Descriptive Epidemiology and Management of Perilunate Injuries.

INTRODUCTION: Perilunate injuries and dislocations, typically caused by high-impact trauma, can lead to acute compression of the median nerve and subsequent complications if left untreated. This study examines the epidemiology, injury mechanisms, immediate treatment, and need for carpal tunnel release in such cases. METHODS: Perilunate injuries at a single level 1 trauma center were retrospectively reviewed from 2014 to 2023. Data on patient demographics, injury mechanism, initial management, and operative management were collected. RESULTS: Thirty-three cases were analyzed, averaging 33.9 years in age. Injury mechanisms included falls (24% each from 0 to 10 feet and >10 feet, and motor vehicle accidents), bicycle-auto collisions or assaults (10%), pedestrian-auto collisions (5%), and 1 crush injury (3%). Most cases involved trans-scaphoid perilunate dislocation (predominantly Mayfield 3). Initial reduction in the emergency department succeeded in 60% of cases, with 48% showing median nerve paresthesias. Thirty-three percent underwent surgery within 24 hours, and 95% required operative intervention, including open reduction internal fixation (56%), open reduction with percutaneous pinning (30%), and closed reduction with percutaneous pinning (7%). Fifty-two percent needed carpal tunnel release. CONCLUSIONS: Prompt evaluation and treatment are crucial for perilunate injuries. If initial reduction fails, urgent operative intervention is warranted, although delayed management may be appropriate in some cases. Various operative fixation methods exist for realigning carpal bones, emphasizing the importance of tailored approaches to individual cases.

Risk Factors for Developing Community-Acquired Hand Infections at a Large-Volume Urban Safety Net Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Hand infections represent a significant burden for both health care systems and their patients. Epidemiological understanding of community-acquired hand infections is limited. This study examined a cohort of hand infection patients at a large urban safety net hospital for characteristics that were associated with protective and/or risk factors for hand infections. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review for all patients who required hand surgery consultation in the emergency department during a 1-year period (2021-2022). County-level population characteristics were obtained through the county-level data sources. We then performed a risk ratio (RR) analysis for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 125 patients were included in the study cohort. Cisgender male (RR, 4.654; P < 0.001), Black (RR, 6.062; P < 0.001) and American Indian/Alaska Native (RR, 3.293; P = 0.041) patients were found to be overrepresented in our cohort when compared to county proportions, indicating an association with increased risk of hand infections. Patients between 35 and 49 years of age were also found to have an increased risk (RR, 1.679; P = 0.005). Age over 65 years, retirement, and employment were found to be protective factors (RR, 0.341 [P = 0.001]; RR, 0.397 [P = 0.043]; RR, 0.197 [P < 0.001]). In contrast, unemployment and unstable housing (unhoused or shelter) were found to have strong harmful risk for necessitating hand infection consults (RR, 7.587 [P < 0.001]; RR, 235.715 [P < 0.001]; RR, 29.990 [P < 0.001]). CONCLUSIONS: There are clear risk factors at play for hand infection incidence. We found that housing status, employment, race, gender, and age were some of the most important contributors for incidence. This information can assist clinicians and public officials in developing more specific screening algorithms and prevention tools to reduce systematic burden. Further studies are required to elucidate specific etiologies associated with hand infection risk.

Soft Tissue Reconstruction After Sacral Neoplasm Resection: The University of California San Francisco Experience.

PURPOSE: Resection of sacral neoplasms such as chordoma and chondrosarcoma with subsequent reconstruction of large soft tissue defects is a complex multidisciplinary process. Radiotherapy and prior abdominal surgery play a role in reconstructive planning; however, there is no consensus on how to maximize outcomes. In this study, we present our institution's experience with the reconstructive surgical management of this unique patient population. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent reconstruction after resection of primary or recurrent pelvic chordoma or chondrosarcoma between 2002 and 2019. Surgical details, hospital stay, and postoperative outcomes were assessed. Patients were divided into 3 groups for comparison based on reconstruction technique: gluteal-based flaps, vertical rectus abdominus myocutaneous (VRAM) flaps, and locoregional fasciocutaneous flaps. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients (17 males, 11 females), with mean age of 62 years (range, 34-86 years), were reviewed. Twenty-two patients (78.6%) received gluteal-based flaps, 3 patients (10.7%) received VRAM flaps, and 3 patients (10.7%) were reconstructed with locoregional fasciocutaneous flaps. Patients in the VRAM group were significantly more likely to have undergone total sacrectomy (P < 0.01) in a 2-stage operation (P < 0.01) compared with patients in the other 2 groups. Patients in the VRAM group also had a significantly greater average number of reoperations (2 ± 3.5, P = 0.04) and length of stay (29.7 ± 20.4 days, P = 0.01) compared with the 2 other groups. The overall minor and major wound complication rates were 17.9% and 42.9%, respectively, with 17.9% of patients experiencing at least 1 infection or seroma. There was no association between prior abdominal surgery, surgical stages, or radiation therapy and an increased risk of wound complications. CONCLUSIONS: Vertical rectus abdominus myocutaneous flaps are a more suitable option for patients with larger defects after total sacrectomy via 2-staged anteroposterior resections, whereas gluteal myocutaneous flaps are effective options for posterior-only resections. For patients with small- to moderate-sized defects, local fasciocutaneous flaps are a less invasive and effective option. Paraspinous flaps may be used in combination with other techniques to provide additional bulk and coverage for especially long postresection wounds. Furthermore, mesh is a useful adjunct for any reconstruction aimed at protecting against intra-abdominal complications.

Paraspinous Muscle Flaps in Complex Pediatric Spine Surgeries: A 12-Year Single Institution Experience.

PURPOSE: The benefits of paraspinous flaps in adult complex spine surgery patients are established in the literature; however, their use in pediatric patients has not been well described. This study compares clinical outcomes with and without paraspinous muscle flap closure in pediatric patients who have undergone spine surgery. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of all pediatric spine surgeries at the University of California, San Francisco from 2011 to 2022. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts based on whether the plastic surgery service closed or did not close the wound with paraspinous muscle flaps. We matched patients by age, American Society of Anesthesiology classification, prior spinal surgical history, and diagnosis. Surgical outcomes were compared between the 2 cohorts. RESULTS: We identified 226 pediatric patients who underwent at least one spinal surgery, 14 of whom received paraspinous flap closure by plastic surgery. They were matched in a 1:4 ratio with controls (n = 56) that did not have plastic surgery closure. The most common indication for plastic surgery involvement was perceived complexity of disease by the spine surgeon with concern for inadequate healthy tissue coverage (78.6%), followed by infection (21.4%). Postoperative complications were similar between the two groups. The plastic surgery cohort had a higher rate of patients who were underweight (57.1% vs 14.3%, P < 0.01) and had positive preoperative wound cultures (28.6% vs 8.9%, P = 0.05), as well as a higher rate of postoperative antibiotic usage (78.6 vs 17.9%, P < 0.01). There was no difference in recorded postoperative outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Spine surgeons requested paraspinous flap closure for patients with more complex disease, preoperative infections, history of chemotherapy, or if they were underweight. Patients with paraspinous flap coverage did not have increased postoperative complications despite their elevated risk profile. Our findings suggest that paraspinous muscle flaps should be considered in high-risk pediatric patients who undergo spine surgery.

The Utility of Prevena Negative Pressure Wound Therapy on Groin Incisions for Critical Limb-Threatening Ischemia: A Single Institution Experience.

BACKGROUND: Incisional negative pressure wound therapy (iNPWT) is an adjunctive treatment that uses constant negative pressure suction to facilitate healing. The utility of this treatment modality on vascular operations for critical limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) has yet to be elucidated. This study compares the incidence of postoperative wound complications between the Prevena Incision Management System, a type of iNPWT, and standard wound dressings for vascular patients who also underwent plastic surgery closure of groin incisions for CLTI. METHOD: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 40 patients with CLTI who underwent 53 open vascular surgeries with subsequent sartorius muscle flap closure. Patient demographics, intraoperative details, and wound complications were measured from 2015 to 2018 at the University of California San Francisco. Two cohorts were generated based on the modality of postoperative wound management and compared on wound healing outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 53 groin incisions, 29 were managed with standard dressings, and 24 received iNPWT. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and operative characteristics were similar between the 2 groups. Patients who received iNPWT had a significantly lower rate of infection (8.33% vs 31.0%, P = 0.04) and dehiscence (0% vs 41.3%, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the iNPWT group had a significantly lower rate of reoperation (0% vs 17.2%, P = 0.03) for wound complications within 30 days compared with the control group and a moderately reduced rate of readmission (4.17% vs 20.7%, P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Rates of infection, reoperation, and dehiscence were significantly reduced in patients whose groin incisions were managed with iNPWT compared with standard wound care. Readmission rates were also decreased, but this difference was not statistically significant. Our results suggest that implementing iNPWT for the management of groin incisions, particularly in patients undergoing vascular operations for CLTI, may significantly improve clinical outcomes.

Satellite cell activation and retention of muscle regenerative potential after long-term denervation.

Irreversible denervation atrophy remains an unsolved clinical problem, and the role of skeletal muscle stem cell (MuSC, satellite cell) depletion in this process is unclear. We investigated the ability of MuSCs to regenerate muscle in the context of denervation. Three to 12 months following sciatic denervation in mice, MuSC number, size, EdU uptake, rate of division, and mitochondrial activity were increased. Following acute myotoxin injury, denervated muscles formed new muscle fibers in situ. MuSCs isolated via flow cytometry from denervated mouse muscle, or from atrophic denervated gluteus maximus muscles of humans with complete spinal cord injuries two decades prior, formed new muscle fibers and reoccupied the anatomic niche after transplantation into uninjured muscle. Our results show unequivocally that, even after prolonged denervation, MuSCs retain intrinsic regenerative potential similar to that of uninjured MuSCs. Treatment of denervation atrophy will require elucidating the non-MuSC environmental changes in muscle that prevent functional regeneration.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Lymphatic Complications of the Groin Following Open Lower Extremity Revascularization with Plastic Surgery Closure.

INTRODUCTION: Lymphatic complications following vascular procedures involving the groin require prompt treatment to limit morbidity. Several treatments have been described, including conservative management, aspiration, sclerotherapy, and direct lymphatic ligation with or without a muscle flap have been described. To date, there is no data indicating which treatment results in the shortest time to recovery. We sought to address this gap by conducting a retrospective cohort study. METHODS: We reviewed all patients who developed a lymphatic complication after undergoing an open revascularization procedure in the groin between 2014 and 2020 in which plastic surgery was involved in the closure. A control group consisted of patients from the same timespan who did not develop a lymphatic complication. Demographics, comorbidities, operative details, and outcomes were compared between these groups. For cases identified with a lymphatic complication, the method of diagnosis, culture data, and treatment details were collected, and outcomes were compared for surgical management versus sclerotherapy. RESULTS: There were 27 lymphatic complications and 60 control patients. The complication group had a higher incidence of aortofemoral bypass (25.8% vs. 8.3%, P = 0.04), and a lower incidence of femoral-to-distal bypass (11.1% vs. 45.0%, P < 0.01). Daily drain output volume from postoperative days 1-5, and days 6-10, was significantly higher in the complication group than in the controls (194.0 vs. 44.0, P < 0.01; and 429.5 vs. 35.0, P < 0.01, respectively). In the lymphatic leak group, 16 patients (59.3%) had surgical treatment and six (22.2%) had sclerotherapy. Of those who had surgery, 71.4% had successful outcomes without the need for an additional intervention, whereas all of the patients analyzed who were treated with sclerotherapy had successful outcomes without further intervention. The average time to resolution was significantly shorter for surgery than for sclerotherapy (38.7 vs. 86.0 days, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Daily postoperative drain volume can assist with early diagnosis of a lymphatic leak in the groin following an open revascularization procedure. Sclerotherapy and surgery were each successful, but surgery resulted in significantly shorter times to resolution. In the appropriate candidates, surgery should be considered first line management of a lymphatic leak.

Prophylactic Muscle Flaps in Primary Vascular Procedures of the Groin.

BACKGROUND: Complications following vascular procedures involving the groin can lead to significant morbidity. Achieving stable soft tissue coverage over sites of revascularization can help mitigate complications. Prior evidence supports the use of muscle flaps in reoperative groins and in high risk patient populations to reduce postoperative complications. Data regarding the use of prophylactic muscle flap coverage of the groin is lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of immediate prophylactic muscle flap coverage of vascular wounds involving the groin. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed on all patients undergoing primary open vascular procedures involving the groin for occlusive, aneurysmal, or oncologic disease between 2014 and 2020 at a single institution where plastic surgery was involved in closure. Patient demographics, comorbidities, surgical details, and postoperative complications were compared between patients who had sartorius muscle flap coverage of the vascular repair versus layered closure alone. RESULTS: A total of 133 consecutive groins were included in our analysis. A sartorius flap was used in 115 groins (86.5%) and a layered closure was used in 18 (13.5%). Wound breakdown was similar between groups (25.2% sartorius vs. 38.9% layered closure, P = 0.26). However, the rate of reoperation was significantly higher in the layered closure group (50.0% vs. 12.2%, P < 0.01). Among patients who experienced wound breakdown (N = 36), a larger proportion of layered closure patients required operative intervention (71.4% vs. 20.7%, P = 0.02). Other rates of complications were not statistically different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing primary open vascular procedures involving the groin, patients who underwent prophylactic sartorius muscle flap closure had lower rates of reoperation. Although incisional breakdown was similar between the groups overall, the presence of a vascularized muscle flap overlying the vascular repair was associated with reduced need for reoperation and allowed more wounds to be managed with local wound care alone. Consideration should be given to this low morbidity local muscle flap in patients undergoing vascular procedures involving the groin.

Outcomes of arterial bypass preceding resection of retroperitoneal masses involving major vessels.

BACKGROUND: Current surgical management of retroperitoneal masses involving major vessels now includes complete en bloc resection with in situ venous, arterial, or combined reconstruction. No studies have investigated preresection arterial bypass for continuous lower extremity perfusion during definitive resection. Here, we characterize and compare the outcomes of surgery for retroperitoneal masses with major vascular involvement by a two-stage approach (femoral-femoral bypass preceding resection) and the traditional one-stage approach (consecutive resection and in situ vascular reconstruction). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent resection of retroperitoneal masses and reconstruction of major arterial or venous structures from 2004 to 2016. Outcomes were compared with unpaired t-tests, chi-squared tests, and Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Eight patients underwent a two-stage procedure, and seven underwent a one-stage procedure for retroperitoneal masses with vascular involvement. Mean (±SD) oncologic resection time (443 ± 215 versus 648 ± 128 min, P = 0.047) and postoperative ICU stay (0.9 ± 1.3 versus 4.4 ± 2.9 d, P = 0.018) were significantly shorter for the two-stage approach. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of a two-stage approach for resection of retroperitoneal masses with major vessel involvement. Femoral-femoral arterial bypass before definitive resection could be a viable option for improving intraoperative vascular control and decreasing perioperative complications in these complex procedures.

Obstacles to the Care of Patients With Multicomponent Volar Wrist Lacerations at a County Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Multicomponent volar wrist lacerations of "spaghetti wrist" injuries are devastating injuries of the upper extremity. These patients require long-term commitment to rehabilitation. Patients presenting to our county hospital represent a unique and complex patient population in terms of psychosocial considerations. We aimed to identify obstacles to care and optimal recovery in this patient population. METHODS: A patient database was queried for ICD-9 codes related to major upper extremity nerve injuries, which were treated by plastic surgery faculty at San Francisco General Hospital from 2008 to 2014. A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients with spaghetti wrist injuries. Charts were reviewed for patient demographics including age, occupation, handedness, psychiatric illness, isolated versus polytrauma, and employment status. Injuries were categorized for mechanism of injury, structures involved, and timing and method of surgical treatment. Outcomes were assessed for motor recovery, sensory recovery, and tendon function. RESULTS: We identified 18 patients with multicomponent volar wrist lacerations. Average patient age was 31 years. The most common mechanism of injury was accidental/work-related (n = 9, 50%), followed by self-inflicted (n = 4, 22%). Thirty-nine percent (n = 7) of patients had a psychiatric diagnosis, most commonly depression (n = 4, 22%). Eighty-nine percent (n = 16) of patients had an isolated injury to the upper extremity, and 39% (n = 7) had an injury to the dominant hand. Fifty percent (n = 9) of patients were lost to follow-up, with 28% (n = 5) having no known care plan. Motor, sensory, and tendon function outcomes for those with adequate follow-up were comparable to previously published studies. DISCUSSION: Multicomponent volar wrist lacerations can be devastating, and although we are able to provide patients with appropriate timely surgical care, these patients require long-term care far beyond the operating room for optimal outcomes. Psychiatric illness, socioeconomic limitations, poor patient compliance, and irregular follow-up are obstacles to care. These issues highlight the need for better social support systems and mental health care to provide access to the services necessary to optimize recovery.

Approaches to microvascular breast reconstruction after total skin-sparing mastectomy: a comparison of techniques.

INTRODUCTION: Preserving the entire breast skin envelope through total skin-sparing mastectomy (TSSM) techniques, in conjunction with immediate autologous reconstruction, can provide excellent aesthetic outcomes for patients. However, postoperative ischemic complications, including nipple-areolar complex (NAC) and skin flap necrosis, can negatively impact reconstructive outcomes. As a strategy for minimizing ischemic complications, we have recently begun performing 2-stage autologous reconstruction after TSSM with immediate tissue expander placement, followed by second-stage microvascular reconstruction, as an alternative to immediate autologous reconstruction. METHODS: A prospectively collected database of patients undergoing TSSM and immediate breast reconstruction was reviewed for patients who underwent microvascular reconstruction. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts, those who underwent immediate microvascular reconstruction and those who had a 2-stage procedure. Outcomes for comparison included complication rates and aesthetic outcome scores based on review of postoperative photographs by blinded observers (comprised of plastic surgery attending physicians and residents). RESULTS: During the 2-year study period, there were 21 immediate microvascular reconstructions performed (14 patients) and 16 two-stage reconstructions performed (10 patients). Mean time to completion of reconstruction in the staged cohort was 11.5 months (range, 6.1-21 months). Rates of NAC necrosis were significantly higher in the immediate cohort compared to the staged cohort (29% vs 0%, P=0.03), which contributed to higher rates of unplanned operative intervention in the immediate cohort (23.8% vs 6.25%, P=0.14). There were no flap losses in either cohort. Aesthetic scores for NAC color and overall appearance were higher in the staged group compared to the immediate group (P<0.001 and P=0.1, respectively), although they were equivalent for nipple position and projection. CONCLUSIONS: Two-stage microvascular reconstruction after TSSM is associated with fewer complications and improved NAC aesthetic outcomes compared to immediate autologous reconstruction. Although time to final reconstruction is longer with the staged approach, the aesthetic benefits and reduction in postoperative complications support the use of this approach to optimize outcomes.

Outcomes Analysis of Biologic Mesh Use for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction in Clean-Contaminated and Contaminated Ventral Hernia Repair.

BACKGROUND: Repair of grade 3 and grade 4 ventral hernias is a distinct challenge, given the potential for infection, and the comorbid nature of the patient population. This study evaluates our institutional outcomes when performing single-stage repair of these hernias, with biologic mesh for abdominal wall reinforcement. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database was reviewed for all patients undergoing repair of grade 3 (potentially contaminated) or grade 4 (infected) hernias, as classified by the Ventral Hernia Working Group. All those patients undergoing repair with component separation techniques and biologic mesh reinforcement were included. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and postoperative complications were analyzed. Univariate analysis was performed to define factors predictive of hernia recurrence and wound complications. RESULTS: A total of 41 patients underwent single-stage repair of grade 3 and grade 4 hernias during a 4-year period. The overall postoperative wound infection rate was 15%, and hernia recurrence rate was 12%. Almost all recurrences were seen in grade 4 hernia repairs, and in those patients undergoing bridging repair of the hernia. One patient required removal of the biologic mesh. Those factors predicting hernia recurrence were smoking (P = 0.023), increasing body mass index (P = 0.012), increasing defect size (P = 0.010), and bridging repair (P = 0.042). No mesh was removed due to perioperative infection. Mean follow-up time for this patient population was 25 months. CONCLUSIONS: Single-stage repair of grade 3 hernias performed with component separation and biologic mesh reinforcement is effective and offers a low recurrence rate. Furthermore, the use of biologic mesh allows for avoidance of mesh explantation in instances of wound breakdown or infection. Bridging repairs are associated with a high recurrence rate, as is single-stage repair of grade 4 hernias.

Tertiary lymphoid structures sustain cutaneous B cell activity in hidradenitis suppurativa.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic skin condition affecting approximately 1% of the US population. HS skin lesions are highly inflammatory and characterized by a large immune infiltrate. While B cells and plasma cells comprise a major component of this immune milieu, the biology and the contribution of these cells in HS pathogenesis are unclear. We aimed to investigate the dynamics and microenvironmental interactions of B cells within cutaneous HS lesions. Combining histological analysis, single-cell RNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics profiling of HS lesions, we defined the tissue microenvironment relative to B cell activity within this disease. Our findings identified tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) within HS lesions and described organized interactions among T cells, B cells, antigen-presenting cells, and skin stroma. We found evidence that B cells within HS TLSs actively underwent maturation, including participation in germinal center reactions and class switch recombination. Moreover, skin stroma and accumulating T cells were primed to support the formation of TLSs and facilitate B cell recruitment during HS. Our data definitively demonstrated the presence of TLSs in lesional HS skin and point to ongoing cutaneous B cell maturation through class switch recombination and affinity maturation during disease progression in this inflamed nonlymphoid tissue.

Standardized Protocols for Clinical and Histopathological Characterization of Hidradenitis Suppurativa Tissue Specimens.

Methods for describing and reporting the clinical and histologic characteristics of cutaneous tissue samples from patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) are not currently standardized, limiting clinicians' and scientists' ability to uniformly record, report, and communicate about the characteristics of tissue used in translational experiments. A recently published consensus statement outlined morphological definitions of typical HS lesions, but no consensus has been reached regarding clinical characterization and examination of HS tissue samples. In this study, we aimed to establish a protocol for reporting histopathologic and clinical characteristics of HS tissue specimens. This study was conducted from May 2023 to August 2023. Experts in clinical care, dermatopathology, and translational research were recruited, and a modified Delphi technique was used to develop a protocol for histologic reporting and clinical characterization of submitted tissue specimens from patients with HS. A total of 27 experts participated (14 dermatologists, 3 fellowship-trained dermatopathologists, 3 plastic surgeons, 3 general surgeons, and 4 research scientists) in creating and reviewing protocols for the clinical and histopathological examination of HS tissue specimens. The protocols were formatted as a synoptic report and will help to consistently classify specimens in biobanks on the basis of histologic features and more accurately report and select samples used in translational research projects.

Long-term effects of breast aging in patients undergoing explantation: analysis of breast aesthetics from before augmentation to after explantation.

PURPOSE: Although most patients with implants have an uneventful course, some will require explantation. Moreover, women's breasts and their perception of their body habitus change with time. This study covering greater than a 32-year period will address the reconstruction options available after breast implant explantation. METHODS: Augmentation mammoplasty was performed on 42 patients who subsequently underwent explantation. The following data were recorded: age at time of implantation and explantation, length of implant, type, reason for explantation, and decision after explantation. Recommendations were made based on patient preferences, degree of ptosis, clinical history, opinions regarding scars, and breast contour. Reconstruction options were categorized into none, mastopexy, capsulectomy and reaugmentation with saline implants, and mastopexy with immediate or delayed augmentation. RESULTS: The average age of patients at implantation was 32.3 years, 46.8 years at explantation, with a length of implantation of 14.4 years. Thirty-six (86%) of 42 patients received explantation for capsular contracture, 7 (17%) for negative publicity of silicone implants, 7 (17%) for change in body habitus and perception of implants, 6 (14%) for rupture, 5 (12%) for ptosis, and 1 (2.4%) each for synmastia, breast cancer, and painful implants. Sixteen (38%) patients underwent mastopexy after explantation, 15 (36%) underwent no reconstruction after explantation, 6 (14%) with mastopexy and reaugmentation (2 immediate and 4 delayed), 4 (9.5%) with implant exchange, and 1 (2.4%) with mastectomy and reconstruction. All patients demonstrated satisfactory to excellent results. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides long-term results of augmentation mammoplasty by a single surgeon (G.P.G.) evaluating available options and reasonable expectations after explantation. Although most of the augmentation patients have a good outcome, some require removal of implants for a variety of reasons and long-term satisfactory options do exist after explantation.

Tertiary Lymphoid Structures Sustain Cutaneous B cell Activity in Hidradenitis Suppurativa.

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) skin lesions are highly inflammatory and characterized by a large immune infiltrate. While B cells and plasma cells comprise a major component of this immune milieu the biology and contribution of these cells in HS pathogenesis is unclear. Objective: We aimed to investigate the dynamics and microenvironmental interactions of B cells within cutaneous HS lesions. Methods: We combined histological analysis, single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq), and spatial transcriptomic profiling of HS lesions to define the tissue microenvironment relative to B cell activity within this disease. Results: Our findings identify tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) within HS lesions and describe organized interactions between T cells, B cells, antigen presenting cells and skin stroma. We find evidence that B cells within HS TLS actively undergo maturation, including participation in germinal center reactions and class switch recombination. Moreover, skin stroma and accumulating T cells are primed to support the formation of TLS and facilitate B cell recruitment during HS. Conclusion: Our data definitively demonstrate the presence of TLS in lesional HS skin and point to ongoing cutaneous B cell maturation through class switch recombination and affinity maturation during disease progression in this inflamed non-lymphoid tissue.

Reconstruction of an entire metacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joint using a fibular osteocutaneous free flap and silicone arthroplasty.

Radical resection of the entire ring finger metacarpal for a giant cell tumor resulted in a bony defect extending from the distal surface of the hamate to the proximal surface of the proximal phalanx. We reconstructed the metacarpal with a custom-contoured free fibular osteocutaneous flap and maintained motion at the new fibulophalangeal joint using a silicone arthroplasty. At 4.5 years postoperatively, the patient has shown no signs of recurrence of the giant cell tumor. The silicone arthroplasty has maintained 15° to 85° of motion at the new joint. Because of its similar shape to a metacarpal and because it allows faster bony healing compared with a nonvascularized fibular bone graft, a free vascularized fibular bone graft is an ideal candidate for reconstruction of extensive defects of the metacarpals, and placement of a silicone spacer in its distal medullary cavity can preserve motion at the new metacarpophalangeal joint.

A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial of Early Ambulation after Groin Reconstruction with Sartorius Muscle Flaps.

The use of muscle flaps, such as the sartorius muscle, for groin coverage in high-risk vascular patients has been shown to reduce complication rates. However, it remains unknown whether earlier postoperative ambulation is associated with improved postoperative outcomes for groin muscle flaps following infrainguinal vascular surgery. Methods: We performed a pilot randomized trial to analyze the effect of early ambulation on postoperative outcomes in patients who had groin reconstruction with sartorius muscle flaps following infrainguinal vascular surgery at our academic institution. Results: Fourteen patients were randomized to standard ambulation (on postoperative day 6), and 14 patients were randomized to early ambulation (on postoperative day 2). The treatment arms were similar with respect to age, body mass index, risk category, smoking status, and comorbidities. Median length of stay was 6 days in the early group versus 7 days in the standard group. Immediate and long-term physical function and general health were better in the early group There were slightly more wound complications in the standard (57.1%) versus the early group (42.9%), and the early group had more lymphatic complications (35.7% versus 14.3%). Conclusions: The decision to ambulate a patient after this surgery continues to be a decision between the vascular and plastic surgeons. However, this pilot trial has shown the safety profile of early ambulation and that it should be considered for specific patients. Additionally, this trial has provided valuable information for performing a larger scale randomized controlled trial to determine the optimal postoperative protocol for patients with these reconstructions.

Mycotic aneurysm of the distal radial artery after cardiac catheterisation.

A mycotic aneurysm of the distal radial artery following access for cardiac catheterisation is a rare complication that has not been described in the literature. We present the case of an 84-year-old man who developed bacteraemia and cellulitis over his left first dorsal webspace 2 days after undergoing cardiac catheterisation through the distal radial artery at the anatomic snuffbox. Ultrasound scanning and CT imaging were concerning for a possible pseudoaneurysm at that location. Once we confirmed that the patient had adequate flow through his hand with angiography and an Allen's test, we explored his left hand and found a mycotic aneurysm of the distal radial artery with surrounding frank purulence. We resected the aneurysm and ligated the artery. Pathology confirmed that this was a mycotic aneurysm. The patient quickly recovered from his infection after this definitive treatment.