Dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III) by a novel Serratia marcescens strain with special insight into the influence of prodigiosin.

A novel pigmented bacterium, initially identified as 11E, was isolated from a site historically known to have various iron-related ores. Phylogenetic analysis of this bacterial strain showed that it belongs to Serratia marcescens. This pigmented S. marcescens 11E cultured individually with glucose, acetate, and glycerol as electron donors along with the soluble electron acceptor iron (Fe) (III) citrate offered a large reduction extent (45.3 %, 31.4 %, and 13.5 %, respectively). On the other hand, when iron oxide (Fe2O3) is used as electron acceptor, the pigmented strain produced a null reduction extent. Surprisingly, the absence of prodigiosin on the bacterial surface (non-pigmented strain) resulted in a large reduction extent of the non-soluble iron form (20-49%). All these extents were comparable and, in some cases, superior to those presented in the literature. Additionally, in the present study, it was found that anthraquinone sulfonate (AQS) stimulated Fe(III) reduction of soluble and non-soluble Fe species only with pigmented S. marcescens. In contrast, in the culture media with the non-pigmented strain, the presence of AQS did not stimulate the Fe(III) reduction. These results suggest that the pigmented phenotype of S. marcescens 11E may perform non-soluble Fe(III) reduction by electron shuttling. In contrast, for the non-pigmented phenotype of this bacterium, non-soluble Fe(III) reduction seems to proceed by direct contact. Our study demonstrates that this bacterium may be used in bioreduction process of heavy metals or as a biocatalyst in bioelectrochemical devices.

Reduction of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution by biomass of Cladosporium cladosporioides.

The capacity of Cladosporium cladosporioides biomass for removal of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions was evaluated. A 2 × 2 factorial experiment design was used to study the effects of pH and biomass doses. Lower pH values and larger biomass doses increased the capacity of C. cladosporioides biomass for removal of Cr(VI), reaching a reduction capacity of 492.85 mg g-1, a significantly higher value compared to other biomass reported. Cr(VI) removal kinetic rates followed a pseudo-second order model, like other fungal biomass reported previously. The apparent adsorption process was described well by the Freundlich isothermal model. However, determination of total chromium indicated that adsorption of Cr(VI) was followed by a redox reaction that released proportional quantities of Cr(III) into the experimental supernatant, suggesting a parallel adsorption-reduction process. Comparison of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra of C. cladosporioides biomass before and after the reduction process demonstrated the involvement of positively charged amino groups in the Cr(VI) adsorption-reduction process.

Electrospun Membranes Based on Schizophyllan-PVOH and Hamamelis Virginiana Extract: Antimicrobial Activity Against Microorganisms of Medical Importance.

Electrospinning is a micrometric or nanometric scale fiber manufacturing technique with structural factors such as greater contact surface and pore size that allows the incorporation of biological agents in its structure, increasing their potential for medical applications. Due to the conditions required for the electrospinning process, such as high voltage, in the present work, the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of schizophyllan-based membranes elaborated by electrospinning at 20 kV incorporated with Hamamelis virginiana was carried out against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The schizophyllan production was 1.97 gL-1 from strain Schizophyllum commune ScIBL1. The conditions for the process were standardized for voltage, feed flow, and the distance from the injector to the collector. Membranes with smooth-edged fibers, diameter of 819 nm without the presence of beads were obtained. However, it was found that the membranes lost antimicrobial activity against all the microorganisms evaluated, whereas, bioassays showed that null toxicity was presented.

Microbial Competition of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UANL-001L and E. coli increase biosynthesis of Non-Toxic Exopolysaccharide with Applications as a Wide-Spectrum Antimicrobial.

Bacterial species are able to colonize and establish communities in biotic and abiotic surfaces. Moreover, within the past five decades, incidence of bacterial strains resistant to currently used antibiotics has increased dramatically. This has led to diverse health issues and economical losses for different industries. Therefore, there is a latent need to develop new and more efficient antimicrobials. This work reports an increased production of an exopolysaccharide in a native yeast strain isolated from the Mexican Northeast, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa UANL-001L, when co-cultured with E. coli. The exopolysaccharide produced is chemically and physically characterized and its applications as an antimicrobial and antibiofilm are explored. The exopolysaccharide is capable of inhibiting planktonic growth and biofilm formation in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, the exopolysaccharide studied here does not exhibit cytotoxic effects when assessed both, in vitro against an H9c2 mammalian cell line, and in vivo in a murine toxicity model. Taken together, the properties of this exopolysaccharide indicate that it has potential applications to inhibit bacterial colonization in medical and industrial settlings.

Metal-Induced Production of a Novel Bioadsorbent Exopolysaccharide in a Native Rhodotorula mucilaginosa from the Mexican Northeastern Region.

There is a current need to develop low-cost strategies to degrade and eliminate industrially used colorants discharged into the environment. Colorants discharged into natural water streams pose various threats, including: toxicity, degradation of aesthetics and inhibiting sunlight penetration into aquatic ecosystems. Dyes and colorants usually have complex aromatic molecular structures, which make them very stable and difficult to degrade and eliminate by conventional water treatment systems. The results in this work demonstrated that heavy metal-resistant Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain UANL-001L isolated from the northeast region of Mexico produce an exopolysaccharide (EPS), during growth, which has colorant adsorption potential. The EPS produced was purified by precipitation and dialysis and was then physically and chemically characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and chemical elemental analysis. Here, the ability of the purified EPS produced to adsorb methylene blue (MB), which served as a model colorant, is studied. MB adsorption by the EPS is found to follow Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm kinetics at 25°C. Further, by calculating the Langmuir constant the adsorption capabilities of the EPS produced by the Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain UANL-001L is compared to that of other adsorbents, both, microbially produced and from agroindustrial waste. The total adsorption capacity of the EPS, from the Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain UANL-001L, was found to be two-fold greater than the best bioadsorbents reported in the literature. Finally, apart from determining which heavy metals stimulated EPS production in the strain, the optimal conditions of pH, heavy metal concentration, and rate of agitation of the growing culture for EPS production, was determined. The EPS reported here has the potential of aiding in the efficient removal of colorants both in water treatment plants and in situ in natural water streams.