the far more complex structure of the mitral valve. Positive experience has already been gained with catheter-based implantation of prostheses designed for the aortic valve into degenerated mitral valve bioprostheses and failed surgical mitral annuloplasty rings (valve-in-valve and valve-in-ring implantation). Further approaches to catheter-based treatment of MR in high-risk surgical patients are expected in the future.

[Imaging in mitral valve interventions]. / Bildgebung bei interventionellen Mitralklappeneingriffen.

Percutaneous cardiac valve interventions have significantly extended the therapeutic options for patients with diseased cardiac valves. Technical miniaturization and major advancements in cardiac imaging techniques are the cornerstones of this successful development. Regarding mitral valve interventions periprocedural echocardiography in particular is of uttermost importance. This review describes the state of the art echocardiographic imaging techniques focusing on the clinically established mitral valve interventions: MitraClip® implantation, percutaneous closure of periprosthetic leaks and mitral balloon valvuloplasty.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in nonagenarians: insights from the German Aortic Valve Registry (GARY).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of nonagenarians (≥ 90 years) with that of younger (< 90 years) patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in current practice. METHODS: Data are collected from the German Aortic Valve Registry (GARY), which was designed to evaluate current practice in the invasive treatment of patients with aortic valve diseases in Germany. Data were analyzed regarding procedural outcome, 30-day, and 1-year outcomes of nonagenarians in comparison to that of younger patients. RESULTS: Between 2011 and 2015, 2436/33,051 (7.3%) nonagenarians underwent TAVI and were included in GARY. Nonagenarians were significantly more often male (45.2% vs. 40.0%, p < 0.001), frail (38.7% vs. 34.7%, p < 0.001), and had higher EuroSCORE scores than younger patient group (23.2% vs. 17.0%). Nonagenarians were significantly less often treated via transapical access (16.3% vs. 22.3%, p < 0.001). Procedure was performed significantly less often in general anesthesia (58.2% vs. 60.7%, p = 0.02) in nonagenarians, while necessity of pacemaker implantation was significantly higher in nonagenarians (27.2% vs. 24.8%, p > 0.001). The incidence of other typical postprocedural complications such as severe bleeding events and vascular complications were comparable between groups. However, 30-day (5.2% vs. 3.9%) and 1-year (22.7% vs. 17.7%) mortality rates were significantly higher among nonagenarians and age ≥ 90 years could be identified as an isolated risk factor for mortality. CONCLUSION: TAVI is a highly standardized procedure that can be performed safely with high procedural success even in very old patients. Although mortality is significantly higher in these patients-most probably due to the intrinsic higher risk profile of the very old patients-the results are still acceptable. To optimize outcome, especially elderly patients seem to profit from a procedure under local anesthesia or conscious sedation, to minimize the rate of postoperative delirium and the length of stay and to facilitate early mobilization.

Health related quality of life after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in refractory cardiac arrest.

BACKGROUND: Recent data identifies extracorporeal cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (eCPR) as a potential addendum of conventional cardiopulmonary-resuscitation (cCPR) in highly specified circumstances and selected patients. However, consented criteria indicating eCPR are lacking. Therefore we provide first insights into the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes of patients treated with eCPR in a real world setting. METHODS: Retrospective single-center experience of 60 consecutive patients treated with eCPR between 01/2014 and 06/2016 providing 1-year survival- and HRQoL data obtained through the Short-Form 36 Survey (SF-36) after refractory out-of-hospital- (OHCA) and in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) of presumed cardiac etiology. RESULTS: Resuscitation efforts until initiation of eCPR averaged 66 ±â€¯35 min and 63.3% of the patients suffered from OHCA. Fifty-five (91.7%) of the overall events were witnessed and bystander-CPR was performed in 73.3% (n = 44) of cases. Cause of arrest was dominated by acute myocardial infarction (AMI, 66.7%) and initial rhythm slightly outbalanced by ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia (VF/VT 53.3%). 12-month survival was 31%. Survivors experienced more often bystander-CPR (p = .001) and a shorter duration of cCPR (p = .002). While mid-term survivors' perceived HRQoL was compromised compared to controls (p ≦ .0001 for PF, RP, RE and BP; p = .007 for GH; p = .016 for SF; p = .030 for MH; p = .108 for VT), scores however resembled HRQoL of subjects on hemodialysis, following cardiogenic shock or pulmonary failure treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). CONCLUSIONS: While HRQoL scores of our survivors ranged markedly below controls, compared to patients on chronic hemodialysis, following ECMO for cardiogenic shock or pulmonary failure most of the discrepancies ameliorated. Thus, successfull eCPR in properly selected patients does translate into an encouraging HRQoL approximating chronic renal failure.

Safety and efficacy of the percutaneous transaxillary access for transcatheter aortic valve implantation using various transcatheter heart valves in 100 consecutive patients.

OBJECTIVES: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) can be performed via the transaxillary approach, but data about complications and procedural outcome is limited. INTRODUCTION: TAVI is an established treatment option for patients at high risk for conventional aortic valve replacement. Nowadays, the transfemoral approach is the most commonly used access for TAVI. Nevertheless, the transfemoral access is not suitable in many patients necessitating alternative approaches. METHODS: We analyzed the outcome of 100 consecutive cases receiving percutaneous transaxillary TAVI at two different hospitals. Data were retrospectively analyzed by means of procedural, hemodynamic and clinical outcome. In addition, 1st versus 2nd generation devices were analyzed. RESULTS: Mean age was 78.2±2.1years and the logEuroSCORE I was 24.6±13.9%. Transaxillary TAVI was performed in 85% via the left and in 15% via the right axillary artery. Device success was achieved in 95%. In general, there was a clear learning curve with this approach. No patient experienced a major and 11% a minor access site complication. There was one procedural death (annular rupture) and one peri-procedural TIA. 23% of the patients received a new pacemaker. At discharge, effective orifice area was 1.94±0.16cm2 and the mean aortic gradient was 6.8±2.1mmHg. Moderate aortic regurgitation/paravalvular leakage was documented in two patients. Mortality rates at 30days and one year were 6% and 14.8%. Last but not least, 2nd generation devices showed improved procedural outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The percutaneous transaxillary access for TAVI is technically feasible and safe thereby yielding excellent clinical results. CONDENSED ABSTRACT: We investigated In 100 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous transaxillary transcatheter aortic valve implantation thereby demonstrating that this approach is technically feasible and safe with acceptable numbers of minor vascular complications.