Facility for spectral radiance calibration at low light level.

The spectral radiance measurement at daytime level can be realized with high accuracy, while it's difficult when the spectral radiance is at nighttime level. We design a spectral radiance calibration facility which has the characteristics of completely unchanged spectrum over 3 orders of magnitude and approximately unchanged spectrum for about 6 orders of magnitude. It combines a spectral radiance light source, a precision aperture and a white diffuser together, make it easy to reproduce the spectral radiance at 380 nm from 4 × 10-9 W/(m2·sr·nm) to 4 × 10-3 W/(m2·sr·nm). The facility can be easily used to calibrate a spectroradiometer at nighttime level. When the spectral radiance from 380 nm to 780 nm is around 1 × 10-7W/(m2·sr·nm), the calibration uncertainty of the spectroradiometer is 0.87%∼1.0% (k = 1).

A recessive variant in TFAM causes mtDNA depletion associated with primary ovarian insufficiency, seizures, intellectual disability and hearing loss.

Mitochondrial disorders are collectively common, genetically heterogeneous disorders in both pediatric and adult populations. They are caused by molecular defects in oxidative phosphorylation, failure of essential bioenergetic supply to mitochondria, and apoptosis. Here, we present three affected individuals from a consanguineous family of Pakistani origin with variable seizures and intellectual disability. Both females display primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), while the male shows abnormal sex hormone levels. We performed whole exome sequencing and identified a recessive missense variant c.694C > T, p.Arg232Cys in TFAM that segregates with disease. TFAM (mitochondrial transcription factor A) is a component of the mitochondrial replisome machinery that maintains mtDNA transcription and replication. In primary dermal fibroblasts, we show depletion of mtDNA and significantly altered mitochondrial function and morphology. Moreover, we observed reduced nucleoid numbers with significant changes in nucleoid size or shape in fibroblasts from an affected individual compared to controls. We also investigated the effect of tfam impairment in zebrafish; homozygous tfam mutants carrying an in-frame c.141_149 deletion recapitulate the mtDNA depletion and ovarian dysgenesis phenotypes observed in affected humans. Together, our genetic and functional data confirm that TFAM plays a pivotal role in gonad development and expands the repertoire of mitochondrial disease phenotypes.

A transcriptional regulatory module controls lipid accumulation in soybean.

Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important oilseed crops. However, the regulatory mechanism that governs the process of oil accumulation in soybean remains poorly understood. In this study, GmZF392, a tandem CCCH zinc finger (TZF) protein which was identified in our previous RNA-seq analysis of seed-preferred transcription factors, was found to function as a positive regulator of lipid production. GmZF392 promotes seed oil accumulation in both transgenic Arabidopsis and stable transgenic soybean plants by binding to a bipartite cis-element, containing TG- and TA-rich sequences, in promoter regions, activating the expression of genes in the lipid biosynthesis pathway. GmZF392 physically interacts with GmZF351, our previously identified transcriptional regulator of lipid biosynthesis, to synergistically promote downstream gene expression. Both GmZF392 and GmZF351 are further upregulated by GmNFYA, another transcription factor involved in lipid biosynthesis, directly (in the former case) and indirectly (in the latter case). Promoter sequence diversity analysis showed that the GmZF392 promoter may have been selected at the origin of the Glycine genus and further mildly selected during domestication from wild soybeans to cultivated soybeans. Our study reveals a regulatory module containing three transcription factors in the lipid biosynthesis pathway, and manipulation of the module may improve oil production in soybean and other oilseed crops.

E3 ubiquitin ligase SOR1 regulates ethylene response in rice root by modulating stability of Aux/IAA protein.

Plant hormones ethylene and auxin synergistically regulate plant root growth and development. Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors by the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCFTIR1/AFB triggers a transcription-based auxin signaling. Here we show that rice (Oryza sativa L.) soil-surface rooting 1 (SOR1), which is a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase identified from analysis of a rice ethylene-insensitive mutant mhz2/sor1-2, controls root-specific ethylene responses by modulating Aux/IAA protein stability. SOR1 physically interacts with OsIAA26 and OsIAA9, which are atypical and canonical Aux/IAA proteins, respectively. SOR1 targets OsIAA26 for ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated degradation, whereas OsIAA9 protects the OsIAA26 protein from degradation by inhibiting the E3 activity of SOR1. Auxin promotes SOR1-dependent degradation of OsIAA26 by facilitating SCFOsTIR1/AFB2-mediated and SOR1-assisted destabilization of OsIAA9 protein. Our study provides a candidate mechanism by which the SOR1-OsIAA26 module acts downstream of the OsTIR1/AFB2-auxin-OsIAA9 signaling to modulate ethylene inhibition of root growth in rice seedlings.

Membrane protein MHZ3 stabilizes OsEIN2 in rice by interacting with its Nramp-like domain.

The phytohormone ethylene regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. EIN2 is the central regulator of ethylene signaling, and its turnover is crucial for triggering ethylene responses. Here, we identified a stabilizer of OsEIN2 through analysis of the rice ethylene-response mutant mhz3. Loss-of-function mutations lead to ethylene insensitivity in etiolated rice seedlings. MHZ3 encodes a previously uncharacterized membrane protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Ethylene induces MHZ3 gene and protein expression. Genetically, MHZ3 acts at the OsEIN2 level in the signaling pathway. MHZ3 physically interacts with OsEIN2, and both the N- and C-termini of MHZ3 specifically associate with the OsEIN2 Nramp-like domain. Loss of mhz3 function reduces OsEIN2 abundance and attenuates ethylene-induced OsEIN2 accumulation, whereas MHZ3 overexpression elevates the abundance of both wild-type and mutated OsEIN2 proteins, suggesting that MHZ3 is required for proper accumulation of OsEIN2 protein. The association of MHZ3 with the Nramp-like domain is crucial for OsEIN2 accumulation, demonstrating the significance of the OsEIN2 transmembrane domains in ethylene signaling. Moreover, MHZ3 negatively modulates OsEIN2 ubiquitination, protecting OsEIN2 from proteasome-mediated degradation. Together, these results suggest that ethylene-induced MHZ3 stabilizes OsEIN2 likely by binding to its Nramp-like domain and impeding protein ubiquitination to facilitate ethylene signal transduction. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms of ethylene signaling.

Whole exome sequencing identified mutations causing hearing loss in five consanguineous Pakistani families.

BACKGROUND: Hearing loss is the most common sensory defect, and it affects over 6% of the population worldwide. Approximately 50-60% of hearing loss patients are attributed to genetic causes. Currently, more than 100 genes have been reported to cause non-syndromic hearing loss. It is possible and efficient to screen all potential disease-causing genes for hereditary hearing loss by whole exome sequencing (WES). METHODS: We collected 5 consanguineous pedigrees from Pakistan with hearing loss and applied WES in selected patients for each pedigree, followed by bioinformatics analysis and Sanger validation to identify the causal genes. RESULTS: Variants in 7 genes were identified and validated in these pedigrees. We identified single candidate variant for 3 pedigrees: GIPC3 (c.937 T > C), LOXHD1 (c.6136G > A) and TMPRSS3 (c.941 T > C). The remaining 2 pedigrees each contained two candidate variants: TECTA (c.4045G > A) and MYO15A (c.3310G > T and c.9913G > C) for one pedigree and DFNB59 (c.494G > A) and TRIOBP (c.1952C > T) for the other pedigree. The candidate variants were validated in all available samples by Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSION: The candidate variants in hearing-loss genes were validated to be co-segregated in the pedigrees, and they may indicate the aetiologies of hearing loss in such patients. We also suggest that WES may be a suitable strategy for hearing-loss gene screening in clinical detection.

Ethylene-Inhibited Jasmonic Acid Biosynthesis Promotes Mesocotyl/Coleoptile Elongation of Etiolated Rice Seedlings.

Elongation of the mesocotyl and coleoptile facilitates the emergence of rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings from soil and is affected by various genetic and environment factors. The regulatory mechanism underlying this process remains largely unclear. Here, we examined the regulation of mesocotyl and coleoptile growth by characterizing a gaoyao1 (gy1) mutant that exhibits a longer mesocotyl and longer coleoptile than its original variety of rice. GY1 was identified through map-based cloning and encodes a PLA1-type phospholipase that localizes in chloroplasts. GY1 functions at the initial step of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis to repress mesocotyl and coleoptile elongation in etiolated rice seedlings. Ethylene inhibits the expression of GY1 and other genes in the JA biosynthesis pathway to reduce JA levels and enhance mesocotyl and coleoptile growth by promoting cell elongation. Genetically, GY1 acts downstream of the OsEIN2-mediated ethylene signaling pathway to regulate mesocotyl/coleoptile growth. Through analysis of the resequencing data from 3000 rice accessions, we identified a single natural variation of the GY1 gene, GY1376T , which contributes to mesocotyl elongation in rice varieties. Our study reveals novel insights into the regulatory mechanism of mesocotyl/coleoptile elongation and should have practical applications in rice breeding programs.

Gene pathogenicity prediction of Mendelian diseases via the random forest algorithm.

The study of Mendelian diseases and the identification of their causative genes are of great significance in the field of genetics. The evaluation of the pathogenicity of genes and the total number of Mendelian disease genes are both important questions worth studying. However, very few studies have addressed these issues to date, so we attempt to answer them in this study. We calculated the gene pathogenicity prediction (GPP) score by a machine learning approach (random forest algorithm) to evaluate the pathogenicity of genes. When we applied the GPP score to the testing gene set, we obtained an accuracy of 80%, recall of 93% and area under the curve of 0.87. Our results estimated that a total of 10,384 protein-coding genes were Mendelian disease genes. Furthermore, we found the GPP score was positively correlated with the severity of disease. Our results indicate that GPP score may provide a robust and reliable guideline to predict the pathogenicity of protein-coding genes. To our knowledge, this is the first trial to estimate the total number of Mendelian disease genes.

Ethylene responses in rice roots and coleoptiles are differentially regulated by a carotenoid isomerase-mediated abscisic acid pathway.

Ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) act synergistically or antagonistically to regulate plant growth and development. ABA is derived from the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Here, we analyzed the interplay among ethylene, carotenoid biogenesis, and ABA in rice (Oryza sativa) using the rice ethylene response mutant mhz5, which displays a reduced ethylene response in roots but an enhanced ethylene response in coleoptiles. We found that MHZ5 encodes a carotenoid isomerase and that the mutation in mhz5 blocks carotenoid biosynthesis, reduces ABA accumulation, and promotes ethylene production in etiolated seedlings. ABA can largely rescue the ethylene response of the mhz5 mutant. Ethylene induces MHZ5 expression, the production of neoxanthin, an ABA biosynthesis precursor, and ABA accumulation in roots. MHZ5 overexpression results in enhanced ethylene sensitivity in roots and reduced ethylene sensitivity in coleoptiles. Mutation or overexpression of MHZ5 also alters the expression of ethylene-responsive genes. Genetic studies revealed that the MHZ5-mediated ABA pathway acts downstream of ethylene signaling to inhibit root growth. The MHZ5-mediated ABA pathway likely acts upstream but negatively regulates ethylene signaling to control coleoptile growth. Our study reveals novel interactions among ethylene, carotenogenesis, and ABA and provides insight into improvements in agronomic traits and adaptive growth through the manipulation of these pathways in rice.

Enantioselective determination of 1-[4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy]-3-[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]-2-propanol hydrochloride, a novel antihypertensive agent, in rat plasma and tissues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Enantioselective biodistribution studies of 1-[4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy]-3-[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]-2-propanol hydrochloride (TJ0711), a novel antihypertensive agent, require the accurate and precise quantification of each TJ0711 enantiomer in biological fluids and tissues. Here we report a simple and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of (R)-TJ0711 and (S)-TJ0711 in rat plasma and tissue samples using protein precipitation. The influence of column type, temperature, mobile phase composition, and flow rate on the retention and enantioselectivity was evaluated. The separation of the TJ0711 enantiomers was ultimately achieved on a SUMICHIRAL OA-2500 column in 15 min using isocratic elution with ethanol/hexane (40:60) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Good linearities of spiked analyte concentration from 5 to 2000 ng/mL were achieved and the correlation coefficients (R) were greater than 0.99. The intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision for both analytes were <15% at all concentration levels, and the extraction recoveries were consistent among the five quality control concentrations. This assay was successfully applied to quantify plasma and tissue concentrations of TJ0711 enantiomers in a preclinical study.

Ethylene-induced inhibition of root growth requires abscisic acid function in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings.

Ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) have a complicated interplay in many developmental processes. Their interaction in rice is largely unclear. Here, we characterized a rice ethylene-response mutant mhz4, which exhibited reduced ethylene-response in roots but enhanced ethylene-response in coleoptiles of etiolated seedlings. MHZ4 was identified through map-based cloning and encoded a chloroplast-localized membrane protein homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) ABA4, which is responsible for a branch of ABA biosynthesis. MHZ4 mutation reduced ABA level, but promoted ethylene production. Ethylene induced MHZ4 expression and promoted ABA accumulation in roots. MHZ4 overexpression resulted in enhanced and reduced ethylene response in roots and coleoptiles, respectively. In root, MHZ4-dependent ABA pathway acts at or downstream of ethylene receptors and positively regulates root ethylene response. This ethylene-ABA interaction mode is different from that reported in Arabidopsis, where ethylene-mediated root inhibition is independent of ABA function. In coleoptile, MHZ4-dependent ABA pathway acts at or upstream of OsEIN2 to negatively regulate coleoptile ethylene response, possibly by affecting OsEIN2 expression. At mature stage, mhz4 mutation affects branching and adventitious root formation on stem nodes of higher positions, as well as yield-related traits. Together, our findings reveal a novel mode of interplay between ethylene and ABA in control of rice growth and development.

MAOHUZI6/ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE1 and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE2 Regulate Ethylene Response of Roots and Coleoptiles and Negatively Affect Salt Tolerance in Rice.

Ethylene plays important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. The ethylene signaling pathway has been studied extensively, mainly in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, the molecular mechanism of ethylene signaling is largely unknown in rice (Oryza sativa). Previously, we have isolated a set of rice ethylene-response mutants. Here, we characterized the mutant maohuzi6 (mhz6). Through map-based cloning, we found that MHZ6 encodes ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE1 (OsEIL1), a rice homolog of ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3), which is the master transcriptional regulator of ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis. Disruption of MHZ6/OsEIL1 caused ethylene insensitivity mainly in roots, whereas silencing of the closely related OsEIL2 led to ethylene insensitivity mainly in coleoptiles of etiolated seedlings. This organ-specific functional divergence is different from the functional features of EIN3 and EIL1, both of which mediate the incomplete ethylene responses of Arabidopsis etiolated seedlings. In Arabidopsis, EIN3 and EIL1 play positive roles in plant salt tolerance. In rice, however, lack of MHZ6/OsEIL1 or OsEIL2 functions improves salt tolerance, whereas the overexpressing lines exhibit salt hypersensitivity at the seedling stage, indicating that MHZ6/OsEIL1 and OsEIL2 negatively regulate salt tolerance in rice. Furthermore, this negative regulation by MHZ6/OsEIL1 and OsEIL2 in salt tolerance is likely attributable in part to the direct regulation of HIGH-AFFINITY K(+) TRANSPORTER2;1 expression and Na(+) uptake in roots. Additionally, MHZ6/OsEIL1 overexpression promotes grain size and thousand-grain weight. Together, our study provides insights for the functional diversification of MHZ6/OsEIL1 and OsEIL2 in ethylene response and finds a novel mode of ethylene-regulated salt stress response that could be helpful for engineering salt-tolerant crops.

Value of whole exome sequencing for syndromic retinal dystrophy diagnosis in young patients.

BACKGROUND: Several retinal dystrophies are associated with syndromic features including such conditions as Bardet-Biedl and Joubert syndromes. Cohen syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with multiple clinical manifestations including developmental delay, acquired microcephaly, myopia, pigmentary retinopathy, joint hypermobility, truncal obesity, friendly disposition and intermittent neutropenia. In young patients, diagnosis is difficult, because several of the characteristic features may not be present until school age or later years and the intermittent neutropenia is not always detectable. DESIGN: This was a prospective study using whole exome sequencing in syndromic retinal dystrophy. It was undertaken in a hospital and research institute setting. PARTICIPANTS: Participants in this study were members of a consanguineous Australian family of Lebanese ethnicity with two siblings with retinal dystrophy, microcephaly and developmental delay. METHODS: Detailed clinical evaluation was undertaken. Whole exome capture and sequencing of patient genomic DNA samples was followed by sequence alignment, variant detection, comparison and prioritization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pathogenic variant identification in the disease-causing gene in affected individuals. RESULTS: We identified a novel homozygous deletion leading to a frameshift mutation in VPS13B, c.11327del, p.(Asn3776Thrfs*102), the disease gene associated with Cohen syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: This report emphasizes the value of a broad-based whole exome sequencing approach in disease gene identification in the syndromic retinal dystrophies, where all disease characteristics may not be present in young patients to allow a clinical diagnosis. This facilitates improved prognostic and genetic information for patients and families.

An S-domain receptor-like kinase, OsSIK2, confers abiotic stress tolerance and delays dark-induced leaf senescence in rice.

Receptor-like kinases play important roles in plant development and defense responses; however, their functions in other processes remain unclear. Here, we report that OsSIK2, an S-domain receptor-like kinase from rice (Oryza sativa), is involved in abiotic stress and the senescence process. OsSIK2 is a plasma membrane-localized protein with kinase activity in the presence of Mn(2+). OsSIK2 is expressed mainly in rice leaf and sheath and can be induced by NaCl, drought, cold, dark, and abscisic acid treatment. Transgenic plants overexpressing OsSIK2 and mutant sik2 exhibit enhanced and reduced tolerance to salt and drought stress, respectively, compared with the controls. Interestingly, a truncated version of OsSIK2 without most of the extracellular region confers higher salt tolerance than the full-length OsSIK2, likely through the activation of different sets of downstream genes. Moreover, seedlings of OsSIK2-overexpressing transgenic plants exhibit early leaf development and a delayed dark-induced senescence phenotype, while mutant sik2 shows the opposite phenotype. The downstream PR-related genes specifically up-regulated by full-length OsSIK2 or the DREB-like genes solely enhanced by truncated OsSIK2 are all induced by salt, drought, and dark treatments. These results indicate that OsSIK2 may integrate stress signals into a developmental program for better adaptive growth under unfavorable conditions. Manipulation of OsSIK2 should facilitate the improvement of production in rice and other crops.

Association between depression and infertility based on the PHQ-9 score: Analyses of NHANES 2013-2018.

BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, nationally representative research elucidating the association between depression and infertility has been notably lacking. Our study aimed to investigate the association between depression and infertility among women of childbearing age. METHODS: Our study encompassed 3,654 women aged 18 to 45 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2018. Infertility was defined as a positive response to the query: "Have you attempted to conceive for a minimum of one year without achieving pregnancy?" Depression was evaluated by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score (range, 0-27). Multiple logistic regression analyses and subgroup analyses stratified by age and race/ethnicity were conducted to investigate the association between depression and infertility. Furthermore, fitted smoothing curves and threshold effect analysis were utilized to depict the nonlinear relationship. RESULTS: Total PHQ-9 score was associated with infertility in the fully adjusted model (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07, P = 0.010), and this relationship exhibited a non-linear pattern, reaching a saturation point at 13, as substantiated by the fitting of smoothed curves. Additionally, the association remained robust when stratified by age but not by race/ethnicity. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional design and recall biases. CONCLUSIONS: In this cross-sectional study, depression was associated with infertility among women of childbearing age in the fully adjusted models. This observed association holds potential relevance for clinicians tasked with enhancing psychological well-being during infertility management strategies.

Association between cardiovascular health and abdominal aortic calcification: Analyses of NHANES 2013-2014.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) is closely connected to cardiovascular disease. We aimed to measure the association between cardiovascular health (CVH) levels, assessed by the Life's Essential 8 (LE8) score, and AAC within a nationally representative sample of the US. METHODS: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014 participants were chosen for this cross-sectional investigation. LE8 scores, ranging from 0 to 100, were calculated according to the criteria outlined by the American Heart Association. AAC was evaluated using a semi-quantitative scoring system known as AAC-24. Weighted linear regression, multivariate logistic regression, and restricted cubic spline models were used to investigate the correlations. Subgroup analysis and interaction tests were conducted to assess this association's robustness across different population groups. RESULTS: Increased CVH levels were associated with diminished AAC scores and a reduced prevalence of severe AAC. In the partially adjusted model, each unit increase in LE8 score was associated with a 2% decrease in severe AAC prevalence [OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.96, 0.99]. Participants in the high CVH level group experienced a 72% reduced prevalence of severe AAC compared to those in the low CVH level group in model 2 [OR 0.28; 95% CI 0.12, 0.63]. This inverse association was notably more prominent in adults aged 60 years and above. CONCLUSIONS: CVH exhibited a robust negative correlation with AAC. Promoting optimal CVH levels may favor averting AAC within the general population.

CHARGE syndrome with early fetal ear abnormalities: A case report.

Key Clinical Message: CHARGE syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by several distinct features. The presence of fetal ear abnormalities could be the early indicator of CHARGE syndrome. Subsequent prenatal diagnosis is essential to confirm the disorder. This is significant because the patient may receive genetic counseling and appropriate disposal based on the accurate diagnosis. Abstract: CHARGE syndrome is a rare genetic disorder with multiple specific clinical features. The prenatal diagnosis is crucial but rarely achieved. We report a fetus with fetal external ear abnormality detected by ultrasound at 22nd week of gestation. Postnatal examination revealed an external ear abnormality, a mild atrial septal defect, and other clinical signs of CHARGE syndrome. A de novo pathogenic nonsense mutation in the CHD7 gene (c.406C > T, p.Q136X in exon 2) was identified to cause the disorder. Our study demonstrated that prenatal diagnosis and genetic testing were recommended to obtain a solid diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome when fetal external ear abnormality was detected by ultrasound examination.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Novel NIK Inhibitor with Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Effects for Sepsis Treatment.

NIK plays a crucial role in the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway associated with diverse inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Our study presents compound 54, a novel NIK inhibitor, designed through a structure-based scaffold-hopping approach from the previously identified B022. Compound 54 demonstrates remarkable selectivity and potency against NIK both in vitro and in vivo, effectively suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide production. In mouse models, compound 54 protected against LPS-induced systemic sepsis, reducing AST, ALT, and AKP liver injury markers. Additionally, it also attenuates sepsis-induced lung and kidney damage. Mechanistically, compound 54 blocks the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway by targeting NIK, preventing p100 to p52 processing. This work reveals a novel class of NIK inhibitors with significant potential for sepsis therapy.

Whole exome sequencing identified a homozygous novel variant in DOP1A gene in the Pakistan family with neurodevelopmental disabilities: case report and literature review.

Background: Hereditary neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are prevalent in poorly prognostic pediatric diseases, but the pathogenesis of NDDs is still unclear. Irregular myelination could be one of the possible causes of NDDs. Case presentation: Here, whole exome sequencing was carried out for a consanguineous Pakistani family with NDDs to identify disease-associated variants. The co-segregation of candidate variants in the family was validated using Sanger sequencing. The potential impact of the gene on NDDs has been supported by conservation analysis, protein prediction, and expression analysis. A novel homozygous variant DOP1A(NM_001385863.1):c.2561A>G was identified. It was concluded that the missense variant might affect the protein-protein binding sites of the critical MEC interaction region of DOP1A, and DOP1A-MON2 may cause stability deficits in Golgi-endosome protein traffic. Proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin-associate glycoprotein (MAG) could be targets of the DOP1A-MON2 Golgi-endosome traffic complex, especially during the fetal stage and the early developmental stages. This further supports the perspective that disorganized myelinogenesis due to congenital DOP1A deficiency might cause neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Conclusion: Our case study revealed the potential pathway of myelinogenesis-relevant NDDs and identified DOP1A as a potential NDDs-relevant gene in humans.

Marginal zone lymphoma with severe rashes: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) is an indolent subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), which is rare clinically with severe rashes as the initial symptom. CASE SUMMARY: This study reports a case of MZL with generalized skin rashes accompanied by pruritus and purulent discharge. First-line treatment with rituximab combined with zanubrutinib had poor effects. However, after switching to obinutuzumab combined with zanubrutinib, the case was alleviated, and the rashes disappeared. CONCLUSION: For patients with advanced stage MZL not benefiting from type I anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) combination therapy, switching to a type II anti-CD20 mAb combination regimen may be considered. This approach may provide a new perspective in the treatment of MZL.