Heterologous survey of 130 DNA transposons in human cells highlights their functional divergence and expands the genome engineering toolbox.

Experimental studies on DNA transposable elements (TEs) have been limited in scale, leading to a lack of understanding of the factors influencing transposition activity, evolutionary dynamics, and application potential as genome engineering tools. We predicted 130 active DNA TEs from 102 metazoan genomes and evaluated their activity in human cells. We identified 40 active (integration-competent) TEs, surpassing the cumulative number (20) of TEs found previously. With this unified comparative data, we found that the Tc1/mariner superfamily exhibits elevated activity, potentially explaining their pervasive horizontal transfers. Further functional characterization of TEs revealed additional divergence in features such as insertion bias. Remarkably, in CAR-T therapy for hematological and solid tumors, Mariner2_AG (MAG), the most active DNA TE identified, largely outperformed two widely used vectors, the lentiviral vector and the TE-based vector SB100X. Overall, this study highlights the varied transposition features and evolutionary dynamics of DNA TEs and increases the TE toolbox diversity.

A KDPG sensor RccR governs Pseudomonas aeruginosa carbon metabolism and aminoglycoside antibiotic tolerance.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa harbors sophisticated transcription factor (TF) networks to coordinately regulate cellular metabolic states for rapidly adapting to changing environments. The extraordinary capacity in fine-tuning the metabolic states enables its success in tolerance to antibiotics and evading host immune defenses. However, the linkage among transcriptional regulation, metabolic states and antibiotic tolerance in P. aeruginosa remains largely unclear. By screening the P. aeruginosa TF mutant library constructed by CRISPR/Cas12k-guided transposase, we identify that rccR (PA5438) is a major genetic determinant in aminoglycoside antibiotic tolerance, the deletion of which substantially enhances bacterial tolerance. We further reveal the inhibitory roles of RccR in pyruvate metabolism (aceE/F) and glyoxylate shunt pathway (aceA and glcB), and overexpression of aceA or glcB enhances bacterial tolerance. Moreover, we identify that 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) is a signal molecule that directly binds to RccR. Structural analysis of the RccR/KDPG complex reveals the detailed interactions. Substitution of the key residue R152, K270 or R277 with alanine abolishes KDPG sensing by RccR and impairs bacterial growth with glycerol or glucose as the sole carbon source. Collectively, our study unveils the connection between aminoglycoside antibiotic tolerance and RccR-mediated central carbon metabolism regulation in P. aeruginosa, and elucidates the KDPG-sensing mechanism by RccR.

Highly selective NH3 synthesis from N2 on electron-rich Bi0 in a pressurized electrolyzer.

Electrochemical conversion of N2 into ammonia presents a sustainable pathway to produce hydrogen storage carrier but yet requires further advancement in electrocatalyst design and electrolyzer integration. This technology suffers from low selectivity and yield owing to the extremely strong N≡N bond and the exceptionally low solubility of N2 in aqueous systems. A high NH3 synthesis performance is restricted by the high activation energy of N≡N bond and the supply insufficiency of N2 to active sites. This paper describes the introduction of electron-rich Bi0 sites into Ag catalysts with a high-pressure electrolyzer that enables a dramatically enhanced Faradaic efficiency of 44.0% and yield of 28.43 µg cm-2 h-1 at 4.0 MPa. Combined with density functional theory results, in situ attenuated total reflectance surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy demonstrates that N2 reduction reaction follows an associative mechanism, in which a high coverage of N-N bond and -NH2 intermediates suggest electron-rich Bi0 boosts sound activation of N2 molecules and low hydrogenation barrier. The proposed strategy of engineering electrochemical catalysts and devices provides powerful guidelines for achieving industrial-level green ammonia production.

Sensing prior constraints in deep neural networks for solving exploration geophysical problems.

One of the key objectives in geophysics is to characterize the subsurface through the process of analyzing and interpreting geophysical field data that are typically acquired at the surface. Data-driven deep learning methods have enormous potential for accelerating and simplifying the process but also face many challenges, including poor generalizability, weak interpretability, and physical inconsistency. We present three strategies for imposing domain knowledge constraints on deep neural networks (DNNs) to help address these challenges. The first strategy is to integrate constraints into data by generating synthetic training datasets through geological and geophysical forward modeling and properly encoding prior knowledge as part of the input fed into the DNNs. The second strategy is to design nontrainable custom layers of physical operators and preconditioners in the DNN architecture to modify or shape feature maps calculated within the network to make them consistent with the prior knowledge. The final strategy is to implement prior geological information and geophysical laws as regularization terms in loss functions for training the DNNs. We discuss the implementation of these strategies in detail and demonstrate their effectiveness by applying them to geophysical data processing, imaging, interpretation, and subsurface model building.

Paternal USP26 mutations raise Klinefelter syndrome risk in the offspring of mice and humans.

Current understanding holds that Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is not inherited, but arises randomly during meiosis. Whether there is any genetic basis for the origin of KS is unknown. Here, guided by our identification of some USP26 variations apparently associated with KS, we found that knockout of Usp26 in male mice resulted in the production of 41, XXY offspring. USP26 protein is localized at the XY body, and the disruption of Usp26 causes incomplete sex chromosome pairing by destabilizing TEX11. The unpaired sex chromosomes then result in XY aneuploid spermatozoa. Consistent with our mouse results, a clinical study shows that some USP26 variations increase the proportion of XY aneuploid spermatozoa in fertile men, and we identified two families with KS offspring wherein the father of the KS patient harbored a USP26-mutated haplotype, further supporting that paternal USP26 mutation can cause KS offspring production. Thus, some KS should originate from XY spermatozoa, and paternal USP26 mutations increase the risk of producing KS offspring.

HucMSCs Delay Muscle Atrophy After Peripheral Nerve Injury Through Exosomes by Repressing Muscle-Specific Ubiquitin Ligases.

Cell therapy based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) alleviate muscle atrophy caused by diabetes and aging; however, the impact of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on muscle atrophy following nerve injury and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of human umbilical cord MSCs (hucMSCs) and hucMSC-derived exosomes (hucMSC-EXOs) for muscle atrophy following nerve injury and identified the underlying molecular mechanisms. Sciatic nerve crush injury in rats and the induction of myotubes in L6 cells were used to determine the ameliorating effect of hucMSCs and hucMSC-EXOs on muscle atrophy. Q-PCR and Western blot analyses were used to measure the expression of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases Fbxo32 (Atrogin1, MAFbx) and Trim63 (MuRF-1). Dual-luciferase reporter gene experiments were conducted to validate the direct binding of miRNAs to their target genes. Local injection of hucMSCs and hucMSC-EXOs mitigated atrophy in the rat gastrocnemius muscle following sciatic nerve crush injury. In vitro, hucMSC-EXOs alleviated atrophy in L6 myotubes. Mechanistic analysis indicated the upregulation of miR-23b-3p levels in L6 myotubes following hucMSC-EXOs treatment. MiR-23b-3p significantly inhibited the expression of its target genes, Fbxo32 and Trim63, and suppressed myotube atrophy. Notably, an miR-23b-3p inhibitor reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-23b-3p on myotube atrophy in vitro. These results suggest that hucMSCs and their exosomes alleviate muscle atrophy following nerve injury. MiR-23b-3p in exosomes secreted by hucMSCs contributes to this mechanism by inhibiting the muscle-specific ubiquitination ligases Fbxo32 and Trim63.

Atomically Isolated Pd Sites Promote Electrochemical CO Reduction to Acetate through a Protonation-Regulated Mechanism.

Electrochemical CO reduction reaction (CORR) offers a promising approach for sustainable acetate production, the promotion of which requires the control of multiple protonation steps. This paper describes the synthesis of atomically isolated Pd sites onto Cu nanoflakes to regulate the protonation of key intermediates. The Pd sites with moderate water activation capability are found to enhance the protonation of *CO at the neighboring Cu site to *COH, which is confirmed to be the rate-determining step through kinetic isotope effect studies. The formation of *COH-*CO is therefore promoted. Additionally, the Pd sites would preferentially protonate the C-OH group in *COH-*CO due to the spatial approximability and electronic modulation effects, generating *CCO for the selective formation of acetate. An acetate Faradaic efficiency of 59.5% is achieved at -0.78 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), with a maximum partial current density of 286 mA cm-2 at -0.86 V vs RHE. The optimized catalyst also exhibits long-term stability for 500 h at 100 mA cm-2 in a membrane electrode assembly. This work reveals a new promoting mechanism for selective CORR with simultaneous tuning of the structural and electronic properties of the proton-supplying sites.

Out-of-sync evolutionary patterns and mutual interplay of major and minor capsid proteins in norovirus GII.2.

Human noroviruses are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis, resulting annually in 219 000 deaths and a societal cost of $60 billion, and no antivirals or vaccines are available. The minor capsid protein may play a significant role in the evolution of norovirus. GII.4 is the predominant genotype of norovirus, and its VP2 undergoes epochal co-evolution with the major capsid protein VP1. Since the sudden emergence of norovirus GII.2[P16] in 2016, it has consistently remained a significant epidemic strain in recent years. In the construction of phylogenetic trees, the phylogenetic trees of VP2 closely parallel those of VP1 due to the shared tree topology of both proteins. To investigate the interaction patterns between the major and minor capsid proteins of norovirus GII.2, we chose five representative strains of GII.2 norovirus and investigated their evolutionary patterns using a yeast two-hybrid experiment. Our study shows VP1-VP2 interaction in GII.2, with critical interaction sites at 167-178 and 184-186 in the highly variable region. In the intra-within GII.2, we observed no temporal co-evolution between VP1 and VP2 of GII.2. Notable distinctions were observed in the interaction intensity of VP2 among inter-genotype (P<0.05), highlighting the divergent evolutionary patterns of VP2 within different norovirus genotypes. In summary, the interactions between VP2 and VP1 of GII.2 norovirus exhibit out-of-sync evolutionary patterns. This study offered valuable insights for further understanding and completing the evolutionary mechanism of norovirus.

Long-term survivals of immune checkpoint inhibitors as neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy in dMMR/MSI-H colorectal and gastric cancers.

BACKGROUND: The long-term survival benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings is unclear for colorectal cancers (CRC) and gastric cancers (GC) with deficiency of mismatch repair (dMMR) or microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H). METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled patients with dMMR/MSI-H CRC and GC who received at least one dose of neoadjuvant ICIs (neoadjuvant cohort, NAC) or adjuvant ICIs (adjuvant cohort, AC) at 17 centers in China. Patients with stage IV disease were also eligible if all tumor lesions were radically resectable. RESULTS: In NAC (n = 124), objective response rates were 75.7% and 55.4%, respectively, in CRC and GC, and pathological complete response rates were 73.4% and 47.7%, respectively. The 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 96% (95%CI 90-100%) and 100% for CRC (median follow-up [mFU] 29.4 months), respectively, and were 84% (72-96%) and 93% (85-100%) for GC (mFU 33.0 months), respectively. In AC (n = 48), the 3-year DFS and OS rates were 94% (84-100%) and 100% for CRC (mFU 35.5 months), respectively, and were 92% (82-100%) and 96% (88-100%) for GC (mFU 40.4 months), respectively. Among the seven patients with distant relapse, four received dual blockade of PD1 and CTLA4 combined with or without chemo- and targeted drugs, with three partial response and one progressive disease. CONCLUSION: With a relatively long follow-up, this study demonstrated that neoadjuvant and adjuvant ICIs might be both associated with promising DFS and OS in dMMR/MSI-H CRC and GC, which should be confirmed in further randomized clinical trials.

Low-Pressure Pancake Bouncing on Superhydrophobic Surfaces.

A new form of pancake bouncing is discovered in this work when a droplet impacts onto micro-structured superhydrophobic surfaces in an environment pressure less than 2 kPa, and an unprecedented reduction of contact time by ≈85% is obtained. The mechanisms of forming this unique phenomenon are examined by combining experimental observation, numeical modelling and an improved theoretical model for the overpressure effect arising from the vaporisation inside micro-scaled structures. The competition among the vapor overpressure effect, the droplet impact force, and the surface adhesion determines if the pancake bouncing behavior could occur. After the lift-off the lamella, the pancake bouncing is initiated and its subsequent dynamics is controlled by the internal momentum transfer. Complementary to the prior studies, this work enriches the knowledge of droplet dynamics in low pressure, which allows new strategies of surface morphology engineering for droplet control, an area of high importance for many engineering applications.

A Dual-Active Covalent Triazine Framework Film for Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Peroxide Production.

Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production from water and oxygen offers a clean and sustainable alternative to the conventional energy-intensive anthraquinone oxidation method. Compared to powdered covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs), the film morphology of CTFs provides better connectivity in 2D, yielding several advantages: more efficient connections between active sites, reduced electron-hole pair recombination, increased resistance to superoxide radical induced corrosion, and decreased light scattering. Leveraging these benefits, it has incorporated dual active sites for both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the water oxidation reaction (WOR) into a CTF film system. This dual-active CTF film demonstrated an exceptional hydrogen peroxide production rate of 19 460 µmol h⁻¹ m⁻2 after 1 h and 17 830 µmol h⁻¹ m⁻2 after 5 h under visible light irradiation (≥420 nm) without the need for sacrificial agents.

Photosynthetic mechanism of maize yield under fluctuating light environments in the field.

The photosynthetic mechanism of crop yields in fluctuating light environments in the field remains controversial. To further elucidate this mechanism, we conducted field and simulation experiments using maize (Zea mays) plants. Increased planting density enhanced the light fluctuation frequency and reduced the duration of daily high light, as well as the light-saturated photosynthetic rate, biomass, and yield per plant. Further analysis confirmed a highly significant positive correlation between biomass and yield per plant and the duration of photosynthesis related to daily high light. The simulation experiment indicated that the light-saturated photosynthetic rate of maize leaves decreased gradually and considerably when shortening the daily duration of high light. Under an identical duration of high light exposure, increasing the fluctuation frequency decreased the light-saturated photosynthetic rate slightly. Proteomic data also demonstrated that photosynthesis was mainly affected by the duration of high light and not by the light fluctuation frequency. Consequently, the current study proposes that an appropriate duration of daily high light under fluctuating light environments is the key factor for greatly improving photosynthesis. This is a promising mechanism by which the photosynthetic productivity and yield of maize can be enhanced under complex light environments in the field.

Genetic association and functional implications of TLR4 rs1927914 polymorphism on colon cancer risk.

BACKGROUND: Colon cancer remains a major health concern worldwide, with genetic factors playing a crucial role in its development. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has been implicated in various cancers, but their role in colon cancer is not well understood. This study aims to identify functional polymorphisms in the promoter and 3'UTR regions of TLRs and evaluate their association with colon cancer susceptibility. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study involving 410 colon cancer patients and 410 healthy controls from the Chinese population. Genotyping of polymorphisms in TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR7 was performed using PCR-RFLP and TaqMan MGB probes. Using logistic regression analysis, we evaluated the association of TLRs polymorphisms and the susceptibility to colon cancer. To understand the biological implications of the TLR4 rs1927914 polymorphism, we conducted functional assays, including luciferase reporter assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that the G-allele of the TLR4 rs1927914 polymorphism is significantly associated with a decreased risk of colon cancer (OR = 0.68, 95%CI = 0.50-0.91). Stratified analysis showed that TLR4 rs1927914 AG or GG genotype contributed to a decreased risk of colon cancer among younger individuals (OR = 0.52, 95%CI = 0.34-0.81), males (OR = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.38-0.87), non-smokers (OR = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.41-0.83) and non-drinker with OR (95%CI) of 0.66 (0.46-0.93). Functional assays demonstrated that in HCT116 and LOVO colon cancer cells, the luciferase activity driven by the TLR4 promoter with the rs1927914A allele was 5.43 and 2.07 times higher, respectively, compared to that driven by the promoter containing the rs1927914G allele. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) results indicated that the rs1927914G allele enhanced transcription factor binding. Using the transcription factor prediction tool, we found that the G allele facilitates binding of the repressive transcription factor Oct1, while the A allele does not. CONCLUSION: The TLR4 rs1927914 polymorphism influence the susceptibility to colon cancer, with the G allele offering a protective effect through modulation of gene expression. These insights enhance our understanding of the genetic determinants of colon cancer risk and highlight TLR4 as a promising target for cancer prevention strategies.

Prognostic Value of Left Ventricular Longitudinal Function and Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Ischemic and Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Concomitant With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A 3.0 T Cardiac MR Study.

BACKGROUND: Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is known to result in left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis, and ischemic/nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (ICM/NIDCM). However, less is known about the prognostic value of T2DM on LV longitudinal function and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) assessed with cardiac MRI in ICM/NIDCM patients. PURPOSE: To measure LV longitudinal function and myocardial scar in ICM/NIDCM patients with T2DM and to determine their prognostic values. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective cohort. POPULATION: Two hundred thirty-five ICM/NIDCM patients (158 with T2DM and 77 without T2DM). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 3T; steady-state free precession cine; phase-sensitive inversion recovery segmented gradient echo LGE sequences. ASSESSMENT: Global peak longitudinal systolic strain rate (GLPSSR) was evaluated to LV longitudinal function with feature tracking. The predictive value of GLPSSR was determined with ROC curve. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured. The primary adverse cardiovascular endpoint was follow up every 3 months. STATISTICAL TESTS: Mann-Whitney U test or student's t-test; Intra and inter-observer variabilities; Kaplan-Meier method; Cox proportional hazards analysis (threshold = 5%). RESULTS: ICM/NIDCM patients with T2DM exhibited significantly lower absolute value of GLPSSR (0.39 ± 0.14 vs. 0.49 ± 0.18) and higher proportion of LGE positive (+) despite similar LV ejection fraction, compared to without T2DM. LV GLPSSR was able to predict primary endpoint (AUC 0.73) and optimal cutoff point was 0.4. ICM/NIDCM patients with T2DM (GLPSSR < 0.4) had more markedly impaired survival. Importantly, this group (GLPSSR < 0.4, HbA1c ≥ 7.8%, or LGE (+)) exhibited the worst survival. In multivariate analysis, GLPSSR, HbA1c, and LGE (+) significantly predicted primary adverse cardiovascular endpoint in overall ICM/NIDCM and ICM/NIDCM patients with T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: T2DM has an additive deleterious effect on LV longitudinal function and myocardial fibrosis in ICM/NIDCM patients. Combining GLPSSR, HbA1c, and LGE could be promising markers in predicting outcomes in ICM/NIDCM patients with T2DM. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: 5.

Large regions of homozygosity in prenatal diagnosis.

Chromosomal microarrays (CMA) incorporate single nucleotide polymorphisms to enable the detection of regions of homozygosity (ROH). Here, we retrospectively analyzed 6288 prenatal cases who performed CMA to explored the clinical implications of large ROH in prenatal diagnosis. We analyzed cases with ROH larger than 10 megabases and reviewed the ultrasound findings; karyotype results and pregnancy follow-up data. Cases with possible imprinting disorders were assessed by methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. In total, we identified 50 cases with large ROH and chromosomes 1 and 2 were the most affected. About 59.18% of the ROH cases had ultrasound abnormalities, with the most common findings being ultrasound soft-marker abnormalities. There were seven fetuses had ROH which covered almost the entire chromosome and four had terminal ROH that involved almost the entire long arm of the chromosomes, which indicated uniparental disomy (UPD), of which 70% showed abnormal ultrasound findings. Ten cases with multiple ROH on different chromosomes indicated the third to fifth degree of consanguinity. In this study, we highlighted the clinical relevance of large ROH related to UPD. The analysis of ROH allowed us to gain further understanding of complex cytogenetic and disease mechanisms in prenatal diagnosis.

Tumor microenvironment and CAR-T cell immunotherapy in B-cell lymphoma.

Chimeric receptor antigen T cell (CAR-T cell) therapy has demonstrated effectiveness and therapeutic potential in the immunotherapy of hematological malignancies, representing a promising breakthrough in cancer treatment. Despite the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy in B-cell lymphoma, response variability, resistance, and side effects remain persistent challenges. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an intricate role in CAR-T cell therapy of B-cell lymphoma. The TME is a complex and dynamic environment that includes various cell types, cytokines, and extracellular matrix components, all of which can influence CAR-T cell function and behavior. This review discusses the design principles of CAR-T cells, TME in B-cell lymphoma, and the mechanisms by which TME influences CAR-T cell function. We discuss emerging strategies aimed at modulating the TME, targeting immunosuppressive cells, overcoming inhibitory signaling, and improving CAR-T cell infiltration and persistence. Therefore, these processes enhance the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy and improve patient outcomes in B-cell lymphoma. Further research will be needed to investigate the molecular and cellular events that occur post-infusion, including changes in TME composition, immune cell interactions, cytokine signaling, and potential resistance mechanisms. Understanding these processes will contribute to the development of more effective CAR-T cell therapies and strategies to mitigate treatment-related toxicities.

Manganaelectro-Catalyzed Cyclization of o-Aminoarylketones with Ammonia: An Approach to 1,2-Dihydroquinazolines.

A manganaelectro-catalyzed cyclization reaction of 2-aminoarylketones with simple alcohols and ammonia under mild conditions is reported for the first time. The cooperative catalysis effectively enhances the oxidation of primary alcohols into aldehydes, thus enabling the synthesis of substituted 1,2-dihydroquinazolines in good to excellent yields. In addition, the utilities of this method are highlighted in the construction of biologically active molecules that would otherwise be difficult to access through a traditional method.

Copper Catalyst-Promoted Regioselective Multicomponent Cascade Cyclization of 3-Aza-1,5-enynes with Sulfur Dioxide and Cycloketone Oxime Esters to Access Cyanoalkylsulfonylated 1,2-Dihydropyridines.

Radical cascade cyclization via the cracking of alkenyl C-H has emerged as an attractive and remarkable tool for the rapid construction of ring frameworks with endocyclic double bonds. We developed a cascade reaction of 3-aza-1,5-enynes with sulfur dioxide and cycloketone oxime esters to access cyanoalkylsulfonylated 1,2-dihydropyridines, which can be easily converted to pyridine derivatives. This protocol involves radical addition to the C≡C bond and 6-endo cyclization and features high regioselectivity and a broad substrate scope.

Curcumin relieves oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain via reducing inflammation and activating antioxidant response.

Oxaliplatin (OXA) has shown high effectiveness in the treatment of cancers, but its anticancer clinical effects often induce neurotoxicity leading to neuropathic pain. Oxidative damage and NLRP3 inflammasome play important roles in neuropathic pain development. Here, neuropathic pain mouse model was constructed by continuous intraperitoneal injection of OXA. OXA administration induced mechanical pain, spontaneous pain, thermal hyperalgesia and motor disability in mice. The spinal cord tissues of OXA mice exhibited the suppressed antioxidative response, the activated NLRP3 inflammasome mediated inflammatory responses, and the increased GSK-3ß activity. Next, we injected curcumin (CUR) intraperitoneally in OXA mice for seven consecutive days. CUR-treated mice showed increased mechanical pain thresholds, reduced number of spontaneous flinches, increased paw withdrawal latency, and restored latency to fall. While in the spinal cord, CUR treatment inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome mediated inflammatory response, increased Nrf2/GPX4-mediated antioxidant responses, and decreased mitochondrial oxidative generation. Additionally, CUR combined with GSK-3ß through four covalent bonds and reduced GSK-3ß activity. In conclusion, our findings suggest that CUR treatment inhibits GSK-3ß activation, increases Nrf2 mediated antioxidant responses, inhibits oxidative damage and inflammatory reaction, and alleviates OXA-induced neuropathic pain.

Solid-State Red Carbon Dots Based on Biomass Furan Derivatives.

In the preparation of carbon dots (CDs), precursors are crucial, and abundant precursors endow CDs with various structures and fluorescence characteristics. Furan (FU) and its derivatives are considered excellent carbonization materials due to their π conjugated structures and active functional groups, such as hydroxyl and aldehyde groups. Herein, we prepare FU-derivative-based CDs by a solvothermal method and investigate the influences of the precursor structure on the fluorescence characteristics. Surprisingly, CDs prepared from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with both aldehyde and hydroxyl groups exhibit red-shifted fluorescence characteristics in the solid state. We postulate that this solid-state fluorescence characteristic is due to the enhancement of supramolecular cross-linking fluorescence between CDs. The unique precursor structure leads to carboxyl groups on the surface of HMF-CDs that are conducive to the hydrogen bond formation. As the concentration of CDs increases, the hydrogen bonding effect increases, leading to a red-shift in the fluorescence wavelength. Therefore, basically full-color CDs/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) phosphor-based light-emitting diodes can be achieved by controlling the degree of supramolecular cross-linking of CDs in PVA. This research provides a new approach for the preparation of solid-state luminescent CDs.