Matrix effect on quantification of sugars and mannitol developed during the postharvest of cocoa: an alternative method for traceability of aroma precursors by liquid chromatography with an evaporative detector.

The profile of reducing sugars developed during each stage of the postharvest of cocoa beans is an important quality index; these sugars are found to be one of the main precursors of flavor and neoformed compounds. However, its quantification after extraction from different parts of the bean is a challenge due to the complexity of the matrix. The primary aim of this study was to track the formation of reducing sugars and mannitol in samples obtained from various steps of the fermentation and drying processes of cocoa beans by validating a rapid matrix-corrected chromatographic method utilizing a corona-charged aerosol detector for improved sensitivity. The analytes were extracted from ground cocoa beans by solid phase extraction without a defatting step (20 mg raw fermented and 10 mg dried). The experimental variables influencing the effective detection were evaluated at different temperatures and signal filtering levels. Method validation studies showed an average recovery between 77.8 and 120% for fermented cocoa and between 79.6 and 117.7% for dried cocoa. A linear response was achieved for fructose, glucose, sucrose, and mannitol for a concentration range of 0.1-40 mg/L, and maltose showed linearity in the range of 0.1-70 mg/L. Regression coefficients (R) were 0.9991, 0.9993, 0.9992, 0.9995 and 0.9994, respectively. This method was successfully applied to a clone mix of cocoa from Antioquia, Colombia, to confirm the hydrolysis reaction of sucrose into glucose and fructose during fermentation and drying. A quality indicator of an efficient postharvest process in this study was determined to be a glucose percentage of 0.66% w/w and a fructose percentage of 1.46% w/w, which were higher than the values reported by other studies.

Antioxidant capacity and cytotoxic effect of an optimized extract of isabella grape (Vitis labrusca) on breast cancer cells.

The phenolic profile of Isabella grape (Vitis labrusca) offers beneficial properties to human health and makes it a functional food product. In order to better understand the phenolic compounds found in this grape variety and the biological effect they induce on breast cancer cells, an ultrasound-assisted extraction was carried out. During the extraction of polyphenols from Isabella grapes organically grown in Antioquia (Colombia), parameters such as frequency (33 kHz and 40 kHz), time and solvent were optimized to finally obtain a crude extract with antioxidant properties (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity, ORAC: 293.22 ± 34.73 µmol of Trolox/g of sample), associated with a total polyphenol content (TPC) of 43.14 ± 5.00 mg GAE/g sample and a total anthocyanin content composed of 17.69 ± 2.59 mg of malvidin-3-glucoside/100 g of sample. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of the optimized extract, and results show a decrease in cell viability related to mitochondrial membrane depolarization, ROS increase, and chromatin condensation. To determine the possible death induction mechanism, molecular docking was simulated to predict the molecular interactions between the most abundant phenolic compounds in Isabella grape and the main apoptosis-related proteins. The results obtained from in silico and in vitro experiments were consistent with each other, suggesting that the phenolic compounds found in Isabella grape can be considered potential adjuvant chemopreventive agents for the treatment of breast cancer.

Traceability of polyphenols in cocoa during the postharvest and industrialization processes and their biological antioxidant potential.

Noncommunicable diseases, the leading cause of mortality around the world, are responsible for approximately 75% of premature adult deaths (ages 30-69). To tackle this issue, a healthy diet based on functional foods, including cocoa and its derivatives, has been increasingly promoted. The polyphenols present in cocoa have been of interest due to their antioxidant potential and their possible protective role in the context of noncommunicable diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular conditions. However, during cocoa postharvest and industrialization, the concentration of these bioactive compounds is reduced, possibly affecting their health-promoting properties. Therefore, this paper reviews in the literature in this field to find the total polyphenol content in cocoa during the postharvest and industrialization processes in order to define concentration ranges as a reference point for future research. In addition, it discusses in vitro and in vivo studies into the biological antioxidant potential of cocoa and its derivatives. This review covers publications in indexed databases from 2010 to 2020, their data were processed and presented here using box plots. As a result, we identified the concentration ranges of polyphenols depending on the type of matrix, treatment and country, as well as their relationship with the main bioactive compounds present in cocoa that are associated with their possible antioxidant biological potential and health-related benefits.

Effect of temperature on the formation of acrylamide in cocoa beans during drying treatment: An experimental and computational study.

The aim of this work was to determine the effect of temperature on the formation of acrylamide in cocoa beans during drying treatment by an experimental and computational study, in order to assess the presence of this neoformed compound from postharvest stage. The computational study was conducted on the reaction between fructose, glyoxal from glucose, and on asparagine at the M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level, under cocoa bean drying conditions at 323.15 to 343.15 K. The proposed reaction for acrylamide formation consisted of seven steps, which required to progress a via cyclic transition state of the four members. In addition, step III (decarboxylation) was considered to be the rate-determining step. Glucose followed an E1-like elimination and fructose exhibited an E1cb-like elimination. Computational model showed that the reaction of acrylamide formation was favored by fructose rather than glucose. The content of reducing sugars, asparagine and acrylamide in fermented and dried cocoa from two subregions of Antioquia-Colombia, as well as roasted cocoa, were evaluated by UHPLC-C-CAD and UHPLC-QqQ. The concentrations of monosaccharides measured at the end of the fermentation and drying process of cocoa nibs showed greater decreases in the levels of fructose as compared to glucose, supporting the main model hypothesis. Acrylamide formation only occurred in Bajo Cauca due to the presence of both precursors and fast drying time (72 h). Finally, it was possible to find the conditions to which acrylamide can be formed from the drying process and not only from roasting, information that can be used for future control strategies.

Chemometric approaches for postharvest quality tracing of cocoa: An efficient method to distinguish plant material origin.

The aim of this study was to compare the quality of a mixture of cocoa harvested and fermented in three subregions of Antioquia (Colombia), from the chemometric profile based on multivariate statistical analysis. A mixture of clones CCN-52, ICS-1, FLE-2, and FEC-2 harvested in Bajo Cauca, Uraba and Magdalena Medio were subjected to a spontaneous fermentation. The characterization of raw and well-fermented cocoa was performed through 38 parameters, and results were compared by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a Cluster Analysis (CA), followed by a Principal Factors Analysis (PFA- CA). The CA showed that there are differences among subregions only in raw cocoa from Bajo Cauca. PCA allowed identifying the variability between raw and fermented cocoa in a representative way and these results were consistent with the chemical profile. Besides, the number of parameters to differentiate raw cocoa from different subregions was reduced (11-13 parameters) and it was possible to characterize well fermented cocoa with only 10 parameters of 38. PFA-CA consolidated in three factors a grouping to identify the cocoa quality according to the process or interest of the sensory or functional properties. Factor 1 (cocoa quality indicators with functional properties), Factor 2 (indicators of quality of the beginning of fermentation) and Factor 3 (indicators of quality of well-fermented cocoa) each one with a weight of 39, 35 and 26 respectively.

[Dental caries amongst mentally retarded people and those suffering from Down's syndrome]. / Caries dental en personas con retraso mental y síndrome de Down.

OBJECTIVE: A descriptive investigation was conducted for determining the prevalence of dental caries amongst mentally retarded (MR) people and those suffering from Down's syndrome (DS). METHODS: A special school located in Morán county in the State of Lara was visited. The inclusion criteria involved dental examination of 60 students and their parents/or the person responsible for them being interviewed. RESULTS: Participants' mean age was 14.5 +/- 8.17; 48.3% were from a blue collar level. Regarding oral health, 53.0% had dental caries, 51.7% being in the molars. Moderately MR people had the highest proportion of dental caries (75%). About 53% of the females and 46.2% of males, 644% and 31.9% of RM and DS participants had caries. 28.3% needed non-urgent dental treatment and 45% were using public dental health services. CONCLUSIONS: People suffering from MR and DS have precarious oral health; it is thus recommended that health programmes be created which are specifically directed towards these people.

[Knowledge of people living with HIV/AIDS virus regarding the disease]. / Conocimiento de las personas que viven con el virus del VIH/SIDA sobre la enfermedad.

Objective To determine the knowledge of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHIV/AIDS) towards the disease. Methods A cross-sectional study was designed for a sample of 260 persons. A validated questionnaire, developed by the authors was used; it was structured into 35 questions regarding generalities and the mode of transmission of the disease. Results A high proportion of the participants were males (59.6 %), the mean age was 35.45±10.90 years, the median time of diagnosis of the participants was 3 years. 30 % of the participants had an elementary school educational level. 3.5 % had a "good" general knowledge. Statistically significant difference was observed between "deficient" and "fair" knowledge and educational level (p<0.000). 10.5 % of the females did not know that "HIV is transmitted through breast feeding", however, a statistically significant difference was observed between genders (p<0.009). 67.6 % did not know the most frequent opportunistic disease of the oral cavity among PLWHIV/AIDS. No statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was observed between educational level and the knowledge about questions related to CD4 cells. Statistically significant difference was observed between time of diagnosis and breast feeding as mode of transmission. Conclusion There is a need to develop educational programs geared towards PLWHIV/AIDS in order to improve their knowledge towards the disease and their quality of life.

[Oral manifestations and dental caries in children exposed to human immunodeficiency virus]. / Manifestaciones orales y caries dental en niños expuestos al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana.

OBJECTIVE: Determining oral manifestations and dental caries amongst children exposed to the immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS: Thirty-seven (n=37) children attending the Colombian AIDS Control Program (PRONASIDA-Lara) pediatric service were studied. Parents and guardians were informed about the purpose of the study and its confidentiality. An oral examination was conducted by a dentist; parents/guardians were asked about their children's history of oral manifestations and this was corroborated with their clinical charts. RESULTS: The mean age was 5.15±3.79; 62.2 % were males. Ninety-eight point eight percent had become vertically infected. Most of the children were classified in the A immune suppression category (35.1 %). The highest percentage (37.8 %) of children were in the 15 %-24 % total CD4+ lymphocyte category. The most prevalent oral manifestations were oral candidiasis, angular cheilitis, linear gingival erythema and parotid enlargement. There was a significant statistical difference between percentages of CD4 lymphocytes and angular qualities (p<0.05). Forty-five point nine percent had dental caries and 54.1 % were in "urgent" need of dental treatment. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) showed that ¾ of the children needed dental treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study led to concluding that there was a need for an oral manifestation management-based strategy focusing on clinical and preventative treatment, as oral manifestations are frequent in children suffering from HIV infection.

Conocimiento de las personas que viven con el virus del VIH/SIDA sobre la enfermedad / Knowledge of people living with HIV/AIDS virus regarding the disease

Objetivo Determinar el conocimiento de las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA (PVVS) sobre la enfermedad. Métodos Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo transversal en una muestra de 260 personas. Se utilizó un instrumento tipo cuestionario elaborado por los investigadores y sometido a validación de expertos, el cual constaba de 35 preguntas sobre generalidades y modo de transmisión. Resultados En su mayoría eran varones (59,6 %), el promedio de edad fue de 35,45±10,90 años y para el tiempo de diagnóstico de los participantes la mediana fue de 3 años; 30 % tenía un nivel educativo básico. Un 3,5 % presentaron un conocimiento general “bueno”. Se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas al relacionar el nivel educativo con el conocimiento “deficiente” y “regular” (p<0,000). Un 10,5 % de las mujeres no conocía que el “VIH se transmite por la leche materna”, se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos sexos (p<0,009); 67,6 % no conoce cuales enfermedades oportunistas de la cavidad bucal son frecuentes en las PVVS. No se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p>0,05) entre nivel educativo y de conocimiento sobre las preguntas relacionadas con las células CD4. Se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre años de diagnóstico y transmisión a través de la leche materna. Conclusión Existe la necesidad de desarrollar programas educativos dirigidos a las PVVS con el fin de mejorar su conocimiento sobre la enfermedad y su calidad de vida.

Objective To determine the knowledge of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHIV/AIDS) towards the disease. Methods A cross-sectional study was designed for a sample of 260 persons. A validated questionnaire, developed by the authors was used; it was structured into 35 questions regarding generalities and the mode of transmission of the disease. Results A high proportion of the participants were males (59.6 %), the mean age was 35.45±10.90 years, the median time of diagnosis of the participants was 3 years. 30 % of the participants had an elementary school educational level. 3.5 % had a “good” general knowledge. Statistically significant difference was observed between “deficient” and “fair” knowledge and educational level (p<0.000). 10.5 % of the females did not know that “HIV is transmitted through breast feeding”, however, a statistically significant difference was observed between genders (p<0.009). 67.6 % did not know the most frequent opportunistic disease of the oral cavity among PLWHIV/AIDS. No statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was observed between educational level and the knowledge about questions related to CD4 cells. Statistically significant difference was observed between time of diagnosis and breast feeding as mode of transmission. Conclusion There is a need to develop educational programs geared towards PLWHIV/AIDS in order to improve their knowledge towards the disease and their quality of life.

Manifestaciones orales y caries dental en niños expuestos al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana / Oral manifestations and dental caries in children exposed to human immunodeficiency virus

Objetivo Determinar las manifestaciones orales y caries dental en niños expuestos al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Métodos Se estudiaron 37 niños que acuden a la consulta pediátrica del programa nacional de control de SIDA (PRONASIDA-Lara). Se informó a padres y representantes sobre los objetivos del estudio y su carácter confidencial. El examen de la cavidad oral lo realizó un odontólogo, quien además indagó sobre historia de manifestaciones bucales y corroboró la información con la historia clínica. Resultado La edad promedio fue 5,15±3,79 años, 62,2 % era del género masculino. Se infectaron por trasmisión vertical 91,8 %. La mayoría de los niños pertenecían a la categoría clínica A (35,1 %). El mayor porcentaje (37,8 %) de niños se encontró en la categoría 15-24 % de linfocitos CD4. Entre las manifestaciones orales más prevalentes se encontró la candidiasis oral, queilitis angular, eritema gingival lineal y parotiditis. Se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el porcentaje de linfocitos CD4 y queilitis angular (p<0,05). Cuarenta y cinco coma nueve (45,9 %) presentó caries dental y 29,7 % tenían necesidad de tratamiento dental "urgente". Por otra parte, el índice de necesidad de tratamiento calculado (INT) muestra que tres cuartos de los niños tenían necesidad de tratamiento dental. Conclusiones Los resultados del estudio permiten concluir que existe la necesidad de una estrategia basada en el manejo de las manifestaciones orales, frecuentes en la infección por VIH en niños, que permita un tratamiento desde un punto de vista integral, con un enfoque clínico y preventivo.

Objective Determining oral manifestations and dental caries amongst children exposed to the immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods Thirty-seven (n=37) children attending the Colombian AIDS Control Program (PRONASIDA-Lara) pediatric service were studied. Parents and guardians were informed about the purpose of the study and its confidentiality. An oral examination was conducted by a dentist; parents/guardians were asked about their children's history of oral manifestations and this was corroborated with their clinical charts. Results The mean age was 5.15±3.79; 62.2 % were males. Ninety-eight point eight percent had become vertically infected. Most of the children were classified in the A immune suppression category (35.1 %). The highest percentage (37.8 %) of children were in the 15 %-24 % total CD4+ lymphocyte category. The most prevalent oral manifestations were oral candidiasis, angular cheilitis, linear gingival erythema and parotid enlargement. There was a significant statistical difference between percentages of CD4 lymphocytes and angular qualities (p<0.05). Forty-five point nine percent had dental caries and 54.1 % were in "urgent" need of dental treatment. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) showed that ¾ of the children needed dental treatment. Conclusions The results of the study led to concluding that there was a need for an oral manifestation management-based strategy focusing on clinical and preventative treatment, as oral manifestations are frequent in children suffering from HIV infection.

Synthesis and attioxidant activity of two isoespintanol derivatives / Síntesis y ativiidad antioxidante de dos derivados de isoespintaoll / Síntese eatividaade antioxidante dos derivados do isoespintanol

The antioxidant activity of isoespintanol (1) hemisynthetic analogues, 4-bromo-2-isopropyl-3,6-dimethoxy-5-methylphe-nol (2) and 3-isopropyl-6-methylbenzene-1,2,4-triol (3), was evaluated using ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays. Partial rationalization of the results is provided in terms of quantum chemical calculations of bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) and ionization potential (IP).

La actividad antioxidante de los análogos hemisintéticos del isoespintanol (1), 4-bromo-2-isopropil-3,6-dimetoxi-5-metil-fenol (2) y 3-isopropil-6-metilbenceno-1,2,4-triol (3), se evaluó empleando los ensayos ABTS, DPPH y FRAP. La racionalización de los resultados es provista de forma parcial en términos de cálculos cuánticos de entalpia de disociación de enlace (BDE) y potencial de ionización (IP).

A atividade antioxidante dos análogos hemi-sintéticos de isoespintanol (1), 4-bromo-2-isopropil-3,6-dimetoxi-Smetilfenol (2) e 3-isopropil-6metilbenze-no- 1,2,4-triol (3 foi avahada através das técnicas de ABTS, DPPH e FRAP A racionalizagáo dos resultados está prevista, em parte, em termos de cálculos quánticos de entalpia de dissociagáo da ligagáo (BDE) e potencial de ionizagáo (IP).

Actitud de los estudiantes de medicina y enfermería hacia las personas que viven con VIH/sida / Attitude of medical and nursing students towards people living with HIV/AIDS

Los profesionales y estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud tienen un papel importante en la atención de la salud hospitalaria de las personas que viven con VIH/sida (PVVS), su actitud es una barrera para su cuidado médico. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal para determinar la actitud de los estudiantes de Medicina y Enfermería hacia las PVVS. La población en estudio la conformaron 1787 estudiantes, la muestra fue seleccionada mediante un muestreo estratificado con afijación proporcional, que quedó conformada por 226 estudiantes del programa de Medicina y 90 estudiantes del programa de Enfermería. La edad promedio fue de 20.98 ± 2.75 años y el 72.2% correspondió al sexo femenino. El 19.3% tuvo una actitud “favorable” hacia las PVVS. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la actitud y las variables sexo y edad (p > 0.05). El 88.2% de los estudiantes de Medicina presentó una actitud desfavorable, no obstante, existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la edad y la actitud de los estudiantes de Medicina (p = 0.009), mientras que en los estudiantes de Enfermería la actitud fue favorable en 25.6%; no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la edad y la actitud...

Nivel de conocimiento y actitud de los odontólogos hacia portadores de VIH/SIDA / Knowledge level and attitude of dentists toward HIV/AIDS patients

El conocimiento y actitud de los odontologos hacia las personas portadoras de VIH/SIDA juega un papel importante en la prevención y tratamiento de las enfermedades de la cavidad bucal. Para analizar la situación, se realizó una investigación determinando el nivel de conocimiento (NC) y la actitud de los odontólogos hacia portadores del VIH/SIDA. Materiales y métodos: Participaron 48 profesionales que laboran en el sector público, quienes respondieron un instrumento de 50 items. La mayoría de los participantes (77,1 por ciento) pertenecían al género femenino. La edad promedio fue de 41,3±9,4 años y en su mayoría con más de 20 años de graduados. Resultados: Se encontró que 60,4 por ciento presentan un NC bueno, 43,8 por ciento tienen una actitud negativa hacia el portador VIH/SIDA. No se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p>0,05) al relacionar NC con la actitud. Al analizar el NC por ítem, 64,6 por ciento reportó como falso que el riesgo de morir por el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) sea mayor que el causado por el VIH, 85,8 por ciento afirma que las personas con SIDA deben ser aisladas y 60,4 por ciento reportaron incorrectamente la medida de esterilización indicada a ser usada en el consultorio dental. Con respecto a la actitud, 45,8 por ciento tuvo una actitud negativa para tratar al portador VIH/SIDA. Se encontró además, una actitud desfavorable entre los profesionales con mayor tiempo de ejercicio a pesar de su nivel de conocimiento bueno. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que deben incorporarse estrategias de educación y sensibilización para los odontólogos con la finalidad de mejorar la práctica profesional en el tratamiento odontológico a personas portadoras de VIH/SIDA. Esta investigación es patrocinada por el CDCHT/UCLA.

The knowledge of the dentists during their dental practice and their attitude towards HIV/SIDA people play and important role for the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. For this reason an investigation was conducted with to determine the level of knowledge (LK) and attitude towards HIV/AIDS that have dentists who work at public health services in the Iribarren County. Materials and methods: Forty eight dentists who work in the public services participated in the study, and answered a self-administered questionnaire with 50 questions. Most of the dentists (77.1%) were female. The mean age of the participants was 41,29±9.42. Results: When totalizing LK and attitude, 60.4% had a "good" LK and 43.8% reported a negative attitude. There was no statistically difference between LK and attitude (p>0.05). Analysing LK by item, 64.3% reported as "false" that the risk of dying for Hepatitis B (VHB) is higher than HIV, 85.8% answered that people with AIDS have to be isolated, and 60.4% reported incorrectly the sterilization measure to be used at dental office. There was a negative attitude (45.8%) related to provide dental care to HIV/AIDS people. As far as more years of graduation their attitude is unfavourable and their level of knowledge is "Good". Conclusions: The results suggest the implementation of educational strategies directed to dentists in order to improve dental treatment for HIV/AIDS people.

Caries dental en personas con retraso mental y Síndrome de Down / Dental caries amongst mentally retarded people and those suffering from Down's syndrome

Objetivo: Con el propósito de determinar la prevalencia de caries dental en personas con retraso mental (RM) y Síndrome de Down (SD) se realizó una investigación descriptiva transversal. Métodos Se visitó la escuela especial ubicada en el Municipio Morán, Estado Lara, Venezuela, la cual cumplía con los criterios de inclusión, se realizó el diagnostico de salud bucal de 60 alumnos y entrevistó a los padres y/o representantes. Resultados La edad promedio de los participantes fue de 14,5 ± 8,17 y 48,3 por ciento pertenecen a la clase social obrero. En relación con la salud bucal 53 por ciento presentaba caries dental, de ellos 51,7 por ciento en los molares. Las personas con RM moderado presentaron el mayor porcentaje de caries dental (75 por ciento). Aproximadamente 53 por ciento de las mujeres y 46,2 por ciento de los varones, 64,4 por ciento y 31,9 por ciento de los participantes con RM y SD, tenían caries dental, respectivamente. Requerían tratamiento dental urgente 28,3 por ciento de los participantes, y 45 por ciento utilizaban los servicios odontológicos públicos. Conclusiones Las personas con RM y SD presentan una precaria salud bucal por lo que se recomienda la creación de programas dirigidos a estas personas.

Objective: A descriptive investigation was conducted for determining the prevalence of dental caries amongst mentally retarded (MR) people and those suffering from Down's syndrome (DS). Methods A special school located in Morán county in the State of Lara was visited. The inclusion criteria involved dental examination of 60 students and their parents/or the person responsible for them being interviewed. Results Participants' mean age was 14,5 ± 8,17; 48,3 percent were from a blue collar level. Regarding oral health, 53.0 percent had dental caries, 51,7 percent being in the molars. Moderately MR people had the highest proportion of dental caries (75 percent). About 53 percent of the females and 46,2 percent of males, 64,4 percent and 31,9, percent of RM and DS participants had caries. 28,3 percent needed non-urgent dental treatment and 45 percent were using public dental health services. Conclusions People suffering from MR and DS have precarious oral health; it is thus recommended that health programmes be created which are specifically directed towards these people.

salud oral de las personas con retraso mental en cuatro municipios del estado lara, 2003 / Oral health of mentally retarded persons in four counties of lara state (venezuela), 2003

Se realizó una investigación para determinar la salud oral y características generales de las personas con retraso mental (RM) en cuatro Municipios del Estado Lara. Para ello se utilizó un muestreo bietápico por conglomerados, seleccionando aleatoriamente 15 de 88 instituciones educativas especiales, quedando la muestra constituida por 155 personas que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Previa autorización se interrogó a los padres y examinó a las personas con RM. La edad de las personas fue de 14,6 ± 7,11 años de edad y la edad de la madre en el momento del parto fue de 29,03 ± 7,26 años de edad. La mayoría pertenece a la clase social obrera (60,6%). El RM leve fue el más común (32,9%). Con relación a la salud oral, 65,2% de las personas presentaba caries dental. Sesenta y cuatro coma cinco (64,5%) tenían signos gingivales. Requería tratamiento urgente 24,5% de los participantes. Hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p= 0,017) entre el estrato social y el tipo de servicio odontológico al que acudían, también entre el tipo de RM y la presencia de signos gingivales (p = 0,04). De los resultados se puede concluir que los participantes presentan una higiene oral deficiente, la mayoría de las cuales pertenecen a las clases sociales más desposeídas, por lo que los servicios odontológicos a nivel público deben estar acondicionados y los profesionales y personal auxiliar capacitados para la prevención, tratamiento y rehabilitación de esta población a riesgo.

Abstract An investigation was conducted to determine the oral health and general characteristics of the mentally retarded (MR) people in four counties at the State of Lara. A multi-stage sampling design was used, selecting randomly 15 out of 88 special education schools. The sample was conformed by 155 subjects who filled the inclusion criteria. Previous authorization, parents were interviewed and the persons with MR were examined. The mean age was 14,6±7,11, and the mean age of the mother at the time of delivery was 29,03±7,26. Most of the people belong to blue collar social status (60,6%). The most common type of MR was mild (32,9%). Regarding oral health, 65,2% of the persons had dental caries. Sixty four point five percent (64,5%) had gingival signs. Urgent treatment was needed by 24,5% of the participants. Statistical significant difference was found between socioeconomic status and dental health service (p=0,017), and between type of MR and gingival signs (p=0,04). From these results one may conclude that the participants show a poor oral health, most of them belong to the lower social class, therefore public dental health services must be equipped, and their personnel trained for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of this population at risk.

Actividad antioxidante del isoespintanol en diferentes medios / Antioxidant activity of Isoespintanol in different media

Se midió la actividad antioxidante del isoespintanol (2-Isopropil-3,6-dimetoxi-5-metilfenol), aislado de las hojas Oxandra cf xylopiodes, en diferentes modelos. Los resultados indican que el isoespintanol es un mejor reductor que el BHT en el ensayo FRAP. En los sistemas emulsificados decoloacion de B-caroteno y peroxidación lipídica inducida por Fe/ascorbato y en el ensayo cinético de DPPH, el isoespintanol y BHT tienen comportamientos antioxidantes similares. El BHT es un mejor atrapador de los radicales libres DPHH y ABTS. Isoespintanoly BHT no atrapan el radical superóxido y no inhiben significativamente la xantina oxidasa

La atención al anciano en Venezuela / Aged care in Venezuela

Se analizan los factores económicos y socio-culturales que inciden negativamente en la atención integral del anciano en Venezuela y se insiste en la carencia de Instituciones idóneas con una orientación filosófica y doctrinaria adecuada para garantizar la atenció geriátrica en nuestro país. Hacemos énfasis en el respeto que merecen la experiencia, la individualidad y la privacidad de los ancianos, así como también en el derecho que asiste a la población logeva para aspirar la mayor felicidad posbile en el contexto de nuestra sociedad. Llamamos la atención en el sentido de favorecer la prioritaria ubicación de los ancianos en su medio familiar sin que constituyan una carga, cada vez que las circunstancias así lo permitan, protegidos como deben estar no sólo por una asistencia médica adecuada y oportuna, sino también, por una amplia normativa legal que ampare sus necesidades básicas y vele por el resguardo de sus derechos fundamentales. Puntualizamos el dispendio de ingentes recursos económicos y la distracción en quehaceres irrelevantes de un valioso personal de médicos y trabajadores sociales, sin que ello signifique ni siquiera una solución parcial para sus más elementales carencias. Se señala la grave situación institucional de las actuales Unidades Geriátricas, carentes como están de ambientes físicos idóneos, de programas recreativos, de genuinos incentivos de reparación, de mística y de vínculos activos con el medio ambiente social que faciliten la reinserción del anciano

Taquicardia ictal: un automatismo visceroautonomico que complica a la cisticercosis cerebral / Ictal tachycardia: a visceroautonomic automatism with cerebral cisticercosis

Se presenta el insólito caso de una paciente tratada con Praziquantel por padecer una cisticercosis cerebral y quien a su vez sufrió frecuentes episodios de taquicardia ictal acompañados de pérdidas breves del conocimiento. Se revisó la literatura en relación a este tema, constatándose las escasísimas aunque valiosas referencias al respecto. Igualmente discutimos algunos detalles sobre la probable génesis neurológica y formas de propagación de la disritmia en la necesidad de prevenir con un estudio clínico integral, no sólo las arritmias de origen central que pueden aparecer en sujetos epilépticos, sino la posibilidad evidente de una muerte súbita inexplicable

Síndrome nefrótico en enfermedad de Graves Basedow asociado a complejos inmunes IgM-antigeno tiroideo / Nephrotic syndrome in graves basedow disease associated immune complex IgM-antigen thyroid

Se reporta el estudio, tratamiento y curación de una joven mujer quien padeció un síndrome nefrotico secundario a una enfermedad de Graves Basedow asociada a tiroiditis de Hashimoro. Por primera vez se reporta en humanos utilizado además de la correlación clínica entre los complejos inmunes, T4 libre, IgM. Albumina sérica y protenuiria, los hallazsgos por microscopia de inmunofluorescencia y electrónico de transmisión que permitieron probar el efecto nefritigénico de la IgM como único anticuerpo en la enfermedad por complejos inmunes del riñón. Se efectuó un estudio completo del tejido renal y un exhaustivo análisis de las características inmunológicas e inmunohistoquímicas de los linfocitos T y B a fin de evaluar las subpoblaciones celulares, su respuesta a mitógenos y la presencia de marcadores intracitoplasmáticos y de superficie. Así mismo, se efectuó la determinación del supratipo derivado del HLA, y una revisión de la literatura sobre el rol nefritogénico de la IgM

Propuesta para el ánalisis de la situación de salud según condiciones de vida de la población para el apoyo a la gestión en los niveles locales / Proposal for the analysis of population health situation based on living conditions

En este trabajo se describe una propuesta de análisis de la situación de salud según condiciones de vida de la población, desarrollada como apoyo a la gestión municipal en el campo de la salud. Dicha propuesta consiste en formar estratos de Barrio/Urbanizaciones con condiciones de vida semejantes, utilizando como indicadores: el porcentaje de viviendas sin agua, el porcentaje de viviendas que carecen de sistemas de disposición de excretas y el porcentaje de población mayor de 15 años que no lee ni escribe, información obtenida a través de informantes claves. Al interior de cada estrato se caracteriza la situación de salud, utilizando los indicadores disponibles en los sistemas de información existentes. La metodología descrita fue aplicada en los Municipios Iribarren y Palavecino del Estado Lara, Venezuela, donde se encontró que la proporción de nacimientos vivos de bajo peso, la mortalidad proporcional en menores de un año, el porcentaje de muertes por enfermedades transmisibles y específicamente por afecciones instestinales, así como la mortalidad por causas perinatales son mayores en el estrato de peores condiciones de vida, observándose relación entre la magnitud de estos indicadores y la magnitud de la pobreza