Outcomes of Prolonged Open Abdomen in Children.

INTRODUCTION: We sought to better characterize outcomes in pediatric patients requiring open abdomen for instability with ongoing resuscitation, second look surgery, or left in discontinuity or congenital or acquired loss of domain that may lead to prolonged open abdomen (POA) or difficulties in successful abdominal wall closure. METHODS: We performed a single-institution retrospective review of patients aged less or equal to 18 years who presented to our institution from 2015 to 2022. We defined POA as requiring three or more surgeries prior to abdominal wall closure. Descriptive statistics were performed using median and interquartile range. RESULTS: Median age was 15 years (interquartile range 0-6 years), 46% female, and 69% White. Survival rate was 93% for the entire cohort. The most common indication for open abdomen was second look/discontinuity 22/41 (54%). The most common temporary abdominal wall closure was wound vac (43%). Fifty eight percent patients achieved primary tissue closure, the remaining required mesh. Of the 42 patients, 25 required POA. They had increasing rate of secondary infections at 56% compared to 44% (P = 0.17). The groups were further divided into indications for open abdomen including ongoing resuscitation, second look/discontinuity, and loss of domain with similar outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest series of long-term outcomes in pediatric patients with an open abdomen, we found that a majority of children were able to be primarily closed without mesh despite the number of surgeries required. Further studies require a protocolized approach to improve the long-term outcomes of these patients.

Is There Still a Role for Peritoneal Drains in Neonatal Pneumoperitoneum? A Single-Center Experience.

INTRODUCTION: Although pneumoperitoneum from necrotizing enterocolitis or spontaneous intestinal perforation is a surgical emergency, risk stratification to determine which neonates benefit from initial peritoneal drainage (PD) is lacking. METHODS: Using a single-center retrospective review of very low birth weight neonates under 1500 g who underwent PD for pneumoperitoneum (January 2015 to December 2023) from necrotizing enterocolitis or spontaneous intestinal perforation, two cohorts were created: drain "responders" (patients managed definitively with PD; includes placement of a second drain) and "nonresponders" (patients who underwent subsequent laparotomy or died after PD). Antenatal/postnatal characteristics, periprocedural clinical data, and hospital outcomes were compared between responders and nonresponders using Student's t-test, chi-squared test, or Kruskal-Wallis test as appropriate, with P < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: Fifty-six neonates were included: 31 (55%) drain responders and 25 (45%) nonresponders. Birth weight, gestational age, sex, ethnicity, use of postnatal steroids, and enteral feeds were similar between the cohorts. Nonresponders had higher base deficits (-3.4 versus -5.0, P = 0.032) and FiO2 (0.25 versus 0.52, P = 0.001) after drain placement. Drain responders had significantly shorter lengths of stay (89 versus 148 days, P = 0.014) and lower mortality (6.4% versus 56%, P < 0.001). A subgroup analysis of the nonresponders showed no differences in birth weight, vasopressor requirement, FiO2, or postdrain base deficit between nonresponders who had a drain alone versus laparotomy following drain placement. CONCLUSIONS: PD remains a viable initial therapy for pneumoperitoneum in premature very low birth weight neonates (< 1500 g), demonstrating clinical response in more than half. Ongoing clinical assessment and judgment is imperative after drain placement to ensure continued clinical improvement.

Antifibrinolytic and Adjunct Hemostatic Agents: The Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation CollaborativE Consensus Conference.

OBJECTIVES: To derive systematic-review informed, modified Delphi consensus regarding antifibrinolytic and adjunct hemostatic agents in neonates and children supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for the Pediatric ECMO Anticoagulation CollaborativE consensus conference. DATA SOURCES: A structured literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) databases from January 1988 to May 2021. STUDY SELECTION: Use of antifibrinolytics (epsilon-aminocaproic acid [EACA] or tranexamic acid), recombinant factor VII activated (rFVIIa), or topical hemostatic agents (THAs). DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors reviewed all citations independently, with a third independent reviewer resolving conflicts. Eleven references were used for data extraction and informed recommendations. Evidence tables were constructed using a standardized data extraction form. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. The evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. Forty-eight experts met over 2 years to develop evidence-based recommendations and, when evidence was lacking, expert-based consensus statements for the management of bleeding and thrombotic complications in pediatric ECMO patients. A web-based modified Delphi process was used to build consensus via the Research And Development/University of California Appropriateness Method. Consensus was defined as greater than 80% agreement. One weak recommendation and three consensus statements are presented. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence supporting recommendations for administration of antifibrinolytics (EACA or tranexamic acid), rFVIIa, and THAs were sparse and inconclusive. Much work remains to determine effective and safe usage strategies.

Executive Summary: The Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation CollaborativE (PEACE) Consensus Conference.

OBJECTIVES: To present recommendations and consensus statements with supporting literature for the clinical management of neonates and children supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) from the Pediatric ECMO Anticoagulation CollaborativE (PEACE) consensus conference. DATA SOURCES: Systematic review was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) databases from January 1988 to May 2021, followed by serial meetings of international, interprofessional experts in the management ECMO for critically ill children. STUDY SELECTION: The management of ECMO anticoagulation for critically ill children. DATA EXTRACTION: Within each of eight subgroup, two authors reviewed all citations independently, with a third independent reviewer resolving any conflicts. DATA SYNTHESIS: A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases, from January 1988 to May 2021. Each panel developed evidence-based and, when evidence was insufficient, expert-based statements for the clinical management of anticoagulation for children supported with ECMO. These statements were reviewed and ratified by 48 PEACE experts. Consensus was obtained using the Research and Development/UCLA Appropriateness Method. Results were summarized using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation method. We developed 23 recommendations, 52 expert consensus statements, and 16 good practice statements covering the management of ECMO anticoagulation in three broad categories: general care and monitoring; perioperative care; and nonprocedural bleeding or thrombosis. Gaps in knowledge and research priorities were identified, along with three research focused good practice statements. CONCLUSIONS: The 91 statements focused on clinical care will form the basis for standardization and future clinical trials.

Safety and feasibility of conversion from venoarterial to venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pediatric patients: A case series.

INTRODUCTION: In children requiring venoarterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for long durations, conversion to venovenous (VV) support may be advantageous. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of conversion from VA to VV ECMO. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of all children who underwent conversion from VA to VV ECMO at a single institution, from 2015 to 2022. Indications for and methods of conversion were examined as well as adverse events including re-operation, ischemic complications, renal failure, and mortality. RESULTS: Of 422 pediatric patients on initial VA ECMO, 4 children (0.9%) underwent conversion from VA to VV support. The indications for cannulation were: respiratory failure due to COVID19, respiratory failure due to congenital diaphragmatic hernia, cardiac dysfunction following heart transplant, and sepsis with associated left ventricular dysfunction. The indications for conversion were bleeding from the arterial cannula and ongoing respiratory failure. The median time to conversion was 6.5 days (range 4-54 days) and the median length of ECMO run was 34.5 days. Three patients required renal replacement therapy with two progressing to long-term dialysis. There were no ischemic limb complications although one patient developed a femoral artery pseudoaneurysm that required re-operation. Three patients survived to discharge. One patient was unable to be decannulated after conversion and mechanical support was withdrawn. CONCLUSIONS: Conversion to VV ECMO from initial VA ECMO cannulation is feasible but a rare event. For patients with cardiac stability but continued need for respiratory support, conversion to VV ECMO can be considered.

Changing Landscape of Routine Pediatric Surgery for Rural and Urban Children: A Report From the Child Health Evaluation of Surgical Services (CHESS) Group.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the changes to routine pediatric surgical care over the past 2 decades for children living in urban and rural environments. BACKGROUND: A knowledge gaps exists regarding trends in the location where routine pediatric surgical care is provided to children from urban and rural environments over time. METHODS: Children (age 0-18) undergoing 7 common surgeries were identified using State Inpatient Databases (SID, 2002-2017). Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes were used to classify patient and hospital zip codes. Multivariable regression models for distance traveled >60 miles and transfer status were used to compare rural and urban populations, adjusting for year, age, sex, race, and insurance status. RESULTS: Among 143,467 children, 13% lived in rural zip codes. The distance traveled for care increased for both rural and urban children for all procedures but significantly more for the rural cohort (eg, 102% vs 30%, P <0.001, cholecystectomy). Transfers also increased for rural children (eg, transfers for appendectomy increased from 1% in 2002 to 23% in 2017, P <0.001). Factors associated with the need to travel >60 miles included year [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=2.18, 95% CI: 1.94-2.46: 2017 vs 2002], rural residence (aOR=6.55, 95% CI: 6.11-7.01), age less than 5 years (aOR=2.17, 95% CI: 1.92-2.46), and Medicaid insurance (aOR=1.35, 95% CI: 1.26-1.45). Factors associated with transfer included year (aOR=5.77, 95% CI: 5.26-6.33: 2017 vs 2002), rural residence (aOR=1.47, 95% CI: 1.39-1.56), age less than 10 years (aOR=2.34, 95% CI: 2.15-2.54), and Medicaid insurance (aOR=1.49, 95% CI: 1.42-1.46). CONCLUSION: Rural children, younger age, and those on Medicaid disproportionately traveled greater distances and were more frequently transferred for common pediatric surgical procedures.

High-risk Opioid Prescribing Associated with Postoperative New Persistent Opioid Use in Adolescents and Young Adults.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we explored which postoperative opioid prescribing practices were associated with persistent opioid use among adolescents and young adults. BACKGROUND: Approximately 5% of adolescents and young adults develop postoperative new persistent opioid use. The impact of physician prescribing practices on persistent use among young patients is unknown. METHODS: We identified opioid-naïve patients aged 13 to 21 who underwent 1 of 13 procedures (2008-2016) and filled a perioperative opioid prescription using commercial insurance claims (Optum Deidentified Clinformatics Data Mart Database). Persistent use was defined as ≥ 1 opioid prescription fill 91 to 180 days after surgery. High-risk opioid prescribing included overlapping opioid prescriptions, co-prescribed benzodiazepines, high daily prescribed dosage, long-acting formulations, and multiple prescribers. Logistic regression modeled persistent use as a function of exposure to high-risk prescribing, adjusted for patient demographics, procedure, and comorbidities. RESULTS: High-risk opioid prescribing practices increased from 34.9% to 43.5% over the study period; the largest increase was in co-prescribed benzodiazepines (24.1%-33.4%). High-risk opioid prescribing was associated with persistent use (aOR 1.235 [1.12,1.36]). Receipt of prescriptions from multiple opioid prescribers was individually associated with persistent use (aOR 1.288 [1.16,1.44]). The majority of opioid prescriptions to patients with persistent use beyond the postoperative period were from nonsurgical prescribers (79.6%). CONCLUSIONS: High-risk opioid prescribing practices, particularly receiving prescriptions from multiple prescribers across specialties, were associated with a significant increase in adolescent and young adult patients' risk of persistent opioid use. Prescription drug monitoring programs may help identify young patients at risk of persistent opioid use.

Procalcitonin and Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Differentiating Neuro-storming From Infection.

INTRODUCTION: Recurrent febrile episodes represent a diagnostic challenge in the pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) population as they may indicate presence of infection versus sterile neuro-storming. Procalcitonin (PCT) is a promising biomarker used in pediatric sepsis; however, data are limited regarding use in TBI. We hypothesized PCT helps discern neuro-storming from sepsis in children with TBI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-institution retrospective review (2014-2021) identified pediatric patients (aged 0-18 y) with moderate-to-severe TBI and intensive care unit admission > 2 d. Patients with multiple febrile events who underwent infectious evaluation including cultures and PCT drawn within 48 h of fever were included. Demographics, vital signs, infectious biomarkers including PCT, and culture data were captured. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine variables associated with culture positive status. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty six patients were admitted to the intensive care unit with moderate-to-severe TBI during the study period. Eighty five patients (54%) experienced recurrent febrile episodes. Twenty four (28%) met inclusion criteria, undergoing 32 total infectious workups. Twenty one workups were culture-positive (66%) in a total of 18 patients. Median PCT levels were not statistically different between culture-positive and culture-negative workups (P = 0.94). In multivariate modeling, neither PCT [odds ratio 0.89 (confidence interval: 0.75-1.05)] nor temperature [odds ratio 7.34 (confidence interval: 0.95-57.16)] correlated with positive bacterial cultures. CONCLUSIONS: In this small pilot analysis, recurrent febrile episodes were common and PCT did not correlate with sepsis or neuro-storming in pediatric TBI patients. Prospective protocols are needed to better understand the utility of PCT and identify predictors of bacterial infection to improve early diagnosis of sepsis in this population.

Pediatric Injury Transfer Patterns During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Interrupted time Series Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: With the expected surge of adult patients with COVID-19, the Children's Hospital Association recommended a tiered approach to divert children to pediatric centers. Our objective was understanding changes in interfacility transfer to Pediatric Trauma Centers (PTCs) during the first 6 mo of the pandemic. METHODS: Children aged < 18 y injured between January 1, 2016 and September 30, 2020, who met National Trauma Databank inclusion criteria from 9 PTCs were included. An interrupted time-series analysis was used to estimate an expected number of transferred patients compared to observed volume. The "COVID" cohort was compared to a historical cohort (historical average [HA]), using an average across 2016-2019. Site-based differences in transfer volume, demographics, injury characteristics, and hospital-based outcomes were compared between cohorts. RESULTS: Twenty seven thousand thirty one/47,382 injured patients (57.05%) were transferred to a participating PTC during the study period. Of the COVID cohort, 65.4% (4620/7067) were transferred, compared to 55.7% (3281/5888) of the HA (P < 0.001). There was a decrease in 15-y-old to 17-y-old patients (10.43% COVID versus 12.64% HA, P = 0.003). More patients in the COVID cohort had injury severity scores ≤ 15 (93.25% COVID versus 87.63% HA, P < 0.001). More patients were discharged home after transfer (31.80% COVID versus 21.83% HA, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Transferred trauma patients to Level I PTC increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The proportion of transferred patients discharged from emergency departments increased. Pediatric trauma transfers may be a surrogate for referring emergency department capacity and resources and a measure of pediatric trauma triage capability.

Evaluating the Regional Differences in Pediatric Injury Patterns During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Reports of pediatric injury patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic are conflicting and lack the granularity to explore differences across regions. We hypothesized there would be considerable variation in injury patterns across pediatric trauma centers in the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective study evaluating patients <18 y old with traumatic injuries meeting National Trauma Data Bank criteria was performed. Patients injured after stay-at-home orders through September 2020 ("COVID" cohort) were compared to "Historical" controls from an averaged period of equivalent dates in 2016-2019. Differences in injury type, intent, and mechanism were explored at the site level. RESULTS: 47,385 pediatric trauma patients were included. Overall trauma volume increased during the COVID cohort compared to the Historical (COVID 7068 patients versus Historical 5891 patients); however, some sites demonstrated a decrease in overall trauma of 25% while others had an increase of over 33%. Bicycle injuries increased at every site, with a range in percent change from 24% to 135% increase. Although the greatest net increase was due to blunt injuries, there was a greater relative increase in penetrating injuries at 7/9 sites, with a range in percent change from a 110% increase to a 69% decrease. CONCLUSIONS: There was considerable discrepancy in pediatric injury patterns at the individual site level, perhaps suggesting a variable impact of the specific sociopolitical climate and pandemic policies of each catchment area. Investigation of the unique response of the community during times of stress at pediatric trauma centers is warranted to be better prepared for future environmental stressors.

Lower extremity complications in children following femoral cannulation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

INTRODUCTION: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation strategies vary between adults and children. Femoral approach is common in adults and extremity morbidity is well-documented. Aside from limb ischemia, complications in children are theorized and have yet to be studied. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate implications of pediatric femoral cannulation. METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective review of children <21 years, undergoing femoral venoarterial (VA) or venovenous (VV) cannulation between 2015 and 2022. The primary outcome was incidence of lower extremity complications on ECMO (groin hematoma/hemorrhage, vascular thrombosis, North-South syndrome, compartment syndrome, limb loss). Secondary outcome was incidence of post-decannulation extremity complications (pseudoaneurysm, surgical site infection, vascular thrombosis, motor/sensory deficits). RESULTS: 29 children were cannulated via femoral approach. Most required VA support (89%). Common sites were right femoral artery (70.8%) and right femoral vein (56%). 18 patients (75%) had distal reperfusion cannulas (DPC) placed. Short-term lower extremity complication rate was 59%, most frequently groin hematoma/hemorrhage (30%) and North-South syndrome (19%). Compartment syndrome occurred in 3 patients (11%), though none suffered digit/limb loss. There were no significant differences in complications between cannulation approach (open vs percutaneous) or vessel laterality (ipsilateral vs contralateral). Of those decannulated (n = 15), median ECMO duration was 8 days. Following decannulation, 20% suffered pseudoaneurysm. Ten (63%) experienced ipsilateral motor weakness which resolved in 50% of patients at 1-month follow-up; 20% suffered sensory deficits all resolving by discharge. CONCLUSION: Approximately one third of children who underwent femoral cannulation suffered groin hematoma/hemorrhage and nearly 20% experienced North-South syndrome. Following decannulation, most had extremity weakness while sensory deficits were rarer. This marked risk of extremity morbidity prompts proactive inpatient monitoring and close surveillance after discharge.

Fetal Risk Stratification and Outcomes in Children with Prenatally Diagnosed Lung Malformations: Results from a Multi-Institutional Research Collaborative.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess current clinical outcomes in children with prenatally diagnosed congenital lung malformations (CLMs) and to identify prenatal characteristics associated with adverse outcomes. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Despite a wide spectrum of clinical disease, the identification of fetal CLM subgroups at increased risk for hydrops and respiratory compromise at delivery has not been well defined. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using an operative database of prenatally diagnosed CLMs managed at 11 children's hospitals from 2009 to 2016. Statistical analyses were performed using nonparametric bivariate or multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Three hundred forty-four children were analyzed. Fifteen (5.5%) fetuses were managed with maternal steroids in the setting of hydrops, and prenatal surgical intervention was uncommon (1.7%). Seventy-five (21.8%) had respiratory symptoms at birth, and 34 (10.0%) required neonatal lung resection. Congenital pulmonary airway malformation volume ratio (CVR) measurements were recorded in 169 (49.1%) cases and were significantly associated with perinatal outcome, including hydrops, respiratory distress at birth, need for supplemental oxygen, neonatal ventilator use, and neonatal resection ( P < 0.001). An initial CVR ≤1.4 was significantly correlated with a reduced risk for hydrops [area under the curve (AUC), 0.93; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.87-1.00]. A maximum CVR <0.9 (AUC, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.67-0.85) was associated with a low risk for respiratory symptoms at birth. CONCLUSIONS: In this large, multi-institutional study, an initial CVR ≤ 1.4 identifies fetuses at very low risk for hydrops, and a maximum CVR < 0.9 is associated with asymptomatic disease at birth. These findings represent an opportunity for standardization and quality improvement for prenatal counseling and delivery planning.

Disparities in the Management of Pediatric Breast Masses.

INTRODUCTION: Disparities in surgical management have been documented across a range of disease processes. The objective of this study was to investigate sociodemographic disparities in young females undergoing excision of a breast mass. METHODS: A retrospective study of females aged 10-21 y who underwent surgery for a breast lesion across eleven pediatric hospitals from 2011 to 2016 was performed. Differences in patient characteristics, workup, management, and pathology by race/ethnicity, insurance status, median neighborhood income, and urbanicity were evaluated with bivariate and multivariable regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 454 females were included, with a median age of 16 y interquartile range (IQR: 3). 44% of patients were nonHispanic (NH) Black, 40% were NH White, and 7% were Hispanic. 50% of patients had private insurance, 39% had public insurance, and 9% had other/unknown insurance status. Median neighborhood income was $49,974, and 88% of patients resided in a metropolitan area. NH Whites have 4.5 times the odds of undergoing preoperative fine needle aspiration or core needle biopsy compared to NH Blacks (CI: 2.0, 10.0). No differences in time to surgery from the initial imaging study, size of the lesion, or pathology were observed on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: We found no significant differences by race/ethnicity, insurance status, household income, or urbanicity in the time to surgery after the initial imaging study. The only significant disparity noted on multivariable analysis was NH White patients were more likely to undergo preoperative biopsy than were NH Black patients; however, the utility of biopsy in pediatric breast masses is not well established.

Predictors of Perianal Fistula Healing in Children With Newly Diagnosed Crohn Disease.

OBJECTIVES: Perianal fistulas are among the most severe complications of Crohn disease, but limited data regarding their outcomes are available in children. Our objective was to determine predictors of perianal fistula healing among pediatric patients newly diagnosed with Crohn disease. METHODS: This single-center retrospective study followed patients with perianal fistulas at Crohn disease diagnosis until fistula healing. Time to healing was analyzed using Cox proportional hazard regression models considering relevant covariates including patient demographics, disease characteristics, medical therapies [no anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α therapy, anti-TNFα therapy ±therapeutic drug monitoring], and perianal surgical procedures including fistulotomy, fistulectomy, removal of perianal lesions, seton placement, and incision and drainage. RESULTS: Of 485 patients identified, 107 (22%) had a perianal fistula at Crohn disease diagnosis. Multivariate analysis identified that perianal fistulotomy, fistulectomy, and lesion removal [hazard ratio (HR) 0.46; P = 0.028], non-White race (HR 0.30, P < 0.01), and male sex (HR 0.42; P = 0.02) were associated with delayed fistula healing. Faster fistula healing was associated with treatment with anti-TNFα with therapeutic drug monitoring (HR 1.78, P = 0.009). There were no other differences in healing by treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Fistulotomy, fistulectomy, and perianal lesion removal as well as non-White race were associated with delayed fistula healing. Anti-TNFα therapy was associated with faster fistula healing when combined with therapeutic drug monitoring, compared to all other medical treatment groups, including anti-TNFα therapy without therapeutic drug monitoring.

Switching to centrifugal pumps may decrease hemolysis rates among pediatric ECMO patients.

Recent advances in ECLS technology have led to the adoption of centrifugal pumps for the majority of patients worldwide. Despite several advantages of centrifugal pumps, they remain controversial because a number of studies have shown increased rates of hemolysis. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of transitioning from roller to centrifugal pumps on hemolysis rates at our center. A retrospective analysis of all pediatric ECMO patients at a single center between 2005 and 2017 was undertaken. Hemolysis was defined as a plasma free hemoglobin >50 mg/dL. Multivariable logistic regression was performed correcting for several factors to determine risk factors for hemolysis and analyze outcomes among patients with hemolysis. Significant findings were those with p < 0.05. A total of 590 patients were identified during the study period. Multivariable logistic regression for risk factors for hemolysis showed roller pumps (OR 1.92, CI 1.11-3.33) and ECMO duration (OR 1.002 per hour, CI 1.00-1.01) to be significant factors. Rates of hemolysis significantly improved following conversion from roller to centrifugal pumps, with significantly lower rates of hemolysis in 2012, 2015, 2016, and 2017 when compared to the historical average with roller pumps from 2005 to 2009 (34.7%). Additionally, hemolysis was associated with an increased risk of death (OR 3.59, CI 2.05-6.29) when correcting for other factors. These data suggest decreasing rates of hemolysis with centrifugal pumps compared to roller pumps. Since hemolysis was also associated with increased risk of death, these data support the switch from roller to centrifugal pumps at ECMO centers.

Management of Pediatric Breast Masses: A Multi-institutional Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The objective of our study was to describe the workup, management, and outcomes of pediatric patients with breast masses undergoing operative intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of girls 10-21 y of age who underwent surgery for a breast mass across 11 children's hospitals from 2011 to 2016. Demographic and clinical characteristics were summarized. RESULTS: Four hundred and fifty-three female patients with a median age of 16 y (IQR: 3) underwent surgery for a breast mass during the study period. The most common preoperative imaging was breast ultrasound (95%); 28% reported the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) classification. Preoperative core biopsy was performed in 12%. All patients underwent lumpectomy, most commonly due to mass size (45%) or growth (29%). The median maximum dimension of a mass on preoperative ultrasound was 2.8 cm (IQR: 1.9). Most operations were performed by pediatric surgeons (65%) and breast surgeons (25%). The most frequent pathology was fibroadenoma (75%); 3% were phyllodes. BI-RADS scoring ≥4 on breast ultrasound had a sensitivity of 0% and a negative predictive value of 93% for identifying phyllodes tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Most pediatric breast masses are self-identified and benign. BI-RADS classification based on ultrasound was not consistently assigned and had little clinical utility for identifying phyllodes.

Pediatric and neonatal extracorporeal life support: current state and continuing evolution.

The use of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for the pediatric and neonatal population continues to grow. At the same time, there have been dramatic improvements in the technology and safety of ECLS that have broadened the scope of its application. This article will review the evolving landscape of ECLS, including its expanding indications and shrinking contraindications. It will also describe traditional and hybrid cannulation strategies as well as changes in circuit components such as servo regulation, non-thrombogenic surfaces, and paracorporeal lung-assist devices. Finally, it will outline the modern approach to managing a patient on ECLS, including anticoagulation, sedation, rehabilitation, nutrition, and staffing.

Single-stage restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis in pediatric patients: a safe alternative.

BACKGROUND: Surgical management for refractory ulcerative colitis (UC) has been restorative proctocolectomy (RP) with ileal-pouch-anal-anastomosis (IPAA) done as one to three stages, with safety and effectiveness of a single-stage operation unclear. METHODS: Pediatric UC patients from 2004 to 2019 who underwent RP/IPAA in the initial operation were retrospectively reviewed. 1-stage operations were matched 1:2 to 2-stage operations using age, duration of disease, and disease severity. RESULTS: Ninety-nine patients (33 1-stage, 66 2-stage) were identified. The median total operative time was shorter in the 1-stage group (6 h:00 min vs. 7 h:47 min, p = 0.004). Total length of stay was shorter in the 1-stage group (9 vs. 17 days, p = 0.001). Rates of readmission were higher in 2-stage group (30 vs. 9%, p = 0.02). There was no difference in pouch leak rates (p = 1.00). Stricture rates were higher in the 2-stage group (50 vs. 16%, p = 0.005). Functional outcomes including pouchitis (p = 0.13), daily bowel movements (p = 0.37), and incontinence (p = 0.77) were all similar. CONCLUSIONS: Restorative proctocolectomy with IPAA in children with UC can be performed as a 1- or 2-stage operation with equivalent short-term, long-term, and functional outcomes in similar risk population. Our findings suggest 1-stage RP/IPAA operations without ileostomy are a safe alternative for patients considered for a 2-stage operation.

Venogram before long-interval repeat cannulation for pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

It is rare for children to receive more than one course of support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and in those who do undergo multiple episodes, the interval is usually days to weeks between events. Little data exists on re-cannulation years after an initial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation run, and late repeat cannulation can pose unique challenges. We report the case of a 10-year-old male patient with right jugular vein occlusion due to a previous course of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a neonate, who was successfully supported via central cannulation. This case demonstrates the importance of adequate imaging of target vasculature prior to attempting re-cannulation of a previously used vessel. Establishing a thoughtful strategy for late repeat cannulation is essential to achieve safe access in unusual and challenging situations.

Opportunities for the federal government to advance necrotizing enterocolitis research.

BACKGROUND: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal ICU with minimal progress in the research. METHODS: Federal webpages were queried to look for funding opportunity announcements (FOAs) and to develop lists of funded projects on NEC to identify gaps in NEC-related research topics. RESULTS: Over the past 30 years, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) issued two FOAs to stimulate research on NEC with $4.1 million set aside for the first year of respective funding. We identified 23 recently funded studies of which 18 were research projects, 4 training grants, and 1 conference grant support. Only one grant focused on parent and family engagement in the NICU. CONCLUSION: There are significant research gaps that can be addressed with adequate funding from the federal government on the prevention and treatment of NEC.