Accuracy of Resting Energy Expenditure Estimation Equations in Polio Survivors.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of 4 equations validated for the general population to determine resting energy expenditure (REE) in polio survivors. DESIGN: A descriptive, ambispective, single-center observational cohort study of minimal risk care. SETTING: Tertiary university care hospital. PARTICIPANTS: DATAPOL database of polio survivors followed up in a specialist department (N=298). INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: REE measurement by indirect calorimetry and estimated REE using 4 equations and comparing the values with indirect calorimetry. Analysis of correlations between measured REE and weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) and indicators of severity of polio sequelae. RESULTS: Of the 298 polio cases in the database between January 2014 and May 2017, 41 were included (19 men and 22 women). Mean±SD BMI was 26.0±5.6 kg/m2 (56.1% below 25). Measured REE correlated significantly and positively with weight and weaker with BMI. Correlations between measured and estimated REE were strong (between 0.49 and 0.59); correlations were strongest for the simplified World Health Organization and the Harris and Benedict equations. However, the equations systematically overestimated REE by more than 20%, especially in men. We calculated a correction factor for the World Health Organization scale: -340.3 kcal/d for women and -618.8 kcal/d for men. CONCLUSION: Analysis of REE is important for polio survivors; The use of estimation equations could lead to the prescription of a nonadapted diet. We determined a correction factor that should be validated in prospective studies.

International Recommendations to Manage Poststroke Equinovarus Foot Deformity Validated by a Panel of Experts Using Delphi.

OBJECTIVE: To establish international recommendations for the management of spastic equinovarus foot deformity. DESIGN: Delphi method. SETTING: International study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 24 international experts (N=24) in neuro-orthopedic deformities, from different specialties (Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine physicians, neurologists, geriatricians, orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, plastic surgeons). INTERVENTIONS: Experts answered 3 rounds of questions related to important aspects of diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of spastic equinovarus foot deformity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A consensus was established when at least 80% of experts agreed on a statement RESULTS: A total of 52 items reached consensus. Experts recommend assessing effect of the deformity on functional activities before treatment. Before treatment, it is crucial to differentiate spastic muscle overactivity from soft tissue contractures, identify which muscles are involved in the deformity, and evaluate the activity of antagonist muscles. Motor nerve blocks, 2-dimensional video analysis, and radiologic examinations are often required to complement a clinical examination. The treatment of equinovarus foot depends on the correctability of the deformity and the patient's ability to stand or walk. The preoperative assessment should include an interdisciplinary consultation that must finalize a formal agreement between physicians and the patient, which will define personalized attainable goals before surgery. CONCLUSION: The establishment of guidelines on managing equinovarus foot will help physicians and surgeons, specialists, and nonspecialists to diagnoses and assess the deformity and direct patients to a network of experts to optimize patient functional recovery and improve their autonomy.

Neuro-Orthopedic Surgery for Equinovarus Foot Deformity in Adults: A Narrative Review.

Neuro-orthopedic surgery is an alternative to the conservative treatment of spastic equinovarus foot (SEF) in adults. The objective of the present narrative review was to summarize current practice with regard to patient assessment, the choice of treatment, the various neuro-orthopedic procedures, and the latter's outcomes. We searched literature databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane) for original articles or opinion papers on surgical treatment of spastic equinovarus foot in adults. Neuro-orthopedic approaches require a careful analysis of the patient's and/or his/her caregiver needs and thus relevant treatment goals. Surgical planning requires detailed knowledge of impairments involved in the spastic equinovarus foot deformity based on a careful clinical examination and additional information from diagnostic nerve blocks and/or a quantitative gait analysis. Procedures mainly target nerves (neurotomy) and tendons (lengthening, transfer, tenotomy). These procedures reduce impairments (spasticity, range of motion, and foot position), improve gait and walking function, but their impact on participation and personalized treatment goals remains to be demonstrated. Neuro-orthopedic surgery is an effective treatment option for spastic equinovarus foot in adults. However, practice is still very heterogeneous and there is no consensus on the medical strategies to be applied before, during and after surgery (particularly the type of anesthesia, the need for immobilization, rehabilitation procedures).

When the Nervous System Turns Skeletal Muscles into Bones: How to Solve the Conundrum of Neurogenic Heterotopic Ossification.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Neurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO) is the abnormal formation of extra-skeletal bones in periarticular muscles after damage to the central nervous system (CNS) such as spinal cord injury (SCI), traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, or cerebral anoxia. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent developments in the understanding of NHO pathophysiology and pathogenesis. Recent animal models of NHO and recent findings investigating the communication between CNS injury, tissue inflammation, and upcoming NHO therapeutics are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS: Animal models of NHO following TBI or SCI have shown that NHO requires the combined effects of a severe CNS injury and soft tissue damage, in particular muscular inflammation and the infiltration of macrophages into damaged muscles plays a key role. In the context of a CNS injury, the inflammatory response to soft tissue damage is exaggerated and persistent with excessive signaling via substance P-, oncostatin M-, and TGF-ß1-mediated pathways. This review provides an overview of the known animal models and mechanisms of NHO and current therapeutic interventions for NHO patients. While some of the inflammatory mechanisms leading to NHO are common with other forms of traumatic and genetic heterotopic ossifications (HO), NHOs uniquely involve systemic changes in response to CNS injury. Future research into these CNS-mediated mechanisms is likely to reveal new targetable pathways to prevent NHO development in patients.

Soft Tissue Surgery for Adults With Nonfunctional, Spastic Hands Following Central Nervous System Lesions: A Retrospective Study.

PURPOSE: Soft tissue surgery for upper extremity contractures can improve hygiene, pain, and appearance in adults with central nervous system lesions. The goal of such interventions is highly individual; thus, goal attainment scaling (GAS; a method of scoring the extent to which patient's individual goals are achieved [5 levels] in the course of intervention and using T score values) is pertinent to evaluate outcome. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of soft tissue surgery for upper extremity muscle contractures in patients with central nervous system lesions using GAS. METHODS: Retrospective data from 70 interventions were included (63 patients; 23 women). The mean age was 51.3 ± 16.2 years (range, 24.2-87.0 years). The primary goal was to improve hygiene (n = 58), pain (n = 10), or appearance (n = 2). The etiologies were stroke (n = 35), traumatic brain injury (n = 16), cerebral anoxia (n = 4), neurodegenerative disease (n = 6), and cerebral palsy (n = 2). The GAS score was calculated before surgery and 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: The T score (which took into account the weight of each goal) was 52.3 at 3 months (38.5 before surgery), corresponding to a "better than expected" outcome. The mean of the differences of the GAS score for each goal before and after surgery increased by 1.27 for hygiene, 1.06 for pain, and 1.00 for appearance. CONCLUSIONS: Soft tissue surgery can safely and effectively improve hygiene, pain, and appearance in adults with cerebral damage. The preoperative evaluation should be multidisciplinary. The GAS is a useful tool to assess the effectiveness of orthopedic surgery for these patients. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

Neurological heterotopic ossification following spinal cord injury is triggered by macrophage-mediated inflammation in muscle.

Neurological heterotopic ossification (NHO) is the abnormal formation of bone in soft tissues as a consequence of spinal cord or traumatic brain injury. NHO causes pain, ankyloses, vascular and nerve compression and delays rehabilitation in this high-morbidity patient group. The pathological mechanisms leading to NHO remain unknown and consequently there are no therapeutic options to prevent or reduce NHO. Genetically modified mouse models of rare genetic forms of heterotopic ossification (HO) exist, but their relevance to NHO is questionable. Consequently, we developed the first model of spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced NHO in genetically unmodified mice. Formation of NHO, measured by micro-computed tomography, required the combination of both SCI and localized muscular inflammation. Our NHO model faithfully reproduced many clinical features of NHO in SCI patients and both human and mouse NHO tissues contained macrophages. Muscle-derived mesenchymal progenitors underwent osteoblast differentiation in vitro in response to serum from NHO mice without additional exogenous osteogenic stimuli. Substance P was identified as a candidate NHO systemic neuropeptide, as it was significantly elevated in the serum of NHO patients. However, antagonism of substance P receptor in our NHO model only modestly reduced the volume of NHO. In contrast, ablation of phagocytic macrophages with clodronate-loaded liposomes reduced the size of NHO by 90%, supporting the conclusion that NHO is highly dependent on inflammation and phagocytic macrophages in soft tissues. Overall, we have developed the first clinically relevant model of NHO and demonstrated that a combined insult of neurological injury and soft tissue inflammation drives NHO pathophysiology.

Pre-surgical CT-assessment of neurogenic myositis ossificans of the hip and risk factors of recurrence: a series of 101 consecutive patients.

BACKGROUND: Neurogenic Myositis Ossificans (NMO) is a rare disabling pathology characterized by peri-articular heterotopic ossifications following severe peripheral or central nervous system injuries. It results in ankylosis and vessels or nerves compressions. Our study aimed to describe the pre-operative findings of patients with NMO of the hip using biphasic computerized tomography (CT). METHODS: Between 2006 and 2012, we retrospectively analyzed 101 consecutive patients with hip NMO. We analyzed all CTs and surgical reports following a standardized grid depicting the osteoma and its relations with joint capsule, vessels and nerves and bone mineralization. We studied surgical complications and recurrence during follow-up. Chi2-test and Fischer's test were performed to compare qualitative values with respectively normal and non-normal distribution. Quantitative values were analyzed with a one factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Agreement between pre-surgical CT and surgical observations was evaluated with Cohen's kappa test. RESULTS: Correlation between pre-operative CT and surgical findings was excellent regarding relationships with vessels (0,82) and was good concerning relationships with sciatic nerves (0.62) and with joint capsule (0.68). Close contact or disruption of joint capsule (p = 0.005), joint space narrowing (p = 0.007) and bone demineralization (p < 0.001) were correlated with NMO recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Biphasic enhanced-CT allows pre-operative assessment of NMO with good correlation to surgical observations and helps prevent surgical complications.

Single-fiber electromyography analysis of botulinum toxin diffusion in patients with fatigue and pseudobotulism.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize electromyographic abnormalities according to symptoms (asymptomatic, fatigue, pseudobotulism) reported 1 month after botulinum toxin injection. DESIGN: Retrospective, single-center study comparing single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG) in the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) or orbicularis oculi (OO) muscles. SETTING: Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Four groups of adults treated for spasticity or neurologic bladder hyperactivity (N=55): control group (asymptomatic patients: n=17), fatigue group (unusual fatigue with no weakness: n=15), pseudobotulism group (muscle weakness and/or visual disturbance: n=20), and botulism group (from intensive care unit of the same hospital: n=3). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean jitter, percentage of pathologic fibers, and percentage of blocked fibers were compared between groups. RESULTS: SFEMG was abnormal for 17.6% of control patients and 75% of patients in the pseudobotulism group. There were no differences between the control and fatigue groups. Mean jitter, percentage of pathologic fibers, and percentage of blocked fibers of the EDC muscle were significantly higher in the pseudobotulism group than in the fatigue and control groups. There were no differences between groups for the OO muscle. The SFEMG results in the botulism group were qualitatively similar to those of the pseudobotulism group. CONCLUSIONS: SFEMG of the EDC muscle confirmed diffusion of the toxin into muscles distant from the injection site in the pseudobotulism group. SFEMG in the OO muscle is not useful for the diagnosis of diffusion. No major signs of diffusion of botulinum toxin type A were found away from the injection site in patients with fatigue but no motor weakness. Such fatigue may be related to other mechanisms.

Sciatic nerve compression by neurogenic heterotopic ossification: use of CT to determine surgical indications.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of neurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO) based on clinical tests, electroneuromyography (ENMG) and CT in a database of patients with lesions of the central nervous system who required sciatic nerve neurolysis along with posterior hip NHO resection, and to determine the respective roles of ENMG and CT in the management of posterior hip NHOs in patients who are unable to communicate or express pain. METHODS: The consistency of the ENMG results with clinical findings, CT results and macroscopic signs of lesions was retrospectively assessed after sciatic nerve neurolysis and ablation of 55 posterior hip NHOs. RESULTS: Sciatic nerve neurolysis was necessary in 55 cases (47.4%; 55 out of 116). CT showed contact of the NHO with the nerve in all cases: 5 in contact with no deflection, 3 in contact with deflection, 21 moulded into a gutter and 26 entrapped in the NHO. There were clinical signs of sciatic nerve lesion in 21.8% of cases (12 out of 55). ENMG showed signs of sciatic nerve lesions in only 55.6% (10 out of 18), only 4 of whom presented with clinical signs of a nerve lesion. No significant relationship was found between clinical symptoms and ENMG findings of sciatic nerve compression (n = 13, p = 0.77). CONCLUSION: Nerve compression by NHO is likely an underdiagnosed condition, particularly in patients who are unable to communicate. Diagnosis of sciatic compression by NHO should be based on regular clinical examinations and CT. ENMG is not sufficiently sensitive to be used alone for surgical decision-making.

Troublesome heterotopic ossification and stroke: Features and risk factors. A case control study.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To determine the features of stroke-related HO in a large sample of patients and to assess if HO risk is increased by haemorrhagic stroke. RESEARCH DESIGN: A case control study (risk factor of a rare event using retrospective analysis). METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Sixty-one patients with stroke-81 troublesome HOs-were included, each was matched with four controls, i.e. 244 patients with no HO after stroke. Matching criteria were age (±3.5 years) and sex. Data recorded were time from stroke to surgery, ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke and presence of HO risk factors. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Mean age at time of stroke = 46.02 ± 11.4 years (15.9-76.3) for the case sub-group. Time from stroke to surgery = 23.4 ± 27.8 months (3.6-150.0). There was a significant relationship between haemorrhagic stroke and HO development (OR = 3.01; 95% CI = 1.14-7.98; p < 0.05), but not for ischaemic stroke. This became non-significant when all matching and risk factors were included in the model (adjusted OR = 1.98; 95% CI = 0.60-6.54; p = 0.26). CONCLUSION: Haemorrhagic stroke appears to increase the risk of HO development. Further studies are required to determine if this risk factor is independent from other comorbid factors.

Cross-cultural adaptation and reliability of the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) - French version.

PURPOSE: The 6-item Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) is a reliable tool for the evaluation of foot deformities. Our aim was to translate and cross-culturally validate the FPI-6 for use in French-speaking countries and to determine the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the French version. METHODS: Cross-cultural adaptation was performed according to guidelines. Two clinicians assessed the FPI-6 in 52 asymptomatic individuals. We evaluated intra- and inter-rater reliability with the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), correlations (p-value < 0.05) and Bland-Altman plots. Standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable change (MDC95) were determined. RESULTS: For the cross-cultural adaptation, we modified several items of the FPI-6 user guide and added footnotes to ensure correct interpretation. ICC of the total FPI-6 scores were 0.94 to 0.96 for the intra- and inter-rater reliability for dominant and non-dominant lower limb. Correlations were significant (p < 0.001); r 0.88 to 0.92. Total score SEM was 0.68 to 0.78 and MDC95 was 1.58 to 1.82. CONCLUSIONS: Intra- and inter-rater reliability of this French version of the FPI-6 was excellent for the total score and good to excellent for each item. The French FPI-6 can be used in French-speaking countries. The identification of SEM and MDC scores is useful for clinical interpretation.

The French version of the 6-item Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) can be used in clinical practice in French-speaking countriesIntra- and inter-rater reliability of total FPI score are excellentWe provide minimal detectable change value for clinical interpretation (1.58 to 1.82).

Heterotopic ossification of the shoulder after central nervous system lesion: indications for surgery and results.

BACKGROUND: Heterotopic ossification (HO) of the shoulder after central nervous system damage has seldom been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a single-center retrospective study from 1993 to 2009 including patients who underwent surgery for troublesome shoulder HO. Demographic data, HO location, surgical approach, preoperative and postoperative shoulder range of motion, etiologies, and postoperative complications were collected from patients' files. RESULTS: We found 19 shoulder HOs in 16 patients (traumatic brain injury in 11, spinal cord injury in 2, stroke in 1, and cerebral anoxia in 2). The data in 2 files were incomplete and were therefore not used. HO locations around the joint were anteroinferomedial in 4 (21.1%), posteroinferomedial in 5 (26.3%), encircling in 3 (15.8%), superior in 1 (5.3%), and mixed (2 associated HOs that are not encircling) in 6 (31.6%). The surgical approaches were as follows: deltopectoral, 5 (26.3%); Neer, 3 (15.8%); posterior, 5 (26.3%); axillary, 1 (5.3%); Martini, 2 (10.5%); posterior associated with deltopectoral, 2 (10.5%); and Neer (superolateral) associated with deltopectoral, 1 (5.3%). The mean range of motion increased significantly (gain at follow-up of 69°, 60°, and 13° in forward elevation, abduction, and lateral rotation, respectively). Regarding postoperative complications, there was 1 case of capsulitis and 1 reoperation for insufficient excision (because of hemorrhage during surgery). There were no other side effects. CONCLUSION: Anatomic relations with nerves and vessels, as well as limited range of motion, require a case-by-case surgical approach, a preoperative scan (looking for a gutter), and sometimes, electromyography. Surgical indications depend on the degree of loss of function or hygiene, control of comorbid factors, and discussion with the patient and his or her family.

New Distal femoral osteotomy technique for adult patients with major epiphyseal valgus dysplasia.

The management of constitutional knee deformities may be a challenge. In most cases, the deformities are limited and accessible to conventional osteotomy techniques. This case reports an adult with extreme epiphyseal dysplasia of both distal femurs, and its management by a new osteotomy technique. At the last follow-up, 2.8 years after the previous surgery, the patient was walking without limitation or pain, and all osteotomies were healed. He had a Knee Society Score (KSS) of 57 and a functional KSS score of 100.

Relationship between care pathway features and use or non-use of orthotic devices by individuals with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: a cross-sectional, exploratory study.

PURPOSE: Orthotic devices may be prescribed for the management of foot and ankle deformities caused by Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). However, the actual use of these devices is variable. No studies have evaluated the impact of prescription, delivery and follow-up of orthotic devices on their use.We aimed to describe the relationship between the pathways followed by individuals with CMT and orthotic device use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Exploratory, cross-sectional, 35-item survey of orthotic device management. Individuals with CMT were recruited from CMT-France Association. RESULTS: Of the 940 respondents, 795 were included, mean age of 52.9 (SD 16.9) years. Rate of orthotic device use was 49.2% (391/795). The most frequent reason for non-use was a poor fit. Non-use was related to the orthotic device type, the health professionals consulted, and the severity of the CMT-related impairments. Follow-up visits (38.7%), re-evaluation of orthotic devices (25.3%) and consultations with the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine physician were infrequent (28.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Orthotic devices are massively underused. Follow-up and re-evaluation are infrequent. Care pathways, prescription and delivery of orthotic devices must be optimized to meet the expectations of people with CMT. Device fitting, individual needs, and changes in the clinical state must be re-evaluated regularly by specialists to improve orthotic device use.Implications for rehabilitationFoot deformities and foot drop contribute to disability in people with Charcot Marie Tooth Disease but use of orthotic devices is poor.To improve orthotic device use, regular multidisciplinary consultations and regular re-evaluation of the device by specialists in neuro-orthopaedics are important.The device fit should be regularly re-evaluated by the prescribing doctor or the practitioner who made the device.Regular multimodal evaluation of foot deformity, including muscle strength and length, and the individual's needs and expectations is also important to improve orthotic device use.

Effects of compression garments on balance in hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the immediate and 4-week effects of compression garments (CG) on balance using a force platform during 8 different visual, static, and dynamic conditions in hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hEDS) patients. METHODS: Thirty-six participants were randomly assigned to a group: physiotherapy alone (PT, n = 19) or physiotherapy and daily CG wearing for 4 weeks (PT + CG, n = 17). Both attended 12 physiotherapy sessions (strengthening, proprioception, and balance exercises) for 4 weeks. Primary outcome: sway velocity of the centre of pressure (COP) measured before, immediately with the CG, and at 4 weeks. Secondary outcomes: ellipse area, Romberg quotient, and pain. RESULTS: Sway velocity in dynamic conditions decreased immediately with the CG. After 4 weeks of intervention, sway velocity (95% CI 4.36-39.23, effect size 0.93) and area (95% CI 146-3274, effect size 0.45) on the laterally oscillating platform with eyes-closed improved more in the PT + CG group than the PT group. Romberg quotient on foam cushion improved more in the PT + CG than the PT group. Pain decreased in both groups after 4 weeks with no between-group difference. CONCLUSION: CG combined with physiotherapy improved dynamic balance measured with COP variables significantly more than physiotherapy alone in people with hEDS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03359135Implications for RehabilitationCompression garments immediately improve balance in people with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hEDS)Compression garments combined with regular physiotherapy improve balance in people with hEDS after 4 weeks of treatmentCompression garments could compensate for proprioceptive impairment in hEDS.

Short Antibiotic Treatment Duration for Osteomyelitis Complicating Pressure Ulcers: A Quasi-experimental Study.

Background: Osteomyelitis-complicating pressure ulcers are frequent among patients with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), and the optimal management is unknown. In our referral center, the current management is debridement and flap coverage surgeries, followed by a short antibiotic treatment. We aimed to evaluate patients' outcomes a year after surgery. Methods: We performed a quasi-experimental retrospective before/after study on SCI patients with presumed osteomyelitis associated with perineal pressure ulcers. We included all patients who underwent surgery with debridement and flap covering, followed by effective antibiotic treatment, between May 1, 2016, and October 30, 2020. The effective antimicrobial treatment duration included the 10 days leading up to January 1, 2018 (before period), and the 5 to 7 days after (after period). We also compared the efficacy of 5-7-day vs 10-day antibiotic treatment and performed uni- and multivariable analyses to identify factors associated with failure. Results: Overall, 415 patients were included (77.6% male patients; mean age ± SD, 53.0 ± 14.4 years). Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) were involved in 20.7% of cases. Favorable outcomes were recorded in 69.2% of cases: 117/179 (65.3%) in the 10-day treatment group vs 169/287 (71.9%) in the 5-7-day treatment group (P = .153). The only factor associated with failure in the multivariate analysis was a positive culture from suction drainage (odds ratio, 1.622; 95% CI, 1.005-2.617; P = .046). Effective treatment duration >7 days and intraoperative samples negative for MDROs were not associated with better outcomes (P = .153 and P = .241, respectively). Conclusions: A treatment strategy combining surgical debridement and flap covering, followed by 5 to 7 days of effective antibiotic treatment seems safe.

Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides Exacerbate Neurogenic Heterotopic Ossification Development.

Neurogenic heterotopic ossifications (NHO) are heterotopic bones that develop in periarticular muscles after severe central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Several retrospective studies have shown that NHO prevalence is higher in patients who suffer concomitant infections. However, it is unclear whether these infections directly contribute to NHO development or reflect the immunodepression observed in patients with CNS injury. Using our mouse model of NHO induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) between vertebrae T11 to T13 , we demonstrate that lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria exacerbate NHO development in a toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-dependent manner, signaling through the TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-ß (TRIF/TICAM1) adaptor rather than the myeloid differentiation primary response-88 (MYD88) adaptor. We find that T11 to T13 SCI did not significantly alter intestinal integrity nor cause intestinal bacteria translocation or endotoxemia, suggesting that NHO development is not driven by endotoxins from the gut in this model of SCI-induced NHO. Relevant to the human pathology, LPS increased expression of osteoblast markers in cultures of human fibro-adipogenic progenitors isolated from muscles surrounding NHO biopsies. In a case-control retrospective study in patients with traumatic brain injuries, infections with gram-negative Pseudomonas species were significantly associated with NHO development. Together these data suggest a functional association between gram-negative bacterial infections and NHO development and highlights infection management as a key consideration to avoid NHO development in patients. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

Manual needle placement: accuracy of botulinum toxin A injections.

INTRODUCTION: Electrophysiological or ultrasound guidance can facilitate botulinum toxin A (BoNt-A) injection accuracy, but clinical landmarks and palpation are often used for superficial muscles. We evaluated the accuracy of manual needle placement in the gastrocnemius muscles (GC) guided only by anatomical landmarks and palpation. METHODS: Bilateral limbs from 30 cadavers were used to evaluate ink injection into the GC. One anatomist and one orthopedic surgeon verified the accuracy of manual needle placement postinjection by calf muscle dissection. Injection was considered a failure if the ink was not located in the head of the target GC. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-one practitioners were evaluated. Fifty-two injections were successful (43%), and 69 failed (57%). This result was unrelated to injector experience (P = 0.097). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show a poor success rate, regardless of injector experience. Therefore, muscle palpation and anatomical landmarks are insufficient to ensure the accuracy of BoNt-A injections, even for large, superficial muscles.

Motor branch of extensor carpi radialis longus: anatomic localization.

OBJECTIVE: To identify extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) motor nerve coordinates in relation to anatomic surface landmarks. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Anatomy institute of a school of medicine in Paris, France. CADAVERS: Fresh adult cadaver upper limbs (N=20). INTERVENTION: Anatomic dissection of upper limbs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three measurements (mm) were taken of the position of the ECRL motor branch: the distance between the lateral epicondyle and the emergence of the ECRL branch along the forearm axis, the branch depth, and the ratio between the distance corresponding to the nerve depth and the intercondylar distance. RESULTS: The radial nerves of 4 men and 6 women (age range 59-80 y) were identified between the brachioradialis and the ECRL and traced proximally to the lateral epicondyle. The injection point was between the lateral epicondyle posteriorly and the wrist extensor group anteriorly. Direction was perpendicular to the axis of the forearm. Mean depth was 35.6 mm (minimal value: 24.0; maximal value: 58.0; SD=9 mm). Ratio between nerve depth and intercondylar distance was .46 (.37; .53±.05). CONCLUSIONS: The ECRL motor nerve branch is easy to reach using specified landmarks. Selective motor nerve block of the ECRL branch should be considered in the clinical assessment to test the capacity of the extensor carpi radialis brevis to extend the wrist alone and to assess the command and overactivity of antagonists before surgery.

Impact of the operative delay and the degree of neurologic sequelae on recurrence of excised heterotopic ossification in patients with traumatic brain injury.

The timing of surgery with regard to recurrence risk after neurologic heterotopic ossification (HO) excision is still debated. This study investigated the association between recurrence risk after HO excision in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients and (1) the operative delay and (2) the degree of neurologic sequelae (Garland status). A case-control study was performed. Patients who developed troublesome HO requiring surgery after TBI with (case, n = 16) or without recurrence (control, n = 64) were retrospectively included. Other matching criteria were sex and age at the time of surgery (± 4 years). The median delay for first HO surgery was 13.7 months (interquartile range: 9.0-37.1) for the case group and 13.2 months (interquartile range: 7.8-30.0) for the control group. No significant link was found between recurrence and operative delay (P = .54), even after inclusion of all matching factors (P = .53), or Garland status (P = .81). The inclusion of Garland status into the model did not change this result (P = .64). After TBI, no link was found between HO operative delay and recurrence. In spite of a common notion of a relationship between initial severity of TBI and HO development, no link was found between HO recurrence risk and the severity of sequelae.