Efficient and safe glycaemic control with basal-bolus insulin therapy during fasting periods in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes using decision support technology: A post hoc analysis.

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of basal-bolus insulin therapy in managing glycaemia during fasting periods in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a post hoc analysis of two prospective, uncontrolled interventional trials that applied electronic decision support system-guided basal-bolus (meal-related and correction) insulin therapy. We searched for fasting periods (invasive or diagnostic procedures, medical condition) during inpatient stays. In a mixed model analysis, patients' glucose levels and insulin doses on days with regular food intake were compared with days with fasting periods. RESULTS: Out of 249 patients, 115 patients (33.9% female, age 68.3 ± 10.3 years, diabetes duration 15.1 ± 10.9 years, body mass index 30.1 ± 5.4 kg/m2 , HbA1c 69 ± 20 mmol/mol) had 194 days with fasting periods. Mean daily blood glucose (BG) was lower (modelled difference [ModDiff]: -0.5 ± 0.2 mmol/L, P = .006), and the proportion of glucose values within the target range (3.9-10.0 mmol/L) increased on days with fasting periods compared with days with regular food intake (ModDiff: +0.06 ± 0.02, P = .005). Glycaemic control on fasting days was driven by a reduction in daily bolus insulin doses (ModDiff: -11.0 ± 0.9 IU, P < .001), while basal insulin was similar (ModDiff: -1.1 ± 0.6 IU, P = .082) compared with non-fasting days. Regarding hypoglycaemic events (BG < 3.9 mmol/L), there was no difference between fasting and non-fasting days (χ2 0.9% vs. 1.7%, P = .174). CONCLUSIONS: When using well-titrated basal-bolus insulin therapy in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes, the basal insulin dose does not require adjustment during fasting periods to achieve safe glycaemic control, provided meal-related bolus insulin is omitted and correction bolus insulin is tailored to glucose levels.

Impact of the Timing of Mechanical Circulatory Support on the Outcomes in Myocardial Infarction-Related Cardiogenic Shock: Subanalysis of the PREPARE CS Registry.

(1) Background: Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) in myocardial infarction-associated cardiogenic shock is subject to debate. This analysis aims to elucidate the impact of MCS's timing on patient outcomes, based on data from the PREPARE CS registry. (2) Methods: The PREPARE CS prospective registry includes patients who experienced cardiogenic shock (SCAI classes C-E) and were subsequently referred for cardiac catheterization. Our present analysis included a subset of this registry, in whom MCS was used and who underwent coronary intervention due to myocardial infarction. Patients were categorized into an Upfront group and a Procedural group, depending on the timing of MCS's introduction in relation to their PCI. The endpoint was in-hospital mortality. (3) Results: In total, 71 patients were included. MCS was begun prior to PCI in 33 (46%) patients (Upfront), whereas 38 (54%) received MCS during or after the initiation of PCI (Procedural). The groups' baseline characteristics and hemodynamic parameters were comparable. The Upfront group had a higher utilization of the Impella® device compared to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (67% vs. 33%), while the Procedural group exhibited a balanced use of both (50% vs. 50%). Most patients suffered from multi-vessel disease in both groups (82% vs. 84%, respectively; p = 0.99), and most patients required a complex PCI procedure; the latter was more prevalent in the Upfront group (94% vs. 71%, respectively; p = 0.02). Their rates of complete revascularization were comparable (52% vs. 34%, respectively; p = 0.16). Procedural CPR was significantly more frequent in the Procedural group (45% vs. 79%, p < 0.05); however, in-hospital mortality was similar (61% vs. 79%, respectively; p = 0.12). (4) Conclusions: The upfront implantation of MCS in myocardial infarction-associated CS did not provide an in-hospital survival benefit.

Safe and Sufficient Glycemic Control by Using a Digital Clinical Decision Support System for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in a Routine Setting on General Hospital Wards.

The aim was to investigate the applicability of a clinical decision support system in a real-world inpatient setting for patients with type 2 diabetes on general hospital wards.A total of 150 patients with type 2 diabetes requiring subcutaneous insulin therapy were treated with basal-bolus insulin therapy guided by a decision support system (GlucoTab) providing automated workflow tasks and suggestions for insulin dosing to health care professionals.By using the system, a mean daily blood glucose (BG) of 159 ± 32 mg/dL was achieved. 68.8% of measurements were in the target range (70 to <180 mg/dL). The percentage of BG values <40, <70, and ≥300 mg/dL was 0.02%, 2.2%, and 2.3%, respectively. Health care professionals' adherence to suggested insulin doses and workflow tasks was high (>93% and 91%, respectively).The decision support system facilitates safe and efficacious inpatient diabetes care by standardizing treatment workflow and providing decision support for basal-bolus insulin dosing.

Effect of home-based telemonitoring using mobile phone technology on the outcome of heart failure patients after an episode of acute decompensation: randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Telemonitoring of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is an emerging concept to detect early warning signs of impending acute decompensation in order to prevent hospitalization. OBJECTIVE: The goal of the MOBIle TELemonitoring in Heart Failure Patients Study (MOBITEL) was to evaluate the impact of home-based telemonitoring using Internet and mobile phone technology on the outcome of heart failure patients after an episode of acute decompensation. METHODS: Patients were randomly allocated to pharmacological treatment (control group) or to pharmacological treatment with telemedical surveillance for 6 months (tele group). Patients randomized into the tele group were equipped with mobile phone-based patient terminals for data acquisition and data transmission to the monitoring center. Study physicians had continuous access to the data via a secure Web portal. If transmitted values went outside individually adjustable borders, study physicians were sent an email alert. Primary endpoint was hospitalization for worsening CHF or death from cardiovascular cause. RESULTS: The study was stopped after randomization of 120 patients (85 male, 35 female); median age was 66 years (IQR 62-72). The control group comprised 54 patients (39 male, 15 female) with a median age of 67 years (IQR 61-72), and the tele group included 54 patients (40 male, 14 female) with a median age of 65 years (IQR 62-72). There was no significant difference between groups with regard to baseline characteristics. Twelve tele group patients were unable to begin data transmission due to the inability of these patients to properly operate the mobile phone ("never beginners"). Four patients did not finish the study due to personal reasons. Intention-to-treat analysis at study end indicated that 18 control group patients (33%) reached the primary endpoint (1 death, 17 hospitalizations), compared with 11 tele group patients (17%, 0 deaths, 11 hospitalizations; relative risk reduction 50%, 95% CI 3-74%, P = .06). Per-protocol analysis revealed that 15% of tele group patients (0 deaths, 8 hospitalizations) reached the primary endpoint (relative risk reduction 54%, 95% CI 7-79%, P= .04). NYHA class improved by one class in tele group patients only (P< .001). Tele group patients who were hospitalized for worsening heart failure during the study had a significantly shorter length of stay (median 6.5 days, IQR 5.5-8.3) compared with control group patients (median 10.0 days, IQR 7.0-13.0; P= .04). The event rate of never beginners was not higher than the event rate of control group patients. CONCLUSIONS: Telemonitoring using mobile phones as patient terminals has the potential to reduce frequency and duration of heart failure hospitalizations. Providing elderly patients with an adequate user interface for daily data acquisition remains a challenging component of such a concept.

Opioids for symptomatic therapy of dyspnoea in patients with advanced chronic heart failure--is there evidence?

In times of reduced mortality from myocardial infarction and ageing of the population, the number of patients suffering from chronic heart failure continues to rise. In spite of optimal cardiological treatment, many patients suffer from dyspnoea. The use of commonly used drugs in palliative care such as opioids for the relief of dyspnoea is uncommon in this group of patients. We conducted a limited systematic literature research in order to find out if there is evidence for the use of any systemic pharmacological substance for the symptomatic relief of dyspnoea in chronic heart failure patients. Three randomised controlled trials with opioids could be identified. The quality of the identified studies does not support the avoidance of the use of opioids in patients with chronic heart failure to relieve dyspnoea. But further studies are recommended to support the use of opioids in patients with chronic heart failure for relief of breathlessness to improve the quality of life of this growing population.

Clinical applications of cardiovascular magnetic resonance.

The clinical role of magnetic resonance in diseases of the heart and great vessels is rapidly evolving. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become an established non-invasive imaging modality for the assessment of various cardiac disorders, such as congenital heart disease, cardiac masses, cardiomyopathies, aortic and pericardial diseases. Moreover, due to its accuracy and reproducibility, CMR is currently considered the gold standard for quantification of ventricular volumes, function, and mass. Thus, this technique is ideally suited to assess the efficacy of therapeutic interventions on ventricular hypertrophy and remodelling, which may allow a reduction in sample size to show clinically relevant effects. Comprehensive functional assessment is possible by CMR due to its capability to measure flow velocity and flow volume, which is a basic requirement to quantify lesion severity in valvular heart disease. Within the past years, major technical advances have considerably improved acquisition speed and image quality making CMR a useful tool for the evaluation of patients with ischaemic heart disease. Although the clinical robustness of coronary magnetic resonance angiography still needs improvement, CMR currently provides valuable information to detect reversible ischemia, myocardial infarction, and residual viability. In this review we will present in detail the well-established indications of CMR accompanied by an outlook on new applications that are likely to enter the clinical arena in the near future.

Hemodynamic observations in two pulmonary hypertensive patients changing treatment from inhaled iloprost to the oral endothelin-antagonist bosentan.

Two female patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and a permanently implanted hemodynamic monitor changed treatment from inhaled iloprost to oral bosentan. The hemodynamic changes were seen very early after the first dose of bosentan and there was no need to re-establish inhaled iloprost.

Continuous haemodynamic monitoring during exercise in patients with pulmonary hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Right heart haemodynamic parameters can be recorded continuously with the help of an implanted haemodynamic monitor. Aim of the study was to assess the haemodynamic response with and without inhalation of iloprost during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in patients with pulmonary hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five female patients with documented pulmonary hypertension (mean +/- S.D. age 47 +/- 16 years, 4 arterial, 1 venous) previously implanted with a haemodynamic monitor underwent an incremental exercise test on 2 separate days. The tests were performed before and immediately after inhalation of a single dose of iloprost (17 microg). Parameters recorded by the device were right ventricular (RV)-afterload (RV systolic pressure, RVSP), RV-preload (RV diastolic pressure, RVDP), estimated pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (ePAD), heart rate (HR) and maximum positive rate of RV pressure development (RVdP/dt) (reflecting the dynamic and inotropic state of the RV). RESULTS: After inhalation of iloprost, RV systolic pressure was always reduced at rest. It was followed by an increase with higher workloads without any difference at VO(2peak). The time course of RV systolic pressure was not linear with a flattening at higher workload during the test. This behaviour was found irrespective of iloprost treatment. The remaining determinants of RV performance showed no relevant differences and a linear behaviour during the exercise test. CONCLUSIONS: Inhalation of aerosolised iloprost resulted in a reduction in right ventricular pressure at rest but not at maximal workload. The implantable haemodynamic monitor (IHM) may be useful for the evaluation of RV haemodynamics during exercise and in assessing treatment efficacy.

Standardized Glycemic Management with a Computerized Workflow and Decision Support System for Hospitalized Patients with Type 2 Diabetes on Different Wards.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the efficacy, safety, and usability of standardized glycemic management by a computerized decision support system for non-critically ill hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes on four different wards. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this open, noncontrolled intervention study, glycemic management of 99 patients with type 2 diabetes (62% acute admissions; 41 females; age, 67±11 years; hemoglobin A1c, 65±21 mmol/mol; body mass index, 30.4±6.5 kg/m(2)) on clinical wards (Cardiology, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Plastic Surgery) of a tertiary-care hospital was guided by GlucoTab(®) (Joanneum Research GmbH [Graz, Austria] and Medical University of Graz [Graz, Austria]), a mobile decision support system providing automated workflow support and suggestions for insulin dosing to nurses and physicians. RESULTS: Adherence to insulin dosing suggestions was high (96.5% bolus, 96.7% basal). The primary outcome measure, percentage of blood glucose (BG) measurements in the range of 70-140 mg/dL, occurred in 50.2±22.2% of all measurements. The overall mean BG level was 154±35 mg/dL. BG measurements in the ranges of 60-70 mg/dL, 40-60 mg/dL, and <40 mg/dL occurred in 1.4%, 0.5%, and 0.0% of all measurements, respectively. A regression analysis showed that acute admission to the Cardiology Ward (+30 mg/dL) and preexisting home insulin therapy (+26 mg/dL) had the strongest impact on mean BG. Acute admission to other wards had minor effects (+4 mg/dL). Ninety-one percent of the healthcare professionals felt confident with GlucoTab, and 89% believed in its practicality and 80% in its ability to prevent medication errors. CONCLUSIONS: An efficacious, safe, and user-accepted implementation of GlucoTab was demonstrated. However, for optimized personalized patient care, further algorithm modifications are required.

Continuous hemodynamic monitoring in pulmonary hypertensive patients treated with inhaled iloprost.

BACKGROUND: Aerosolized iloprost is used as an alternative to IV prostacyclin in patients with pulmonary hypertension. The desired outcome of this treatment is a reduction of pulmonary pressure, which can be measured by right-heart catheterization or Doppler echocardiography. However, both techniques provide only snapshots of the hemodynamic state. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The aim of our study was to test the usability of an implantable hemodynamic monitor (IHM) [the Chronicle, model 9520; Medtronic Inc; Minneapolis, MN] in patients with pulmonary hypertension. For this purpose, the device was implanted into five patients (mean [+/- SEM] age, 45 +/- 16 years; all women) with pulmonary hypertension who had received long-term treatment with aerosolized iloprost (100 micro g/d). Repeated short-term tests including two standard inhalations of iloprost as well as repeated long-term tests lasting 20 to 26 h, including nighttime, without inhalation were performed on an outpatient basis. RESULTS: The device provided information that was reproducible and individual for each patient during the entire study period. During short-term tests, pulmonary artery pressure was reduced from a mean (of all patients) of 68 +/- 13 to 49 +/- 11 mm Hg, with a mean total effective treatment time of 49 +/- 8 min. Thereafter, pulmonary pressure returned to preinhalation levels before the next inhalation. Long-term tests showed similar results. During a total recorded time of 15,876 min, the vasodilator effect lasted 2,140 min, corresponding to 13% of the whole time span. CONCLUSION: Our study provided new insights into the short-term and long-term effects of treatment with inhaled iloprost in patients with pulmonary hypertension. While there were no signs of tachyphylaxis, the improvement of central hemodynamics was much shorter than expected. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring with the IHM demonstrated the need to improve the treatment modalities of aerosolized iloprost in patients with pulmonary hypertension.

Austrian survey of treating heart failure--AUSTRIA.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of chronic heart failure is based on the results of large clinical trials, which form the basis of treatment guidelines, such as those from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). The aim of this study was to record treatment-modalities and the implementation of guidelines of chronic heart failure in clinical practice in Austria. METHODS: Overall 96 general physicians, specialists for internal medicine in private practice or in hospital outpatient departments participated in the survey. Physicians were asked to prospectively document 30 consecutive patients with chronic heart failure. RESULTS: 1880 patients were documented. The majority of patients were treated by general physicians (57%). Coronary artery disease was the most frequent aetiology for heart failure (47%). The most frequently used drugs were blockers of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS-blocker including ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor-blockers, 78%), diuretics (76%) and beta-blockers (49%). Other drugs like digitalis and spironolactone were used infrequently. Average doses of ACE-inhibitors were approximately 90% of those recommended by the ESC, average doses of beta-blockers were approximately 50% of those recommended. Treatment among the three classes of physicians differed with respect to RAS-blockers and beta-blockers, which were used infrequently by general practitioners. Both groups of drugs were given more frequently to younger patients (<70 years) while digitalis was given more often to elderly patients. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this survey suggest that Austrian physicians treating patients with heart failure use the appropriate drugs in dosages that are suggested by recently published guidelines (ACE-inhibitors and beta-blockers). However, dosages of spironolactone clearly differed from current recommendations.

Pericardiocentesis Guided by Contrast Echocardiography.

Although pericardiocentesis is a relatively safe procedure, there are some hazards, particularly when hemorrhagic fluid is aspirated. Having the opportunity to outline the space from which the fluid is withdrawn is of particular interest in this situation. A current technique of echocardiography with contrast enhancement involves injection of a few milliliters of agitated saline solution or reinjection of blood-stained fluid. Performing this procedure, we repeatedly observed a weak and inhomogeneous echo contrast; therefore, we evaluated the applicability of the ultrasound contrast medium SH U 454 (Echovist Schering, Berlin, Germany) for contrast enhancement in hemorrhagic pericardiocentesis. In all patients, pericardiocentesis was performed in a supine position by a subxiphoid approach. A Teflon catheter/needle unit attached to a syringe containing a few milliliters of contrast medium was introduced in the usual way. On the return of hemorrhagic fluid, 1-2 ml of Echovist was injected to provide contrast from the space from which it had been aspirated. We observed excellent contrast clearly outlining the pericardial space through the injection of 1-2 ml of contrast medium. No adverse or side effects were seen resulting from Echovist injection to the pericardial sac. In conclusion, contrast echocardiography appears to be a useful tool to secure the correct position of the needle during pericardiocentesis of hemorrhagic or loculated effusions. It is suggested that injection of Echovist should be considered whenever the contrast obtained by the conventional technique is poor and inconclusive.

[Heart rate and functional impairment are predictors of outcome in heart failure patients in the real world. Data from the Austrian Heart Failure registry]. / Ruhepuls und funktionelle Einschränkungen als prognostische Parameter bei herzinsuffizienten Patienten im tatsächlichen Leben. Daten aus dem Herzinsuffizienz-Register der ÖKG.

PURPOSE: Elevated heart rate (70 beats per minute-bpm or more) is a predictor of impaired prognosis in patients with ischemic heart failure. The Austrian Working Group on Heart Failure has established a registry in May 2006 for all patients referred to dedicated heart failure clinics with a planned follow-up after 12 ± 3 months. Here we report an analysis of the prognostic impact of elevated heart rate at referral in a well-defined cohort of heart failure patients. METHODS: Between May 2006 and October 2009 1904 patients have been documented in the Austrian Heart Failure Registry. One thousand threehundred and sixty three patients (72%) had sinus rhythm at referral. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to compare overall and cardiovascular mortality between high (70 bpm or more) and low heart-rate groups. Patients who were lost-to-follow-up (n = 166) were censored at the time of last contact. RESULTS: At baseline in 793 patients (58%) heart rate has been elevated (70 bpm or more) while in 562 patients it has been below 70 bpm, in 8 patients no baseline heart rate has been recorded. Groups were equally balanced regarding age, gender and cardiovascular risk factors with the exception of smokers (more active smokers in the high heart-rate group: 23 vs 14%; p = 0.001) and valvular cause of heart failure (more frequent in the high heart-rate group: 3% vs 1%; p = 0.012). Patients in the high heart-rate group had significantly higher median NT-pro-BNP (1470 pg/ml, IQR 499-4188 pg/ml) compared to patients in the low heart-rate group (784 pg/ml, IQR 314-2162 pg/ml; p < 0.001). NYHA functional classes III and IV have been more frequent in the high heart-rate group than in the low heart-rate group (32% and 22%, respectively; p < 0.001) while reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (39% or less) has been more frequent in the high heart-rate group than in the low heart-rate group (71% and 61%, respectively; p < 0.001). In the high heart-rate group treatment with beta-blockers has been less frequent than in the low heart rate group (76% and 86%, respectively; p < 0.01) while dosage of beta-blocker therapy has been comparable in both groups. Of the 75 patients who died within 3.5 years 38 deaths had a cardiovascular cause. Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that high NYHA functional class (III and IV) and elevated heart rate (70 bpm or more) were the best predictors of overall mortality while cardiovascular mortality could best be predicted by NYHA functional classes III and IV. CONCLUSION: Higher NYHA-functional classes and elevated heart rate are predictors of adverse outcome in chronic heart failure patients.

Early and sustained effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with moderate to severe heart failure and cardiac dyssynchrony.

AIMS: The Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) study demonstrated that cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) could reduce morbidity and mortality and improve cardiac function in patients with moderate or severe heart failure secondary to left ventricular systolic dysfunction and markers of cardiac dyssynchrony. The purpose of this analysis was to investigate the effect of CRT on plasma concentrations of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), a powerful marker of cardiac dysfunction and prognosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Blood samples were collected routinely at baseline and 3 and 18 months. Plasma was separated by cool centrifugation and stored at -70 degrees C until transported to a central laboratory for analysis of NT-pro-BNP using a standard commercial assay. Cardiac function was assessed echocardiographically. At baseline, median plasma concentration of NT-pro-BNP was similar in patients assigned to CRT or medical therapy [1920 pg/mL (inter-quartile range (IQR) 744-4288) and 1809 pg/mL (IQR 719-3949), respectively]. The differences in medians between the CRT and medical therapy groups were highly significant at both 3 months (537 pg/mL; P < 0.0001) and 18 months of follow-up (567 pg/mL; P < 0.0001). These differences could not be accounted for by changes in pharmacological therapy or renal function but were associated with improvement in ventricular volumes and function. CONCLUSION: CRT exerts an early and sustained reduction in NT-pro-BNP. This appears to reflect improvements in ventricular function. NT-pro-BNP may be a simple method for monitoring the effects of CRT.

Influence of beta-blocker use on percentage of target heart rate exercise prescription.

BACKGROUND: Exercise is recommended for cardiac patients irrespective of beta-blockers. Percentages of maximal heart rate (%HRmax) and heart rate reserve (%HRR) are widely used to determine training intensities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of chronic cardioselective beta blockade on the %HRmax and %HRR model. METHODS: Ten healthy male subjects randomly received oral placebo or beta-blocker bisoprolol (5 mg/day) for 2 weeks using a double-blind, crossover design. In the second week, the subjects performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test until exhaustion to determine the aerobic (AeT) and anaerobic (AnT) threshold. RESULTS: No significant differences were found for absolute and relative values of oxygen consumption, power output and ratings of perceived exertion at AeT, AnT and maximum workload. Mean HR was significantly (P<0.05) lower at rest (-15 +/- 5 bpm), AeT (-19 +/- 8 bpm), AnT (-22 +/- 10 bpm) and maximal workload (-19 +/- 11 bpm) with bisoprolol compared to placebo. Percentage of maximal heart rate (%HRmax) was significantly (P<0.05) reduced at rest (43 versus 39%), AeT (64 versus 60%) and AnT (86 versus 82%), a trend for a reduction was found for %HRR at AnT (75 versus 71%, P=0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Exercise prescription using %HRmax or %HRR methods are of limited accuracy for patients taking beta-blockers. Although %HRmax and %HRR are easy to determine and therefore attractive, we suggest that the most precise exercise prescription would depend on AeT and AnT. Percentages of maximal oxygen consumption or maximal workload or ratings of perceived exertion may be suggested as a substitute. Alternatively, upper limits for %HRmax and %HRR should be lower for patients taking beta-blockers.

Effect of beta(1)-selective adrenergic blockade on maximal blood lactate steady state in healthy men.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of taking bisoprolol (B), a highly beta(1)-selective adrenoceptor antagonist to that of a placebo (P) on maximal lactate steady state (MLSS), which reflects the transition from oxidative to partially anaerobic metabolism. Ten healthy male subjects [mean (SD) age 23 (3) years, height 181 (6) cm, body mass 76 (6) kg] randomly received oral P or B (5 mg x day(-1)) for 2 weeks using a double-blind crossover design. In the 2nd week, the subjects performed an incremental cycle ergometer test until exhaustion to determine the second blood lactate turn point (LTP(2)). At regular intervals of 24-48 h, the subjects performed 2-3 steady-state tests to determine the MLSS. During the incremental exercise, heart rate (HR) was significantly lower at rest (15 beats x min(-1)), at LTP(2) (23 beats x min(-1)) and at maximal power output (19 beats x min(-1)) when taking B compared to P. Oxygen pulse was significantly higher taking B and no significant differences were observed for any of the respiratory gas exchange measurements (RGEM) (oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, minute ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio), exercise intensity or blood lactate concentration (LA) at baseline, at LTP(2) and at maximal power output. During exercise at constant intensity, significant differences between B and P were found for HR [148 (12) compared to 176 (11) beats x min(-1)] and oxygen pulse [21.8 (1.9) compared to 19.2 (1.6) ml] at MLSS. No difference was found for exercise intensity [216 (18) compared to 218 (18) W], for RGEM, LA [5.3 (1.1) compared to 4.8 (1.5) mmol x l(-1)] and ratings of perceived exertion [18.1 (1.6) compared to 17.4 (1.7)] for B and P at MLSS. In both, the power output at LTP(2) was slightly higher than power output at MLSS (within an intensity step). Commonly measured cardiorespiratory and subjective variables determined during treatment with 5 mg bisoprolol can be used for testing cardiorespiratory fitness and for prescription of training intensity.