Climate-driven shifts in the diversity of plants in the Neotropical seasonally dry forest: Evaluating the effectiveness of protected areas.

Given the current environmental crisis, biodiversity protection is one of the most urgent socio-environmental priorities. However, the effectiveness of protected areas (PAs), the primary strategy for safeguarding ecosystems, is challenged by global climate change (GCC), with evidence showing that species are shifting their distributions into new areas, causing novel species assemblages. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate PAs' present and future effectiveness for biodiversity under the GCC. Here, we analyzed changes in the spatiotemporal patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity (PD) of plants associated with the Neotropical seasonally dry forest (NSDF) under GCC scenarios. We modeled the climatic niche of over 1000 plant species in five representative families (in terms of abundance, dominance, and endemism) of the NSDF. We predicted their potential distributions in the present and future years (2040, 2060, and 2080) based on an intermediate scenario of shared socio-economic pathways (SSP 3.70), allowing species to disperse to new sites or constrained to the current distribution. Then, we tested if the current PAs network represents the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversities. Our results suggest that GCC could promote novel species assemblages with local responses (communities' modifications) across the biome. In general, models predicted losses in the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversities of all the five plant families analyzed across the distribution of the NSDF. However, in the northern floristic groups (i.e., Antilles and Mesoamerica) of the NSDF, taxonomic and PD will be stable in GCC projections. In contrast, across the NSDF in South America, some cores will lose diversity while others will gain diversity under GCC scenarios. PAs in some NSDF regions appeared insufficient to protect the NSDF diversity. Thus, there is an urgent need to assess how the PA system could be better reconfigured to warrant the protection of the NSDF.

Dada la actual crisis ambiental, la protección de la biodiversidad se presenta como una de las prioridades socio ambientales más urgentes. Sin embargo, la efectividad de las áreas protegidas (AP), la estrategia principal para salvaguardar los ecosistemas, se ve desafiada por el cambio climático global (CCG), con evidencia que muestra que las especies están desplazando sus distribuciones hacia nuevas áreas, provocando conjuntos de especies novedosos. Por lo tanto, es necesario evaluar la efectividad actual y futura de las AP para la biodiversidad bajo el CCG. En este contexto, analizamos cambios en los patrones espacio­temporales de diversidad taxonómica y filogenética de plantas asociadas al bosque estacionalmente seco neotropical (BES) bajo escenarios de CCG. Modelamos el nicho climático de más de 1,000 especies de plantas en cinco familias representativas (en términos de abundancia, dominancia y endemismo) del BES. Pronosticamos sus distribuciones potenciales en los años actuales y futuros (2040, 2060 y 2080) basándonos en un escenario intermedio de trayectorias socioeconómicas compartidas (SSP 3.70), permitiendo que las especies se dispersen a nuevos sitios o estén limitadas a la distribución actual. Luego, evaluamos si la red actual de AP representa las diversidades taxonómicas y filogenéticas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el CCG podría promover conjuntos de especies novedosos con respuestas locales (modificaciones en las comunidades) en todo el bioma. En general, los modelos pronosticaron pérdidas en las diversidades taxonómicas y filogenéticas de las cinco familias de plantas analizadas en la distribución del BES. Sin embargo, en los grupos florísticos del norte (es decir, Antillas y Mesoamérica) del BSDN, la diversidad taxonómica y filogenética se mantendrá estable en las proyecciones de CCG. En cambio, en toda la región del BES en América del Sur, algunos núcleos perderán diversidad mientras que otros ganarán diversidad bajo escenarios de CCG. Algunas AP en regiones del BES parecen ser insuficientes para proteger la diversidad del bioma. Por lo tanto, es urgente evaluar cómo se podría reconfigurar mejor el sistema de AP para garantizar la protección del BES.

Reproductive character displacement: insights from genital morphometrics in damselfly hybrid zones.

Reproductive Character Displacement (RCD) refers to the phenomenon of greater differences in reproductive characters between two species when they occur in sympatry compared to when they occur in allopatry to prevent maladaptive hybridization. We explored whether reinforcement of a mechanical barrier involved in the first contact point between male and female genital traits during copulation in the cross between Ischnura graellsii males and Ischnura elegans females has led to RCD, and whether it supports the lock-and-key hypothesis of genital evolution. We employed geometric morphometrics to analyze the shape and size of male and female genital traits, controlling for environmental and geographic factors. Consistent with an increase in mechanical isolation via reinforcement, we detected larger divergence in genital traits between the species in sympatry than in allopatry, and also stronger signal in females than in males. In the Northwest (NW) hybrid zone, we detected RCD in I. graellsii males and I. elegans females, while in the Northcentral (NC) hybrid zone we detected RCD only in I. elegans females and I. elegans males. The detection of RCD in both sexes of I. elegans was consistent with the lock-and-key hypothesis of genital evolution via female choice for conspecific males in this species. Our study highlights the importance of using geometric morphometrics to deal with the complexity of female reproductive structures while controlling for environmental and geographic factors to investigate RCD. This study contributes valuable insights into the dynamics of reproductive isolation mechanisms and genital coevolution.

Antifungal capabilities of gut microbial communities of three dung beetle species (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae).

Gut microbial communities are part of the regulatory array of various processes within their hosts, ranging from nutrition to pathogen control. Recent evidence shows that dung beetle's gut microbial communities release substances with antifungal activity. Because of the enormous diversity of gut microorganisms in dung beetles, there is a possibility of discovering novel compounds with antifungal properties. We tested the antifungal activity mediated by gut microbial communities of female dung beetles against nine phytopathogenic fungi strains (Colletotrichum asianum-339, C. asianum-340, C. asianum-1, C. kahawae-390, C. karstii-358, C. siamense-220, Fusarium oxysporum-ATCC338, Nectria pseudotrichia-232, Verticillium zaelandica-22). Our tests included the gut microbial communities of three species of dung beetles: Canthon cyanellus (roller beetle), Digitonthophagus gazella (burrower beetle), and Onthophagus batesi (burrower beetle), and we followed the dual confrontation protocol, i.e., we challenged each fungal strain with the microbial communities of each species of beetles in Petri dishes containing culture medium. Our results showed that gut microbial communities of the three dung beetle species exhibit antifungal activity against at least seven of the nine phytopathogenic fungal strains. The gut microbial communities of Onthophagus batesi significantly decreased the mycelial growth of the nine phytopathogenic fungi strains; the gut microbial communities of Canthon cyanellus and Digitonthophagus gazella significantly reduced the mycelial growth of seven strains. These results provide a basis for investigating novel antifungal substances within gut microbial communities of dung beetles.

Influence of Alternative Prey on the Functional Response of a Predator in Two Contexts: With and without Intraguild Predation.

In biological control, joint releases of predators and parasitoids are standard. However, intraguild predation (IGP) can occur when a predator attacks a parasitoid, potentially affecting pest control dynamics. In addition to the focal prey (FP), Trialeurodes vaporariorum, the intraguild predator (IG-predator) Geocoris punctipes can consume the parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus (IG-prey). In this IGP context with multiple prey, an alternative prey (AP), like the aphid Myzus persicae, may influence interactions. Theory predicts that, in simple interactions, a predator's functional response (FR) to the FP changes with the presence of an AP. However, whether this holds in an IGP context is unknown. In this study, we empirically tested that prediction. Our results show that without IGP, G. punctipes exhibits a generalized FR with and without AP. Nevertheless, with IGP, the predator exhibited a Type II FR at low and high AP densities, increasing pressure on the FP and potentially favoring short-term biological control strategies. However, when 25 AP were offered, the predator's response shifted, underscoring the importance of monitoring AP densities to prevent potential disruptions in FP control. In both contexts, the increase in AP produced a handling time increase and a decrease in consumption rate. These results indicate that the theoretical prediction of the effect of AP on the FR is met only under specific conditions, and the complexity of multitrophic interactions must be considered.

Household risk factors associated to infestation of Triatoma dimidiata, the Chagas disease vector in Central Region of Veracruz, Mexico / Factores de riesgo intradomicialiarios para la infestación de Triatoma dimidiata, transmisor de la enfermedad de Chagas, en la región central del estado de Veracruz, México

Objective. To evaluate risk factors facilitating the colonization of dwellings by Triatoma dimidiata in the central region of the state of Veracruz. Materials and methods. We applied socioeconomic questionnaires and entomologic surveys in three localities (Chavarrillo, Soyacuautla and Arroyo Agrio) in central Veracruz involving 115 households. Results. We found that the main risk factors were the predominance of unplastered walls and particularly those made of light weight aggregate concrete blocks and wood. At Chavarrillo, houses usually have unplastered walls, whereas in Soyocuautla walls are commonly manufactured with wood. In Arroyo Agrio, the phenomenon was seasonal, and bugs were commonly found in the dry season, particularly in relatively new houses, less than 20 years old. Conclusions. These results help to improve the surveillance capacity for this vector and the control strategies to reduce the transmission of Chagas disease in the state of Veracruz and other sites where this species is present.

Objetivo. Determinar los factores de riesgo que facilitan la colonización intradomiciliaria de Triatoma dimidiata en la región central del estado de Veracruz. Material y métodos. Se aplicaron encuestas socioeconómicas y entomológicas en ll5 casas en tres localidades (Chavarrillo, Soyacuautla y Arroyo Agrio). Resultados. El principal factor de riesgo para la colonización intradomicialiaria de T. dimidiata fue la presencia de paredes sin revocar, especialmente aquellas construidas con block y madera. En Chavarrillo el factor principal fueron las paredes sin revocar, en Soyacuautla las paredes de madera y en Arroyo Agrio las casas con menos de 20 años de haber sido construidas, junto con la temporada de secas. Conclusión. Los resultados encontrados pueden coadyuvar a mejorar los programas de vigilancia y control entomológico con el fin de reducir la transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas vía vectorial en el estado de Veracruz y otros estados donde T. dimidiata puede estar presente.

Correlación macroscópica y microscópica del infarto de miocardio en menores de 40 años: Morgue Central de Lima, 2011 / Macroscopic and microscopic correlation of the myocardial infarction in people under of 40 years: Central Morgue of Lima, 2011

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de los informes de necropsia médicolegal (ML) de cadáveres de menores de 40 años de edad con muerte súbita, con diagnóstico de muerte de infarto de miocardio (IM) en sala de necropsias. El objetivo fue determinar la correlación entre los hallazgos macroscópicos y microscópicos del IM. 64 cadáveres con diagnóstico de IM como causa de muerte fueron estudiados. La edad promedio fue 29.72 años. 82.8 por ciento de sexo masculino. 54.3 por ciento de los casos tuvo admisión a un establecimiento de salud (EESS) previo a la necropsia; de estos, 77.1 por ciento llegó cadáver al EESS. El Intervalo postmortem hasta la necropsia ML promedio fue 12.04 horas. La media del índice de masa corporal (IMC) fue 26.89; 65.2 por ciento tuvo IMC >=25 y 71.7 por ciento con cardiomegalia. En el examen macroscópico se describe "banda rojo oscuro" en 78.3 por ciento. La alteración patológica asociada más frecuente fue ateroesclerosis 43.8 por ciento seguida de valvulopatías 10.9 por ciento. IM fue considerado causa intermedia de muerte en 66.7 por ciento de casos. En 67 por ciento no se estableció el agente causal de IM durante la necropsia ML. En 86.3 por ciento se confirmó IM microscópicamente (histopatológico). La fuerza de correlación y/o concordancia entre los hallazgos macroscópicos y microscópicos de IM fue moderada (índice Kappa: 0.58. p<0.001). En 10.9 por ciento alcoholemia (+) y en 7.4 por ciento otros tóxicos. Se debe hacer mínimamente un estudio histológico y toxicológico en casos de muerte súbita en menores de 40 años.

We performed a retrospective study of medic-legal autopsy reports (ML) of corpses under 40 years of age with sudden death, with death diagnosis of myocardial infarction (IM) in necropsy room. The objective was to determine the correlation between macroscopic and microscopic findings of the 1M. 64 corpses with diagnosis of IM as cause of death were studied. The average age was 29.72 years. 82.8 per cent male. 54.3 per cent of cases had admission to a health facility (EESS) before necropsy, of these, 77.1 per cent were dead at service stations. Postmortem interval until necropsy ML averaged 12.04 hours. The mean body mass index (IMC) was 26.89, 65.2 per cent had IMC >=25 and 71.7 per cent with cardiomegaly. On gross examination described "dark red band" in 78.3 per cent. The most frequent pathological alteration was associated atherosclerosis with 43.8 per cent followed by valvular disease 10.9 per cent. IM was considered intermediate cause of death in 66.7 per cent of cases. In 67 per cent not established the causal agent of IM at necropsy ML. In 86.3 per cent IM was confirmed microscopically (histopathology). The strength of correlation and / or agreement between the macroscopic and microscopic findings of IM was moderate (kappa: 0.58. p<0.001). At 10.9 per cent alcohol (+) and 7.4 per cent other toxins. It should be minimally histological and toxicological study in cases of sudden death in people less than 40 years.