Unraveling the etiology of ovarian cancer racial disparity in the deep south: Is it nature or nurture?

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to evaluate racial treatment and survival disparities in black women with ovarian cancer in the Deep South and to determine how environmental factors / socioeconomic status (SES) influence survival. METHODS: A retrospective study of ovarian cancer patients from 2007 to 2014 was performed. Socioeconomic status (SES) was obtained though U.S. Census block data and compared using Yost scores. Comparisons were performed using standard statistical approaches. RESULTS: A total of 393 patients were evaluated, 325 (83%) white and 68 (17%) black. Demographic information and surgical approach were similar in each racial group. However, compared to whites, black patients had lower rates of optimal debulking [89% vs. 71%, respectively (p=0.001)] and intraperitoneal chemotherapy (19% vs. 11%, p=0.01). Black women had lower SES parameters including education, income, and poverty. As a result, more black patients had the lowest SES (SES-1) when compared to white patients (17% vs. 41%, p<0.001). When controlling for these factors by cox regression analysis, a survival disadvantage was seen in black women for both progression free survival (16 vs. 27months, p=0.003) and overall survival (42 vs. 88months, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite controlling for clinical and environmental factors, a survival disadvantage was still observed in black patients with ovarian cancer in the Deep South. Black women had lower optimal debulking rates and more platinum resistant disease. These data suggest other factors like tumor biology may play a role in racial survival differences, however, more research is needed to determine this causation.

Minority participation in Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) Studies.

OBJECTIVE: Participation of minority populations in clinical trials is paramount to understanding and overcoming cancer racial disparities. The goal of this project is to evaluate minority participation in published GOG clinical trials. METHODS: GOG publications from 1985 to 2013 were reviewed. Minority enrollment was stratified by tumor site, type of study, and year published. Based on Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) age-adjusted incidence for race, expected and observed ratios of racial participation were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 445 GOG publications involving 67,568 patients were reviewed. Racial breakdown was provided in 170 studies (38%) for a total of 45,259 patients: 83% White (n=37,617); 8% Black (n=3,686), and 9% Other (n=3,956). The majority of studies were Ovarian (n=202) and Phase 2 (n=290). When evaluating the quartiles of publication year, a steady decline in the proportion of Black patients enrolled was seen. Race was not reported in any publication prior to 1994. Compared to years 1994-2002, a 2.8-fold lower proportion of black enrollment was noted in years 2009-2013 (16% and 5.8%, respectively; p<0.01). Utilizing CDC age-adjusted incidence, observed enrollment of Black patients onto GOG clinical trials was significantly less than expected enrollment. Observed Black enrollment was 15-fold lower than expected for ovarian trials, 10-fold lower for endometrial, 4.5-fold for cervix, and 5.2-fold for sarcoma (each p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Based on age-adjusted incidence, observed enrollment of Black patients was lower than expected enrollment onto GOG studies. Despite national emphasis on minority enrollment on clinical trials, fewer Black patients were enrolled over time.