Effect of different doses of camelina cake inclusion as a substitute of dietary soyabean meal on growth performance and gut health of weaned pigs.

Camelina cake (CAM) is a co-product proposed as an alternative protein source; however, piglet data are still limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of CAM in substitution of soyabean meal on the growth, health and gut health of weaned pigs. At 14 d post-weaning (d0), sixty-four piglets were assigned either to a standard diet or to a diet with 4 %, 8 % or 12 % of CAM. Piglets were weighed weekly. At d7 and d28, faeces were collected for microbiota and polyamine and blood for reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and thyroxine analysis. At d28, pigs were slaughtered, organs were weighed, pH was recorded on gut, colon was analysed for volatile fatty acids (VFA) and jejunum was used for morphological and gene expression analysis. Data analysis was carried out using a mixed model including diet, pen and litter as factors; linear and quadratic contrasts were tested. CAM linearly reduced the average daily gain from d0-d7, d0-d14, d0-d21 and d0-d28 (P ≤ 0·01). From d0-d7 increasing CAM linearly decreased feed intake (P = 0·04) and increased linearly the feed to gain (P = 0·004). CAM increased linearly the liver weight (P < 0·0001) and affected the cadaverine (P < 0·001). The diet did not affect the ROM, thyroxine, intestinal pH, VFA and morphology. All doses of CAM increased the α diversity indices at d28 (P < 0·05). CAM at 4 % promoted the abundance of Butyricicoccaceae_UCG-008. Feeding with CAM enhanced resilience in the gut microbiome and can be evaluated as a potential alternative protein source with dose-dependent limitations on piglet growth performance.

Evaluation of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz meal as an alternative protein source in ruminant rations.

BACKGROUND: Camelina sativa (CS) is an oilseed crop used for biofuel production. By-products from oil extraction are high in protein and can be used in ruminant rations; more information about their nutritive value is required also considering the antinutrional factor content of the by-products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of CS meal genotypes in comparison with canola. RESULTS: Ten CS genotypes and one canola cultivar were evaluated. Meals were obtained from seeds after solvent oil extraction. CS average crude protein (CP) content (g kg⁻¹ dry matter) was 457. Numerical differences in lysine and sulfur amino acid content were observed among CS genotypes. Glucosinolate (mmol kg⁻¹) content was higher for CS (23.1) than canola (7.2). Sinapine content (g kg⁻¹) was lower for CS (2.79) than for canola (4.32). Differences were observed among CS genotypes for rumen undegraded protein (RUP). Average RUP (g kg⁻¹ CP) was 316 for CS and 275 for canola. CONCLUSIONS: CS meal has potential for use in ruminant rations as a high-quality protein source. In vivo studies are needed to compare CS with other protein sources used in cattle rations. Implementation of breeding programs for improved meal quality is recommend.

Effect of the dietary inclusion of Camelina sativa cake into quail diet on live performance, carcass traits, and meat quality.

The present research studied the effect of the dietary inclusion of 3 different camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) cakes on the live performance, slaughter traits, and breast meat quality of broiler quails (Coturnix japonica). With this purpose, a total of 480 fifteen-day-old broiler quails of both sexes were allocated to 48 cages (12 replicates/treatment, 10 quails/replicate) and received 4 dietary treatments: a control diet (Control), and 3 diets containing 15% of 1 commercial cultivar (Calena), and 2 improved lines (Pearl: low linoleic acid; Alan: low glucosinolates). During the experiment, individual live weight (LW) and cage feed intake were recorded to calculate body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). At 35 d of age, quails were slaughtered, and carcasses were weighed and dissected to compute yields. On breast (pectoralis major muscle) the measurements and analyses considered ultimate pH, L*a*b* color values, proximate composition, oxidative status, cooking loss and WBSF toughness. Broiler quails receiving diets with camelina cakes exhibited mortality and health status similar to the control. However, growth performance was impaired in camelina-fed groups, especially for Calena (P < 0.05). Overall LW and BWG were slightly lower, whereas feed intake was slightly higher in camelina-fed groups compared to Control (P > 0.05). Therefore, higher FCR was recorded for camelina-fed groups compared to Control (P = 0.0004). Moreover, breast meat from Calena treatment displayed higher water (P = 0.0170), and lower lipid (P = 0.0051) contents compared to those of the Control group, while protein and ash content remained unaffected. Heme-iron content and oxidative status of breast meat were not influenced by the dietary incorporation of camelina (P > 0.05). The research outcomes indicated that camelina cakes can be used as an alternative feed ingredient for broiler quails' diets, without compromising carcass yields and meat quality. However, as 15% dietary incorporation worsened live performance, the ideal camelina cake inclusion level should be thoroughly investigated as well as a parallel research effort into further reducing glucosinolates content of camelina.

Effect of Different Percentage of Camelina sativa Cake in Laying Hens Diet: Performance, Welfare, and Eggshell Quality.

Although camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] is a good source of protein, antioxidants, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, its antinutritional compounds limit its use in animal feeding. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of feeding laying hens with up to 20% of camelina cake from a breeding line containing a low level of glucosinolates on performance, welfare, and eggshell quality. Two hundred and forty Hy-Line® hens from 18 to 51 weeks of age were divided into three treatments: control (C), camelina cake 10% (CAM10), and camelina cake 20% (CAM20). Egg number was recorded daily, while egg weight, feed consumption, and mortality were recorded weekly. At 24 and 43 weeks of hen age, shell resistance to fracture was measured. Our results demonstrate no detrimental effects for CAM10 and CAM20 diets on feed intake, growth performance, and welfare. No difference in egg production was detected among the diets. The significant (p < 0.05) interaction of diet and age factors suggest that the addition of camelina cake, up to 20%, likely protects the eggshell of older hens. Our findings confirm that camelina cake might be an alternative and sustainable protein source for hens.

Isolation and characterisation of an lpa (low phytic acid) mutant in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Phytic acid is considered as one of the major antinutritional compounds in cereal and legume seeds. The development of lpa (low phytic acid) grains, resulting in increased mineral cation availability, is considered a major goal in the improvement of the nutritional quality of seed crops, especially those largely consumed in developing countries. From a mutagenized population of common bean we isolated a homozygous lpa mutant line (lpa-280-10) showing, compared to wild type, a 90% reduction of phytic acid, a 25% reduction of raffinosaccharides and a much higher amount of free or weakly bound iron cations in the seed. Genetic analysis showed that the lpa character is due to a recessive mutation that segregates in a monogenic, Mendelian fashion. Germination tests performed using varying ageing or stress conditions, clearly showed that the bean line lpa-280-10 has a better germination response than the wild type. These data, together with those obtained from 2 years of agronomic trials showing that the mutant seed yield is close to that of its parents and other evidence, indicate that the new lpa-280-10 mutation might be the first devoid of visible macroscopic negative effects in plants, pods and seeds.

Variability in Seed Traits in a Collection of Cannabis sativa L. Genotypes.

The seed of Cannabis sativa L. is an expanding source of proteins and oil for both humans and animals. In this study, the proximate composition of a collection of hemp cultivars and accessions of different geographical origins grown under the same conditions for 1 year was analyzed in order to identify potential accessions to improve hemp cultivars. Fatty acids, tocopherols, and antinutritional components, as well as concentrations of crude protein and oil were quantified. The seed oil concentrations varied between 285 and 360 g kg(-1) dry seed (DS), while crude protein ranged between 316 and 356 g kg(-1) dry matter (DM). The seed oil was mainly composed of unsaturated fatty acids and, as expected, the dominant fatty acids were linoleic and α-linolenic acid. A high variability among the cultivars and accessions was also detected for polyphenolic content which ranged from 5.88 to 10.63 g kg(-1) DM, cv. Felina was the richest, whereas cv. Finola had the lowest polyphenolic content. Regarding antinutritional compounds in seed, a high variability was detected among all genotypes analyzed and phytic acid was particularly abundant (ranging between 43 and 75 g kg(-1) DM). In conclusion, our results reveal noticeable differences among hemp seed genotypes for antinutritional components, oil and protein content. Collectively, this study suggests that the hemp seed is an interesting product in terms of protein, oil and antioxidant molecules but a reduction of phytic acid would be desirable for both humans and monogastric animals. The high variability detected among the different genotypes indicates that an improvement of hemp seed might be possible by conventional and/or molecular breeding.

Molecular characterization of edestin gene family in Cannabis sativa L.

Globulins are the predominant class of seed storage proteins in a wide variety of plants. In many plant species globulins are present in several isoforms encoded by gene families. The major seed storage protein of Cannabis sativa L. is the globulin edestin, widely known for its nutritional potential. In this work, we report the isolation of seven cDNAs encoding for edestin from the C. sativa variety Carmagnola. Southern blot hybridization is in agreement with the number of identified edestin genes. All seven sequences showed the characteristic globulin features, but they result to be divergent members/forms of two edestin types. According to their sequence similarity four forms named CsEde1A, CsEde1B, CsEde1C, CsEde1D have been assigned to the edestin type 1 and the three forms CsEde2A, CsEde2B, CsEde2C to the edestin type 2. Analysis of the coding sequences revealed a high percentage of similarity (98-99%) among the different forms belonging to the same type, which decreased significantly to approximately 64% between the forms belonging to different types. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that both edestin types are expressed in developing hemp seeds and the amount of CsEde1 was 4.44 ± 0.10 higher than CsEde2. Both edestin types exhibited a high percentage of arginine (11-12%), but CsEde2 resulted particularly rich in methionine residues (2.36%) respect to CsEde1 (0.82%). The amino acid composition determined in CsEde1 and CsEde2 types suggests that these seed proteins can be used to improve the nutritional quality of plant food-stuffs.

Distribution of highly repeated DNA sequences in species of the genus Lens Miller.

Multiple-target fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied on mitotic chromosomes of seven Lens taxa using two highly repetitive sequences (pLc30 and pLc7) isolated from the cultivated lentil and the multigene families for the 18S-5.8S-25S (pTa71) and 5S rRNA (pTa794) from wheat simultaneously as probes. The number and location of pLc30 and pLc7 sites on chromosomes varied markedly among the species, whereas the hybridization pattern of 5S rDNA and 18S-5.8S-25S rDNA was less variable. In general, each species showed a typical FISH karyotype and few differences were observed among accessions belonging to the same species, except for the accessions of Lens odemensis. The most similar FISH karyotype to the cultivated lentil is that of Lens culinaris subsp. orientalis, whereas Lens nigricans and Lens tomentosus are the two species that showed the most divergent FISH patterns compared with all taxa for number and location of pLc30 and 18S-5.8S-25S rDNA sites.

ITS sequence analysis and phylogenetic inference in the genus Lens mill.

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA from cultivated lentil (Lens culinaris subsp. culinaris) and its wild relatives was isolated and analysed for nucleotide sequence variation. Sequence divergence values ranged from no polymorphism within single species and between the cultigen and one accession of its wild progenitor (L. culinaris subsp. orientalis) to 14 base substitutions between L. nigricans and L. lamottei. Jukes and Cantor distance ranged from 0 to 1.79 %. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the divergence of L. nigricans from all species, and the closeness of cultivated lentil to its wild progenitor, although two gene pools could possibly be identified in subsp. orientalis. Based on this study, the two recently recognized species, L. lamottei and L. tomentosus were separated from the other species. Each wild species showed peculiar autapomorphies and, in general, did not display much variation among accessions. The trees using chickpea as an outgroup formed two main clusters, one constituted by L. nigricans only and the other including the remaining taxa. Within this larger group, small subclades could be identified.

The cytogenetics and molecular characteristics of a translocated chromosome 1AS.1AL-1DL with a Glu-D1 locus in durum wheat.

Wheat quality depends directly on the grain protein content and protein composition. High and low molecular weight glutenin subunits play an important role in determining the visco-elastic properties of gluten. In an attempt to improve the breadmaking quality of hexaploid triticale, a fragment of wheat chromosome 1D, containing the Glu-D1 allele encoding the 5+10 subunits, was translocated to the long arm of chromosome 1A by Lukaszewski and Curtis. The 1A.1D translocation chromosome was transferred to tetraploid wheat, making the Glu-D1 locus available for the improvement of durum wheat. The goal of this study was to evaluate using cytogenetics and molecular approaches the amount of chromatin introgressed in durum wheat. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with total genomic DNA (GISH) of Aegilops squarrosa L. indicated that the translocated chromosome 1A.1D had a terminal 1DL segment of about 35-40% of the recombinant arm length. Several pairs of microsatellite primers from chromosome 1A and 1D were used to genetically characterize the recombinant chromosome. The mapping data indicated that a 1AL segment, at least 150 cM long, was substituted by a 1DL segment with a minimal length of 72 cM, and that the translocation breakpoint was near the 1A centromeric region. The genetic and physical data highlight a substantial discrepancy between the recombinational and physical map distances. We are using a targeted strategy via the Ph pairing manipulation system to generate small intercalary 1D chromosome segments in a durum wheat background.

Assessing the impact of dietary Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz inclusion on meat quality and sensory traits of growing rabbits.

This study investigated the effects of dietary Camelina sativa oilseed cake (CSC) inclusion on the meat quality and sensory traits of growing rabbits. A total of 168 crossbred 32-day-old rabbits (both sexes) were randomly allocated into three experimental groups: a Control diet (10 % rapeseed oilseed cake as main crude protein source), CS5 diet (5 % rapeseed oilseed cake and 5 % CSC), and CS10 diet (10 % CSC). After slaughter (74 days of age), longissimus lumborum (LL) muscles and hind legs (HL) were dissected and their meat were evaluated for physical traits (LL and biceps femoris; BF), sensory attributes (LL), proximate composition and fatty acid (FA) profile (whole HL). The CSC inclusion did not significantly affect physical meat traits, except for yellowness, which decreased (P < 0.05) in both BF and LL muscles. Meat water content decreased linearly with CSC inclusion (P < 0.05). The FA profile of the HL meat was modified in rabbits fed CSC-containing diet: decreased saturated FA (P < 0.001) and monounsaturated FA (P < 0.001) and increased polyunsaturated FA (P < 0.001). Omega-3 FA content linearly increased with the CSC inclusion level (P < 0.001) and, consequently, the n-6/n-3 ratio decreased (halved ratio in CS10 compared to Control; P < 0.001). The CS10 treatment had the highest fatty flavour, rancid flavour, abnormal flavour intensity, and overall flavour intensity. However, overall acceptance was not affected. These findings suggest that CSC can be a viable protein source for sustainable rabbit production and healthy meat for consumers.