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This study analyzes the dimensions and consequences of the burden of caregivers of patients with SMD (Severe Mental Disorder) and the repercussions that this role has on their quality of life and health in the physical, psychic and social spheres. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study and inferential observational study which explores caregivers of patients with SMD admitted to Psychiatry Day Hospital (Huesca, Spain). The technique of consecutive cases was used as a technique for sampling and sample selection. An individualized interview was arranged, where sociodemographic data were collected and scales and instruments were administered. 52 caregivers met the inclusion criteria. The female sex predominates (67%), being the patient's mother (48%). The average age of caregivers is 60 years old. Almost 60% of the sample presents intense burden and alterations of general mental health, 77% reveal anxiety and depression, and 46% little social support. Burden is associated with hospitalization within the last year, anxiety, or total social support received. It is appreciated how the diagnosis of a chronic disease constitutes an important challenge for the patient and their family, due to the burden of the disease and the impact of the new routines imposed by the continuous treatment.
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Cuidadores , Transtornos Mentais , Ansiedade , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
This research analyzes how gender equality influences the participation of European senior citizens in a range of volunteering activities (Social Awareness, Professional and Political, Education, and Religion). The main contribution is the simultaneous consideration of different levels of data aggregation: individual, national and welfare system. This allows conclusions to be drawn on the effects of variables linked to sociodemographic characteristics, gender equality and welfare systems. The empirical estimation utilised microdata from the World Values Survey (2005/09 and 2010/14) and the United Nations Development Programme. Results suggest that the European senior citizens appear to believe that they are more equal than the official statistics of their countries indicate. Men are more likely to participate in professional and education activities; women are more likely to be involved in religious organisations. Welfare systems influence volunteering behaviours. The promotion of macro-policies for gender equality could be important for increasing participation in non-profit organisations.
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BACKGROUND: The concept of health-related quality of life and education integrates the bio-psychosocial perspective of health and the multidimensional potentialities of education for wellbeing. This present work is especially relevant to young people because understanding the interaction between health and education can facilitate the design of preventive policies. The research examines the way in which the educational level of young people from an urban district in the city of Zaragoza (Casablanca) has an influence on their health-related quality of life (HRQOL). METHODS: A cross sectional survey was undertaken in the Casablanca district of Zaragoza (Spain). Participants were not randomly selected; their numbers reflected the areas where they lived with respect to age and sex distribution. It comprised 122 boys and 122 girls, aged between16 and 29, living in the neighbourhood are: Viñedo Viejo, Las Nieves and Fuentes Claras. These three residence zones are markedly different in terms of socioeconomic composition. The questionnaire included the following information: socioeconomic characteristics (sex, age, educational level, employment status, residence zone), an assessment of health (health problems, diagnosis and medication in the last 2 weeks) and HRQOL (WHOQOL-BREF dimensions: mental health; physical health; social relations; and environment). ANOVA and four regression models were used to assess the role, direction and intensity of educational level on HRQOL. RESULTS: The results show that the higher the level of education, the better the level of HRQOL. The biggest impact of education was on the mental health dimension, but this influence was modulated by sex and residence zone. The value of the interaction of education and residence zone was more significant than educational level alone. HRQOL of girls is more sensitive to education, being a student and residence zone than the HRQOL of boys. CONCLUSIONS: The dimensions of HRQOL are influenced by educational level. The influence is greatest among girls and the youngest members of the poorest area of the district. Public authorities should contemplate the development of an equitable education system from the beginning of the life cycle as a public health strategy.
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Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Qualidade de Vida , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Status Econômico , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Distribuição por Sexo , Espanha , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJETIVES: The purpose of this work is to analyse the effects on informal caregiver's health and lifestyle when living with a dependent person at home. A comparison will be made between this situation and other situations involving commitment of time and energy, taking into account gender and age differences in each stage of the life cycle. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study analysing secondary data. SETTING: The method used for collecting information is the computer assisted personal interview carried out in selected homes by the Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality. PARTICIPANTS: The study included 19,351 participants aged over 25 years who completed the 2011-2012 Spanish National Health Survey. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: This research is based on demographic information obtained from a Spanish National Health Survey (2011/12). Using an empirical framework, the Logit model was select and the data reported as odds ratio. The estimations were repeated independently by sub-groups of age and gender. RESULTS: The study showed that the health of people who share their lives with a dependent person is worse than those who do not have any dependent person at home (they are 5 times at higher risk of developing health problems). The study found that being a woman, advance age, low educational level and does not work, also has an influence. Being a caregiver reduces the likelihood of maintaining a healthy lifestyle through physical exercise, relaxation, or eating a balanced diet. CONCLUSIONS: Living with a dependent person reduces the likelihood of maintaining healthy lifestyles and worsens the state of health of family members. Significant differences in gender and age were found.
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Cuidadores , Saúde da Família , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Estilo de Vida Saudável , Humanos , Assistência de Longa Duração , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This paper examines the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for a quality-adjusted life year (QALY) expressed by people who attended the healthcare system as well as the association of attitude towards risk and other personal characteristics with their response. METHODS: Health-state preferences, measured by EuroQol (EQ-5D-3L), were combined with WTP for recovering a perfect health state. WTP was assessed using close-ended, iterative bidding, contingent valuation method. Data on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, as well as usage of health services by the subjects were collected. The attitude towards risk was evaluated by collecting risky behaviors data, by the subject's self-evaluation, and through lottery games. RESULTS: Six hundred and sixty two subjects participated and 449 stated a utility inferior to 1. WTP/QALY ratios varied significantly when payments with personal money (mean 10,119; median 673) or through taxes (mean 28,187; median 915) were suggested. Family income, area income, higher education level, greater use of healthcare services, and the number of co-inhabitants were associated with greater WTP/QALY ratios. Age and female gender were associated with lower WTP/QALY ratios. Risk inclination was independently associated with a greater WTP/QALY when "out of pocket" payments were suggested. Clear discrepancies were demonstrated between linearity and neutrality towards risk assumptions and experimental results. CONCLUSIONS: WTP/QALY ratios vary noticeably based on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the subject, but also on their attitude towards risk. Knowing the expression of preferences by patients from this outcome measurement can be of interest for health service planning.
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Financiamento Pessoal , Nível de Saúde , Preferência do Paciente , Anos de Vida Ajustados por Qualidade de Vida , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Medição de Risco , Espanha , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Introduction: So far, both for the general and older population, research on human values and wellbeing mainly shows correlational associations but does not inquire about the direction of this relationship. This is also true for values and civic participation. Therefore, our objective is to identify the directional association between civic participation and Schwartz values, and between values and wellbeing, among older Europeans. Methods: A pseudo-panel was created from the cross-sectional data of the European Social Survey (ESS 2002-2018), controlling for gender, age-group, country and level of studies (n = 3926). The data analysis was performed using a cross-lagged model, applying both random-effects and fixed-effects models. Results: On the one hand, the relationship between participation and values is bidirectional, but the effect of civic participation on values is more significant since participating stimulates the development of certain values. On the other hand, although the relationship between values and wellbeing is also bidirectional, the effect of wellbeing on values is stronger since a given level of wellbeing favors the development of particular values. Discussion: We conclude that civic participation should be promoted within the older population since it directly increases wellbeing, and moreover reinforces those (Growth-oriented) values that positively influence the health, happiness and life satisfaction of older people.
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This paper studies how household social capital affects adolescents' demand for alcoholic drinks. To that end, we focus on a theoretical framework that combines elements from the Model of Rational Addiction and the Model of Social Economics. For the empirical framework, we use a simultaneous Type II Tobit model, with data drawn from the Spanish National Survey on Drug Use in the School Population (2000, 2002, and 2004). The sample is comprised of 12,627 students aged 17 years old. Our results confirm that parents' decisions about drinking are even more decisive in their children's behavior than socioeconomic variables, such as parents' educative levels or working status. Parental responsibilities go beyond the endowment of health and educational goods and services; so, these results suggest the importance of designing family-drug use prevention programs. The study's limitations are noted.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Tomada de Decisões , Características da Família , Adolescente , Bebidas Alcoólicas , Escolaridade , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Espanha , EstudantesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyse the association between perceived and diagnosed health, sport practice, and the belonging to a vulnerable socioeconomic group. DESIGN: Observational study. Questionnaire. SETTING: Casablanca neighbourhood. Primary Health Care Area in the city of Zaragoza (Spain). PARTICIPANTS: 1032 residents aged over 15 years. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: a) Perceived health using the Health Perception Questionnaire of Davis and Ware; b) diagnosed morbidity; c) sport practice using the Healthy Lifestyles questionnaire-94 of Herrero, Musitu and Gracia, and d) socioeconomic vulnerability based on the occupational, educational and economic conditions of the family unit. RESULTS: Socioeconomic vulnerability had a statistically significant association with diagnosed health, self-perceived health, and sport practice. Vulnerability and exercise showed a higher influence over self-perceived health than over diagnosed health. In the analysis stratified by gender, the association could only be observed in men. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of health social factors is modulated by gender. Social stratification and lifestyles, such as sport practice, are predictors of self-perceived health and, thus, of the relationship between the population and the use of health services.
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Autoavaliação Diagnóstica , Nível de Saúde , Esportes , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Características de Residência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Saúde da População Urbana , Populações Vulneráveis , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has directly affected specially nurses, not only those on the front lines but also nurse managers. Aims: To assess and compare stress levels of nurse managers before and during the pandemic, and to identify predictive factors. Method: Cross-sectional studies were carried out in two moments, before and during pandemic. 102 manager nurses were recruited before the sanitary crisis (2018) and 87 during the health crisis (2020). Perceived stress was measured with the Perceived Stress Scale-14 and quality of professional life, job demands, motivation and managerial support were assessed with the Professional Quality of Life Questionnaire. Socio-demographic and job-related variables were also analysed. Statistical analysis was performed using student's t-test, correlations and multiple regression analysis. Results: The majority of nurse managers were women, married, who worked the morning shift. 78.2% managed nursing personnel who worked with COVID patients. They suffered a significant increase in both job demands and perceived stress level in the pandemic. Job demands, working in shifts morning, being young and being unmotivated were predictors of perceived stress level according to multiple linear regression analysis. Conclusion: Perceived stress was greatest during the COVID-19 pandemic. Both, before and during the pandemic, job demands are central predictors of nurse managers' general perceived stress. It is necessary to adapt the workplace to personal characteristics of the nurse manager and increase actions to enhance their motivation and reduce their job demands to prevent stress.
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Previous research on the direction of the relationship between civic participation and well-being has evidenced that civic participation is a promoter of well-being among older adults in Europe. Accordingly, the objective of the present study is to identify and analyze the differences between European welfare systems regarding both civic participation and well-being. For this purpose, a logistic multilevel regression analysis was performed as an empirical strategy, using the cross-sectional data from the 9 waves of the European Social Survey (2002-2018). Significant differences in well-being were observed, with Anglo-Saxon elders being the healthiest, and the Nordic the happiest and most satisfied with their lives. In contrast, Eastern European seniors reported the lowest levels of well-being. Also, Nordic countries are the most civically engaged, followed by the Continental and Anglo-Saxon, while Mediterranean and Eastern countries engage the least. However, the impact of civic participation on well-being is strongest for the Mediterranean countries, while its impact on satisfaction and happiness is weakest for the Nordic countries. The 3 models of the multilevel analysis indicate that civic participation has a positive impact on health, happiness and life satisfaction, and that this effect is quite robust. Also, by adding country-level macro variables to the model, it is possible to reduce the random effects and hence to better explain these international differences. Concisely, the impact of civic participation on the well-being of the elderly differs across nations and should therefore be considered by policy makers.
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In Spain, regional health systems (universal access) depend on each Autonomous Communities (ACs). The management of the 2008 economic crisis has been different in the ACs, which may have led to an increase in inequities in the use of health services. The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of individual and regional characteristics on public hospitalisation inequities in Spain for the period 2003-2017. We developed a repeated cross-sectional study through Spanish National Health Surveys (2003, 2006, 2011 and 2017) and the Spanish European Health Survey (2014; n = 118,499 subjects). Multilevel and Oaxaca decomposition analyses were conducted to analyse the effect of individual and regional factors in hospitalisation inequities. The results showed that the prevalence of hospitalisation was higher for women (2003: 11.2%; 2017: 9.0%) than for men (2003: 10.7%; 2017: 8.8%) and it decreased with time. Multilevel analyses showed that, after adjustment for variables related to healthcare demand, there were inequities in the probability of hospitalisation, mainly in women. The decomposition analyses showed a higher effect of the number of hospital beds available on hospitalisation in men than in women. There is a direct relationship between the number of hospital beds and the probability of hospitalisation in both sexes. In conclusion, a progressive decrease in hospitalisation use was observed in Spain in the context of the economic recession. Individual-level and regional-level factors were associated with hospitalisation inequities. It is necessary to guarantee equitable access to health services according to the need even in recession times.
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Recessão Econômica , Hospitalização , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Espanha/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The relationship between self-rated health and gender differs across countries and generations. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of socioeconomic conditions on self-rated health from a generational perspective, its differential effect on gender, and its influence on the gender gap in order to explore health diversity using a multidisciplinary approach and considering policy implications in Eastern European countries. METHODS: We used data drawn from the European Health Interview Survey for eight Eastern European countries and EUROSTAT from 2006 through to 2009. We conducted multilevel analyses to understand the individual and national health determinants of self-rated health by gender and to determine whether national differences remain after controlling for micro variables. In order to analyze the role of equity (Gini quartile) in gender differences, Oaxaca analyses were used. RESULTS: The self-rated health gender gap increases with age. Individual characteristics, such as educational level or smoking, influence citizens' perceived health, and have a stronger effect on women than on men. Knowing both the characteristics (endowment effects) and the effects of individual characteristics (coefficient effects) on health is important in order to understand gender gaps among people from the silent generation. CONCLUSIONS: Our research indicates that random effects are greater for men than for women. Moreover, random effects might be explained to a certain extent by economic equity (Gini index). The combined effects of gender, cohort, and geographical differences on self-rated health have to be taken into account to develop public health policies.
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Gauging the social relationships of the elderly is a significant sociometric research subject and a deep biomedical concern-particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic. It is imperative for facultatives in primary care, for geriatric clinics, and for social care services. In this respect, this article explores the validity of an abbreviated version of the Sociotype Questionnaire (SOCQ), a tool previously developed by the authors for assessing the social relationships of the general population, now specifically addressed to the elderly population. The aim is to construct a 4-item dichotomous scale (SOCG-4) out of the 12 items of the original scale of the SOCQ, so that it can serve to discriminate among the patients in primary care and the geriatric clinic, helping the facultative to find those in need of social care or of psychosocial intervention. The population data have been obtained from a series of previous studies on social relationships in different segments of the elderly population (Ntotal = 915). The resulting abbreviated version of SOCG-4 was extracted by means of confirmatory factor analysis, with the congruence, validity, and relationship with the determinants as close to optimal. The significant correlations with SOCQ (0.82), UCLA (-0.55), Barthel (0.40), and other relevant tests are obtained. The test was also put to trial in a pilot study, being applied to 150 subjects via phone surveys, home visiting, and geriatric clinic-it becomes particularly useful for assessing the social relationships in geriatric clinic use. The 4-item Geriatric Sociotype scale (SOCG-4) appears as a valid measurement instrument for use in the clinic and in other social care instances.
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COVID-19 , Solidão , Idoso , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Pandemias , Projetos Piloto , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , SARS-CoV-2 , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Membership in voluntary organizations is associated with individual and social benefits. Due to the negative consequences of the global pandemic on older people, and the governmental challenges posed by population aging, voluntary membership is of great importance to society. To effectively promote volunteering among older people, it is necessary to understand the determinants of voluntary membership. This study analyses the influence of individual values-secular/traditional and survival/self-expression-on voluntary membership among European adults (N = 31,985). Specifically, it examines which values orient two age groups (middle age: 50-64 and old age: 65-79), as well as men and women toward a certain type of association (Social Awareness; Professional and Political; Education and Leisure; Religion). The sample of 31,985 comprises 60% of adults aged 50-64 and 40% aged 65-79; of which 56% are women and 44% men. The empirical estimation considers different levels of data aggregation: individual, national and welfare system, therefore multilevel analysis is used as an analytical strategy. Individual-level variables from the Integrated Values Survey (2005/09, 2010/14, and 2017/20) and national-level variables (Gini Index and Gross Domestic Product Per Capita) from the World Bank and Eurostat are used. The results indicate that traditional and self-expression values promote membership in voluntary organizations in general more than secular and survival values. However, there are differences according to the type of organization. Furthermore, values are found to moderate the effect of age and gender on voluntary membership.
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The aim of the present study is to analyze the relation between the severity of symptoms in people with ASD on their parents' overload, moderated by parental well-being and the ASD pragmatic level. A sample consisted of 28 fathers and mothers whose children had ASD. The obtained results showed that the higher the ASD severity, the better the parental overload was perceived if parents had low well-being levels. However, this relation did not occur if the parental well-being level was high. Moreover, the relation between severity and parental overload moderated by parental well-being occurred regardless of the pragmatic language level. Therefore, the main results of this study are that the responsibility for parental overload depends more on parental well-being than on the symptom severity of the person with ASD. The relevance of carrying out interventions with not only people with ASD, but also with their parents or caregivers for their well-being is highlighted.
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INTRODUCTION: In nursing, identifying factors encouraging positive work attitudes is extremely important since a nurse's performance directly impacts the quality of the care they provide, and, therefore, their patients' health. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this research is to analyze whether the supervisor-nurse relationship is positively correlated with a nurse's organizational citizenship behaviors. Thus, we established a main hypothesis as follows: the quality of the supervisor-nurse interpersonal relationship is positively related to the job satisfaction of the nurse, controlled by moderating the effects of psychological empowerment, the perceived organizational support, and leader-leader exchange. METHODOLOGY: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study with individuals as the units of analysis. The population studied comprised all the nurses and supervisors working in nine public hospitals in the autonomous community of Aragon (Spain). The sample consisted of 2541 nurses, 192 supervisors, and 2500 paired dyads. Self-report questionnaires were used to ensure workers' anonymity. The dependent variable was the nurse's organizational citizenship behaviors; the main independent variable was the supervisor's leadership; the moderating variables were the nurse's empowerment, the organizational support the nurse perceived, and the quality of the supervisor-superior relationship. RESULTS: Empirical evidence demonstrates that the quality of the supervisor-nurse relationship is positively correlated with organizational citizenship behaviors. The results also confirm the moderating effect of nurses' empowerment and of the organizational support they perceive. DISCUSSION: Our research shows how important it is for organizations to establish management practices promoting high-quality nurse-supervisor relationships; thus, hospital management should monitor both the supervisors' performance and leadership. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of the relationship the supervisor establishes with their nurses is vitally important since it is a necessary requirement for beneficial results for the organization as a result of citizenship behavior practice.
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The complex situation that global society is facing as a result of COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of companies committing to the principles of social responsibility. Among the internal initiatives, those related to the health of workers are, obviously, highly topical. The objective of our research is to provide concise knowledge of the relationship between workplace health promotion (WHP) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) so that the relevant specialized research was gathered in a single document that lays the foundations of its applicability. A systematic review, following the PRISMA method, has been carried out. Twenty-seven articles have been selected from the main scientific databases. Their qualitative analysis concludes that CSR and WHP are linked, have beneficial reciprocal effects, need committed leadership respectful of autonomy and voluntariness, and require the establishment of specific goals within the framework of the organizations' sustainability policies. Future studies should establish the impact of the pandemic on these aspects.
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BACKGROUND: The identification of the attribution of economic value that users of a health system assign to a health service could be useful in planning these services. The method of contingent valuation can provide information about the user's perception of value in monetary terms, and therefore comparable between services of a very different nature. This study attempts to extract the economic value that the subject, user of primary care nursing services in a public health system, attributes to this service by the method of contingent valuation, based on the perspectives of Willingness to Pay (WTP) and Willingness to Accept [Compensation] (WTA). METHODS/DESIGN: This is an economic study with a transversal design. The contingent valuation method will be used to estimate the user's willingness to pay (WTP) for the care received from the primary care nurse and the willingness to accept [compensation] (WTA), were this service eliminated. A survey that meets the requisites of the contingent valuation method will be constructed and pilot-tested. Subsequently, 600 interviews will be performed with subjects chosen by systematic randomized sampling from among those who visit nursing at twenty health centers with different socioeconomic characteristics in the Community of Madrid. The characteristics of the subject and of the care received that can explain the variations in WTP, WTA and in the WTP/WTA ratio expressed will be studied. A theoretical validation of contingent valuation will be performed constructing two explanatory multivariate mixed models in which the dependent variable will be WTP, and the WTP/WTA relationship, respectively. DISCUSSION: The identification of the attribution of economic value to a health service that does not have a direct price at the time of use, such as a visit to primary care nursing, and the definition of a profile of "loss aversion" in reference to the service evaluated, can be relevant elements in planning, enabling incorporating patient preferences to health policy decision-making.
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Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde/economia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Enfermagem de Atenção Primária/economia , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Percepção , Enfermagem de Atenção Primária/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos de Amostragem , Fatores Socioeconômicos , EspanhaRESUMO
This article analyses how physical activity reinforces each of the dimensions (mental, physical, social, etc.) of the health-related quality of life concept. To that end, we determined whether this relationship is moderated by educational level and area of residence. The empirical part was based on data obtained from a cross-sectional survey carried out in the Casablanca neighbourhood (Zaragoza, Spain). The sample comprised 1083 participants aged between 25 and 84 years residing in the three residential areas of this neighbourhood: Viñedo Viejo, Las Nieves and Fuentes Claras. These three areas exhibit significant socio-economic differences in their population. The self-reported questionnaire included the following key information for this study: socio-economic characteristics (sex, age, educational level and area of residence) and health-related quality of life (WHOQOL-Brief: mental health, physical health, social relations and environment). The main results obtained from the descriptive statistics and regression systems were added. Playing a sport or undertaking some physical activity brings many health benefits, both physical and mental. The educational level and area of residence affect this relationship, such that the effects of physical activity are greater for those residents of Casablanca who have a higher educational level and/or live in more favoured areas of this neighbourhood. The results have also been discussed by sex and age group. Investing in innovative programmes in educational institutions and communities to acquire healthy habits and behaviour patterns that take into account socioeconomic differences in the population would be an advisable public health strategy.
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Exercício Físico , Qualidade de Vida , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Características de Residência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Leader-Member Exchange theory provides strategic information about how to improve the leader's role and nurses' satisfaction on healthcare organizations. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this research was to study the quality of the supervisor-nurse relationship in relation to the nurses' job satisfaction. This research also analyses how the relationship between Leader-Member exchanges and nurse job satisfaction could be moderated by other variables, such as nurse psychological empowerment, nurse-perceived organizational support and Leader-Leader Exchange. METHODS: The sample comprises of 2541 registered nurses who work in public hospitals in the Autonomous Region of Aragon (Spain). Regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: The statistically significant results demonstrate the influence that the supervisor's leadership exerts on the job satisfaction of the nurse. CONCLUSIONS: The moderating variables (Empowerment, Perceived Organizational Support and Leader-Leader relationship) play an important role explaining the job satisfaction of the nurse. Deepening in these relationships could help us implement precise strategies to improve the nurse organizational commitment and the quality of health care performance.