RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lung ultrasound is feasible for assessing lung injury caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the prognostic meaning and time-line changes of lung injury assessed by lung ultrasound in COVID-19 hospitalised patients are unknown. METHODS: Prospective cohort study designed to analyse prognostic value of lung ultrasound in COVID-19 patients by using a quantitative scale (lung ultrasound Zaragoza (LUZ)-score) during the first 72â h after admission. The primary end-point was in-hospital death and/or admission to the intensive care unit. Total length of hospital stay, increase of oxygen flow and escalation of medical treatment during the first 72â h were secondary end-points. RESULTS: 130 patients were included in the final analysis; mean±sd age was 56.7±13.5â years. Median (interquartile range) time from the beginning of symptoms to admission was 6 (4-9) days. Lung injury assessed by LUZ-score did not differ during the first 72â h (21 (16-26) points at admission versus 20 (16-27) points at 72â h; p=0.183). In univariable logistic regression analysis, estimated arterial oxygen tension/inspiratory oxygen fraction ratio (PAFI) (hazard ratio 0.99, 95% CI 0.98-0.99; p=0.027) and LUZ-score >22 points (5.45, 1.42-20.90; p=0.013) were predictors for the primary end-point. CONCLUSIONS: LUZ-score is an easy, simple and fast point-of-care ultrasound tool to identify patients with severe lung injury due to COVID-19, upon admission. Baseline score is predictive of severity along the whole period of hospitalisation. The score facilitates early implementation or intensification of treatment for COVID-19 infection. LUZ-score may be combined with clinical variables (as estimated by PAFI) to further refine risk stratification.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Sistemas Automatizados de Assistência Junto ao Leito , Adulto , Idoso , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Pulmão/diagnóstico por imagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de Risco , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether excessive polypharmacy is associated with a higher survival rate in polypathological patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational, prospective, and multicenter study was carried out on those polypathological patients admitted to the internal medicine and acute geriatrics departments between March 1 and June 30, 2011. For each patient, data concerning age, sex, comorbidity, Barthel and Lawton-Brody indexes, Pfeiffer's questionnaire, socio-familial Gijon scale, delirium, number of drugs, and number of admissions during the previous year were gathered, and the PROFUND index was calculated. Polypharmacy was defined as the use of ≥ 5 drugs and excessive polypharmacy as the use of ≥ 10. A 1-year long follow-up was carried out. A logistic regression model was performed to analyze the association of variables with excessive polypharmacy and a Cox proportional hazard model to determine the association between polypharmacy and survival. RESULTS: We included 457 polypathological patients. Mean age was 81.0 (8.8) years and 54.5% were women. The mean number of drugs used was 8.2 (3.4). Excessive polypharmacy was directly associated with heart disease [hazard ratio (HR) 2.33 95% CI 1.40-3.87; p =0.001], respiratory disease [HR 1.87 95% CI 1.13-3.09; p = 0.01], peripheral artery disease/diabetes with retinopathy and/or neuropathy [HR 2.02 95% CI 1.17-3.50; p = 0.01], and the number of admissions during the previous year [HR 1.21 96%CI 1.01-1.44; p = 0.04]. It was inversely associated with delirium [HR 0.48 95% CI 0.25-0.91; p = 0.02]. There were no statistical differences regarding the probability of 1-year survival between patients with no polypharmacy, with simple polypharmacy, and with excessive polypharmacy (0.66, 0.60, and 0.57, respectively, p = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: A greater use of drugs may not be harmful but is also not associated with a higher probability of survival in polypathological patients.
Assuntos
Medicamentos sob Prescrição/efeitos adversos , Medicamentos sob Prescrição/uso terapêutico , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Comorbidade , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Medicina Interna , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Polimedicação , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The addition of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) to furosemide in the CLOROTIC (Combining Loop with Thiazide Diuretics for Decompensated Heart Failure) trial improved the diuretic response in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). OBJECTIVES: This work aimed to evaluate if these results differ across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). METHODS: This post hoc analysis of the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled CLOROTIC trial enrolled 230 patients with AHF to receive either HCTZ or a placebo in addition to an intravenous furosemide regimen. The influence of LVEF on primary and secondary outcomes was evaluated. RESULTS: The median LVEF was 55%: 166 (72%) patients had LVEF >40%, and 64 (28%) had LVEF ≤40%. Patients with a lower LVEF were younger, more likely to be male, had a higher prevalence of ischemic heart disease, and had higher natriuretic peptide levels. The addition of HCTZ to furosemide was associated with the greatest weight loss at 72 of 96 hours, better metrics of diuretic response, and greater 24-hour diuresis compared with placebo, with no significant differences according to the LVEF category (using 2 LVEF cutoff points: 40% and 50%) or LVEF as a continuous variable (all P values were insignificant). There were no significant differences observed with the addition of HCTZ in terms of mortality, rehospitalizations, or safety endpoints (impaired renal function, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia) among the 2 LVEF groups (all P values were insignificant). CONCLUSIONS: Adding HCTZ to intravenous furosemide seems to be effective strategy for improving diuretic response in AHF without treatment effect modification according to baseline LVEF. (Combining Loop with Thiazide Diuretics for Decompensated Heart Failure [CLOROTIC], NCT01647932; Randomized, double blinded, multicenter study, to asses Safety and Efficacy of the Combination of Loop With Thiazide-type Diuretics vs Loop diuretics with placebo in Patients With Decompensated, EudraCT Number 2013-001852-36).
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Congestion is an essential issue in patients with heart failure (HF). Standard treatments do not usually achieve decongestion, and various strategies have been proposed to guide treatment, such as determination of natriuresis. After starting treatment with loop diuretics, we postulate that initial natriuresis might help treatment titration, decongestion, and improve prognosis. METHODS: It was a prospective and observational study. Patients admitted with the diagnosis of HF decompensation were eligible. An assessment of congestion was performed during the first 48 h. RESULTS: A total of 113 patients were included. A poor diuretic response was observed in 39.8%. After the first 48 h, patients with a greater diuretic response on admission (NaU > 80 mmol/L) showed fewer pulmonary b lines (12 vs. 15; p = 0.084), a lower IVC diameter (18 mm vs. 22 mm; p = 0.009), and lower IAP figures (11 mmHg vs. 13 mmHg; p = 0.041). Survival analysis tests demonstrated significant differences showing a higher proportion of all-cause mortality (ACM) and HF rehospitalization in the poor-diuretic-response group (log-rank test = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: Up to 40% of the patients presented a poorer diuretic response at baseline, translating into worse outcomes. Patients with an optimal diuretic response showed significantly higher abdominal decongestion at 48 h and a better prognosis regarding ACM and/or HF rehospitalizations.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of the addition of thiazide diuretic on top of loop diuretic and standard of care with short-term outcomes of patients discharged after surviving an acute heart failure (AHF) episode. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of 14,403 patients from three independent cohorts representing the main departments involved in AHF treatment for whom treatment at discharge was recorded and included loop diuretics. Patients were divided according to whether treatment included or not thiazide diuretics. Short-term outcomes consisted of 30-day all-cause mortality, hospitalization (with a separate analysis for hospitalization due to AHF or to other causes) and the combination of death and hospitalization. The association between thiazide diuretics on short-term outcomes was explored by Cox regression and expressed as hazard ratios (HR) with 95 % confidence intervals, which were adjusted for 18 patient-related variables and 9 additional drugs (aside from loop and thiazide diuretics) prescribed at discharge. RESULTS: The median age was 81 (interquartile range=73-86) years, 53 % were women, and patients were mainly discharged from the cardiology (42 %), internal medicine or geriatric department (29 %) and emergency department (19 %). There were 1,367 patients (9.5 %) discharged with thiazide and loop diuretics, while the rest (13,036; 90.5 %) were discharged with only loop diuretics on top of the remaining standard of care treatments. The combination of thiazide and loop diuretics showed a neutral effect on all outcomes: death (adjusted HR 1.149, 0.850-1.552), hospitalization (0.898, 0.770-1.048; hospitalization due to AHF 0.799, 0.599-1.065; hospitalization due to other causes 1.136, 0.756-1.708) and combined event (0.934, 0.811-1.076). CONCLUSION: The combination of thiazide and loop diuretics was not associated with changes in risk of death, hospitalization or a combination of both.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: We aimed to characterise and compare the clinical profile of heart failure (HF) with mid-range (HFmrEF), reduced (HFrEF) and preserved (HFpEF) left-ventricular ejection fraction. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive, observational study in 267 HF patients admitted to the Internal Medicine department of a tertiary hospital during 2010-2016. The study population was divided into three groups according to the ejection fraction rate: HFrEF (<40%), HFmrEF (40-49%), and HFpEF (≥50%). We analysed and compared their demographic, clinical, and analytical characteristics. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 79.5 (standard deviation, 8.14) years; 56.6% were males. The most common phenotype was HFpEF (58.1%), followed by HFrEF (21.7%) and HFmrEF (20.2%). Ischaemic cardiopathy was the primary aetiology in the HFmrEF and HFrEF groups, and arterial hypertension in the HFpEF group. The most common comorbidities among HFmrEF patients were diabetes (43.4%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (35.8%), and anaemia (35.8%); 49.1% had impairment of segmental myocardial contractility, and 35.8% ventricular dilatation. No differences in HF outcomes were observed among the three phenotypes. CONCLUSION: HFmrEF shows characteristics similar to both HFpEF and HFrEF. Further large-scale studies with longer follow-up are needed to ascertain if it is worth distinguishing this phenotype in clinical practice in terms of management and prognosis.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/epidemiologia , Volume Sistólico , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Prognóstico , ComorbidadeRESUMO
Background: Point of care lung ultrasound (POCUS) has been recently used to assess prognosis in COVID-19 patients. However, there are no data comparing POCUS and chest-X ray, a technique widely used. Patients and methods: Retrospective analysis in stable COVID-19 patients. Schalekamp radiological lung scale and LUZ-Score ultrasound scale were compared. Primary end-point was in-hospital death and/or need for Intensive Care Unit admission. Results: A total of 138 patients were included. Median Schalekamp scale was 2 (2) and median LUZ-Score scale was 21 (10). No significant correlation was observed between both techniques. Patients with a LUZ-Score ≥ 21 points at admission had worse lung function and higher concentrations of LDH, CRP and Interleuquine-6. Schalekamp scale failed to identify patients at a higher risk at admission for the primary end-point. Addition of POCUS to a previous clinical model, improved risk prediction (AUC 0.805 [95% CI: 0.662-0.948]; P = <0.001). Conclusions: Chest X-ray and POCUS showed no correlation at admission in this analysis. Only POCUS identified a group of patients with greater clinical and analytical involvement. POCUS improved, previous clinical model, while chest X-ray did not add relevant predictive information for the primary endpoint.
Antecedentes: La ecografía torácica es una técnica novedosa para estratificar el riesgo de los pacientes COVID-19. Sin embargo, no existen datos que comparen dicha técnica con la radiografía de tórax, una técnica ampliamente utilizada en esta enfermedad. Pacientes y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo en pacientes estables COVID-19. Se compararon la escala de daño pulmonar radiológica de Schalekamp y ecográfica de LUZ-Score. El objetivo primario fue la muerte intrahospitalaria o la necesidad de ingreso en la UCI para tratamiento con ventilación mecánica. Resultados: Se reclutaron 138 pacientes. La mediana de la escala de Schalekamp fue de 2 (2) y la del LUZ-Score de 21 (10). No se objetivó una correlación significativa entre ambas escalas. Los pacientes con un LUZ-Score ≥ 21 puntos al ingreso presentaron peor función pulmonar y mayores concentraciones de LDH, PCR e interleucina-6. La escala radiológica de Schalekamp no logró identificar a una población de mayor riesgo. Únicamente la adición de la ecografía pulmonar a un modelo de valoración clínica mejoró de manera significativa el área bajo la curva para el objetivo primario (ABC 0,805 [IC 95%: 0,662−0,948]; p ≤ 0,001). Conclusiones: No se objetivó una correlación entre la afectación radiológica y la ecográfica. Únicamente la ecografía pulmonar identificó un subgrupo de pacientes con una mayor afectación clínico-analítica. La ecografía pulmonar mejoró el modelo de predicción clínico, mientras que la radiografía de tórax no añadió información relevante.
RESUMO
AIMS: Increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is now considered a potential contributor to organ damage and disease progression in acute heart failure (AHF). In this work, we aimed to determine if antigen carbohydrate 125 (CA125) is associated with IAP and to identify a cutpoint of CA125 useful for ruling out intra-abdominal hypertension (defined as IAP ≥ 12â mmHg). METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively evaluated a cohort of 53 patients admitted with AHF in which IAP was measured within the first 24-h of admission. The mean age was 80 ± 8 years, 31 (58.5%) were female, and 31 (58.5%) had left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50%. The median plasma levels of NT-proBNP and CA125 were 3830â pg/mL (2417-8929) and 45.8â U/mL (29.8-114.0), respectively. The median of IAP was 15â mmHg (11-17), and 39 (73%) patients had an IAP ≥ 12â mmHg. The diagnostic performance of CA125 for identifying an IAP ≥ 12â mmHg was tested using the receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The cut-off for CA125 of 17.1â U/mL showed a sensitivity of 92%, a specificity of 50%, and an area under the ROC curve of 0.71. After multivariate adjustment, CA125 remained non-linearly and positively associated with higher IAP (P-value = 0.003), explaining almost 28% of the model's variability (R2: 27.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AHF and intra-abdominal hypertension had higher CA125 plasma levels. A baseline concentration of CA125 below 17.1â U/mL will increase the odds of identifying a subset of patients with normal IAP.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca , Hipertensão Intra-Abdominal , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carboidratos , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão Intra-Abdominal/diagnóstico , Masculino , Volume Sistólico , Função Ventricular EsquerdaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Point of care lung ultrasound (POCUS) has been recently used to assess prognosis in COVID-19 patients. However, there are no data comparing POCUS and chest-X ray, a technique widely used. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis in stable COVID-19 patients. Schalekamp radiological lung scale and LUZ-Score ultrasound scale were compared. Primary end-point was in-hospital death and/or need for Intensive Care Unit admission. RESULTS: A total of 138 patients were included. Median Schalekamp scale was 2 (2) and median LUZ-Score scale was 21 (10). No significant correlation was observed between both techniques. Patients with a LUZ-Score ≥21points at admission had worse lung function and higher concentrations of LDH, CRP and Interleuquine-6. Schalekamp scale failed to identify patients at a higher risk at admission for the primary end-point. Addition of POCUS to a previous clinical model, improved risk prediction (AUC 0.805 [95%CI: 0.662-0.948]; P=<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Chest X-ray and POCUS showed no correlation at admission in this analysis. Only POCUS identified a group of patients with greater clinical and analytical involvement. POCUS improved, previous clinical model, while chest X-ray did not add relevant predictive information for the primary endpoint.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , COVID-19/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Pulmão/diagnóstico por imagem , Radiografia , Prognóstico , HospitaisRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Hospitalization for acute decompensation of heart failure (ADHF) is a frequent event associated with longterm adverse effects. Prognosis is even worse if acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs during hospitalization. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to determine whether kidney damage biomarkers neutrophil gelatinaseassociatedlipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM1), and interleukin18 (IL18) might predict AKI and have prognostic value in ADHF. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Serum NGAL on admission and urine NGAL, KIM1, and IL18 on discharge were determined in 187 ADHF patients enrolled in a prospective, observational, unblinded study. AKI was diagnosed using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Patients were followedfor 12 months to record allcause mortality. RESULTS: A total of 22% patients died during the followup, with 52.5% dying within 4 months after discharge. Serum NGAL (P <0.001), urine NGAL (P = 0.047), and urinary KIM1 (P = 0.014) levels were significantly higher in the deceased patients at discharge. After adjustment for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), only urinary KIM1 independently predicted mortality at month 4 (hazard ratio [HR], 3.166; 95% CI, 1.203-8.334; P = 0.020) and month 12 (HR, 1.969; 95% CI, 1.123-3.454; P = 0.018) in Cox regression models. In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis urinary KIM1 (area under the ROC curve [AUC] = 0.830) outperformed other markers of renal function. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed KIM1 predictive value as additive to that of AKI incidence and admission eGFR. Admission serum NGAL was higher in AKI patients (P ≤0.001) with a modest diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.667), below that of urea (AUC = 0.732), creatinine (AUC = 0.696), or cystatin C (AUC = 0.676). CONCLUSIONS: Discharge urinary KIM1 was a strong and independent predictor of mortality, particularly during the most vulnerable period shortly after hospitalization. Admission serum NGAL was inferior to conventional renal function parameters in predicting AKI during ADHF.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Biomarcadores , Creatinina , Cistatina C , Gelatinases , Humanos , Interleucina-18 , Rim , Lipocalina-2/urina , Alta do Paciente , Estudos Prospectivos , UreiaRESUMO
Although several biomarkers have shown correlation to prognosis in COVID-19 patients, their clinical value is limited because of lack of specificity, suboptimal sensibility or poor dynamic behavior. We hypothesized that circulating soluble ST2 (sST2) could be associated to a worse outcome in COVID-19. In total, 152 patients admitted for confirmed COVID-19 were included in a prospective non-interventional, observational study. Blood samples were drawn at admission, 48-72 h later and at discharge. sST2 concentrations and routine blood laboratory were analyzed. Primary endpoints were admission at intensive care unit (ICU) and mortality. Median age was 57.5 years [Standard Deviation (SD: 12.8)], 60.4% males. 10% of patients (n = 15) were derived to ICU and/or died during admission. Median (IQR) sST2 serum concentration (ng/mL) rose to 53.1 (30.9) at admission, peaked at 48-72 h (79.5(64)) and returned to admission levels at discharge (44.9[36.7]). A concentration of sST2 above 58.9 ng/mL was identified patients progressing to ICU admission or death. Results remained significant after multivariable analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) of sST2 for endpoints was 0.776 (p = 0.001). In patients admitted for COVID-19 infection, early measurement of sST2 was able to identify patients at risk of severe complications or death.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Risk stratification of COVID-19 patients is fundamental to improving prognosis and selecting the right treatment. We hypothesized that a combination of lung ultrasound (LUZ-score), biomarkers (sST2), and clinical models (PANDEMYC score) could be useful to improve risk stratification. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study designed to analyze the prognostic value of lung ultrasound, sST2, and PANDEMYC score in COVID-19 patients. The primary endpoint was in-hospital death and/or admission to the intensive care unit. The total length of hospital stay, increase of oxygen flow, or escalated medical treatment during the first 72 h were secondary endpoints. RESULTS: a total of 144 patients were included; the mean age was 57.5 ± 12.78 years. The median PANDEMYC score was 243 (52), the median LUZ-score was 21 (10), and the median sST2 was 53.1 ng/mL (30.9). Soluble ST2 showed the best predictive capacity for the primary endpoint (AUC = 0.764 (0.658-0.871); p = 0.001), towards the PANDEMYC score (AUC = 0.762 (0.655-0.870); p = 0.001) and LUZ-score (AUC = 0.749 (0.596-0.901); p = 0.002). Taken together, these three tools significantly improved the risk capacity (AUC = 0.840 (0.727-0.953); p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The PANDEMYC score, lung ultrasound, and sST2 concentrations upon admission for COVID-19 are independent predictors of intra-hospital death and/or the need for admission to the ICU for mechanical ventilation. The combination of these predictive tools improves the predictive power compared to each one separately. The use of decision trees, based on multivariate models, could be useful in clinical practice.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is frequent in patients with heart failure (HF) and contributes to increased systemic congestion, but also hinders its correct assessment, especially during decompensations. Estimating the degree of malnutrition and its relationship with systemic congestion is important to optimize treatment during decompensations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study in patients with acute HF. The population was stratified according to CONUT (Controlling Nutritional Status) and PNI (Prognostic Nutritional Index) nutrition indices in order to analyse their relationship with objective parameters of congestion and the prognostic value of malnutrition. RESULTS: 309 patients were included. More than half presented some degree of malnutrition upon admission. The degree of congestion was significantly higher in malnourished patients, with a higher proportion of «comet tail artifacts¼ and a higher relative plasma volume. NT-proBNP concentrations, both on admission and at discharge, were also significantly higher in malnourished patients, regardless of the scale used. The univariate analysis identified the CONUT and PNI index as factors associated with one-year mortality from any cause (HR 1.62 [1.22-2.14]; p = 0.001) and PNI (HR 65 [0.53-0.80]; p = < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A higher degree of malnutrition (determined by means of the CONUT and PNI indices) in patients with acute HF was associated with a higher presence of objective parameters of congestion and a higher one-year all-cause mortality.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca , Hiperemia , Desnutrição , Insuficiência Cardíaca/complicações , Humanos , Desnutrição/diagnóstico , Avaliação Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Prognóstico , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: An inverse relationship has been described between blood pressure and the prognosis in heart failure (HF). The characteristics of this relationship are not well unknown. The objective of this study was to determine if this relationship is maintained in a non-selected cohort of patients with HF and if it can be modified by treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective study of cohorts including patients hospitalized for decompensated HF in Internal Medicine departments and followed as outpatients in a monographic consultation. Patients were classified according to their levels of systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Clinical characteristics, all-cause mortality and readmissions after the first, third and sixth month of follow-up were analysed. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-one patients were included after their admission to the hospital for acute HF. Mean patient age was 79.5 years(SD 8.09); 115 patients were male. No significant differences between SBP quartiles and basal characteristics were found. Patients with lower SBP (Q1) had higher mortality rates (20%, P<.05). No significant differences between mortality/readmissions and DBP were found. However, the Kaplan-Meier analysis showed higher all-cause mortality rates for the group of patients with lower SBP and DBP (log-rank=0.011 and 0.041, respectively). The pharmacological treatment did not differ significantly between both study groups. CONCLUSION: For non-selected patients suffering HF, higher SBP upon the admission is associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality rates during follow-up. Pharmacological treatment of HF does not seem to influence this inverse relationship between SBP at admission and patient mortality.