Herbivore exclusion stabilizes alpine grassland biomass production across spatial scales.

There is growing evidence that land-use management practices such as livestock grazing can strongly impact the local diversity, functioning, and stability of grassland communities. However, whether these impacts depend on environmental condition and propagate to larger spatial scales remains unclear. Using an 8-year grassland exclosure experiment conducted at nine sites in the Tibetan Plateau covering a large precipitation gradient, we found that herbivore exclusion increased the temporal stability of alpine grassland biomass production at both the local and larger (site) spatial scales. Higher local community stability was attributed to greater stability of dominant species, whereas higher stability at the larger scale was linked to higher spatial asynchrony of productivity among local communities. Additionally, sites with higher mean annual precipitation had lower dominant species stability and lower grassland stability at both the spatial scales considered. Our study provides novel evidence that livestock grazing can impair grassland stability across spatial scales and climatic gradients.

Ti-Doped AgNbO3 as Novel Dense Diffusion Barriers of Limiting Current Oxygen Sensors.

The oxygen sensors with limiting current derived from a dense diffusion barrier have an excellent advantage of detecting oxygen partial pressure by controlling the ratio of air and fuel in combustion environments. Therefore, AgNb1-xTixO3-δ (wherein x varies from 0.1 to 0.3) was prepared as such a dense diffusion barrier layer for sensor application. Among the investigated compositions as a new condensed barrier for the diffusion of sensors, AgNb1-xTixO3-δ (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) exhibits oxygen ionic conductivities from 1.37 × 10-4 to 5.78 × 10-3 S·cm-1 in the temperature range of 600-900 °C and outstanding stable electrochemical properties. Herein, we employ these novel materials as dense diffusion barriers and 8 mol % zirconia stabilized by yttria (8YSZ) as a solid-state electrolyte for the fabrication of the oxygen sensors with limiting current. We observed a direct connection between the limiting current and oxygen content within the interval of 0.5-5.0 mol % at 800 °C and a low working voltage. The increase of Ti-doping amount in AgNbO3 accelerates the sensing response to oxygen gas and promotes the service life of the sensor.

NF-κB-induced R-loop accumulation and DNA damage select for nucleotide excision repair deficiencies in adult T cell leukemia.

Constitutive NF-κB activation (NF-κBCA) confers survival and proliferation advantages to cancer cells and frequently occurs in T/B cell malignancies including adult T cell leukemia (ATL) caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Counterintuitively, NF-κBCA by the HTLV-1 transactivator/oncoprotein Tax induces a senescence response, and HTLV-1 infections in culture mostly result in senescence or cell-cycle arrest due to NF-κBCA How NF-κBCA induces senescence, and how ATL cells maintain NF-κBCA and avert senescence, remain unclear. Here we report that NF-κBCA by Tax increases R-loop accumulation and DNA double-strand breaks, leading to senescence. R-loop reduction via RNase H1 overexpression, and short hairpin RNA silencing of two transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) endonucleases that are critical for R-loop excision-Xeroderma pigmentosum F (XPF) and XPG-attenuate Tax senescence, enabling HTLV-1-infected cells to proliferate. Our data indicate that ATL cells are often deficient in XPF, XPG, or both and are hypersensitive to ultraviolet irradiation. This TC-NER deficiency is found in all ATL types. Finally, ATL cells accumulate R-loops in abundance. Thus, TC-NER deficits are positively selected during HTLV-1 infection because they facilitate the outgrowth of infected cells initially and aid the proliferation of ATL cells with NF-κBCA later. We suggest that TC-NER deficits and excess R-loop accumulation represent specific vulnerabilities that may be targeted for ATL treatment.

Fatty acid oxidation is required for embryonic stem cell survival during metabolic stress.

Metabolic regulation is critical for the maintenance of pluripotency and the survival of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The transcription factor Tfcp2l1 has emerged as a key factor for the naïve pluripotency of ESCs. Here, we report an unexpected role of Tfcp2l1 in metabolic regulation in ESCs-promoting the survival of ESCs through regulating fatty acid oxidation (FAO) under metabolic stress. Tfcp2l1 directly activates many metabolic genes in ESCs. Deletion of Tfcp2l1 leads to an FAO defect associated with upregulation of glucose uptake, the TCA cycle, and glutamine catabolism. Mechanistically, Tfcp2l1 activates FAO by inducing Cpt1a, a rate-limiting enzyme transporting free fatty acids into the mitochondria. ESCs with defective FAO are sensitive to cell death induced by glycolysis inhibition and glutamine deprivation. Moreover, the Tfcp2l1-Cpt1a-FAO axis promotes the survival of quiescent ESCs and diapause-like blastocysts induced by mTOR inhibition. Thus, our results reveal how ESCs orchestrate pluripotent and metabolic programs to ensure their survival in response to metabolic stress.

TMEM139 prevents NSCLC metastasis by inhibiting lysosomal degradation of E-cadherin.

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases and has the highest mortality rate among all solid tumors. It is characterized by early metastasis, and investigations of the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression and metastasis of NSCLC are urgently needed for the development of therapeutic targets. Here, we report that the transmembrane protein TMEM139 is significantly downregulated in NSCLC and that reduced expression of TMEM139 is correlated with a poor prognosis in NSCLC patients. Mechanistically, we found that TMEM139 directly interacts with E-cadherin at the plasma membrane and at focal adhesion sites. Moreover, TMEM139 can prevent the lysosomal degradation of E-cadherin, which inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our study not only expands our understanding of NSCLC metastasis but also provides a foundation to develop novel therapeutic strategies.

Increased annual methane uptake driven by warmer winters in an alpine meadow.

Pronounced nongrowing season warming and changes in soil freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles can dramatically alter net methane (CH4 ) exchange rates between soils and the atmosphere. However, the magnitudes and drivers of warming impacts on CH4 uptake in different stages of the F-T cycle are poorly understood in cold alpine ecosystems, which have been found to be a net sink of atmospheric CH4 . Here, we reported a year-round ecosystem daily CH4 uptake in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau after a 5-year warming experiment that included a control, a low-level warming treatment (+2.4℃ at 5 cm soil depth), and a high-level warming treatment (+4.5℃ at 5 cm soil depth). We found that warming shortened the F-T cycle under the low-level warming and soils did not freeze under the high-level warming. Although both warming treatments increased the mean CH4 uptake rate, only the high-level warming significantly increased annual CH4 uptake compared to the control. The warming-induced stimulation of CH4 uptake mainly occurred in the cold season, which was mostly during spring thaw under low-level warming and during the frozen winter under high-level warming due to a longer period with thawed soil. We also found that warming significantly stimulated daily CH4 uptake mainly by reducing near-surface soil water content in the warm season, whereas both soil water content and temperature controlled daily CH4 uptake in different ways during the autumn freeze, frozen winter, and spring thaw periods of the control. Our study revealed a strong warming effect on CH4 uptake during the entire F-T cycle in the alpine meadow, especially the unfrozen winter. Our results also suggested the important roles of soil pH, available phosphorus, and methanotroph abundance in regulating annual CH4 uptake in response to warming, which should be incorporated into biogeochemical models for accurately forecasting CH4  fluxes under future climate scenarios.

Distinct regulatory mechanisms and functions for p53-activated and p53-repressed DNA damage response genes in embryonic stem cells.

p53 is critical in regulating the differentiation of ES and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Here, we report a whole-genome study of p53-mediated DNA damage signaling in mouse ES cells. Systems analyses reveal that binding of p53 at the promoter region significantly correlates with gene activation but not with repression. Unexpectedly, we identify a regulatory mode for p53-mediated repression through interfering with distal enhancer activity. Importantly, many ES cell-enriched core transcription factors are p53-repressed genes. Further analyses demonstrate that p53-repressed genes are functionally associated with ES/iPS cell status while p53-activated genes are linked to differentiation. p53-activated genes and -repressed genes also display distinguishable features of expression levels and epigenetic markers. Upon DNA damage, p53 regulates the self-renewal and pluripotency of ES cells. Together, these results support a model where, in response to DNA damage, p53 affects the status of ES cells through activating differentiation-associated genes and repressing ES cell-enriched genes.

Effect of H2 SO4 Solution Treatment on Adhesion, Charge Transfer, and Catalytic Performance of Screen-Printed PEDOT:PSS.

Post-treatment was performed for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films screen-printed on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates, to improve their charge transfer efficiency. Different H2 SO4 solutions, including concentrated H2 SO4 and H2 SO4 diluted with H2 O or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), were adopted during the post-treatment. The adhesion of the as-treated films was evaluated by adhesive tape peeling tests, the surface morphology and vertical charge transfer from the films to the substrates were investigated by current-sensing atomic force microscopy, and the catalytic activities toward I3- reduction of PEDOT:PSS films were characterized by electrochemical measurements. It is discovered that selecting proper H2 SO4 solutions is crucial to improve the charge transfer efficiency and catalytic performance while maintaining reliable adhesion of the film on the substrates, with H2 SO4 /DMSO performing best as the solution for post-treatment. A mechanistic explanationis proposed based on different interactions among solution, PEDOT:PSS, and the substrate for various post-treatment solutions.

A RUNX2-Mediated Epigenetic Regulation of the Survival of p53 Defective Cancer Cells.

The inactivation of p53 creates a major challenge for inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. An attractive strategy is to identify and subsequently target the survival signals in p53 defective cancer cells. Here we uncover a RUNX2-mediated survival signal in p53 defective cancer cells. The inhibition of this signal induces apoptosis in cancer cells but not non-transformed cells. Using the CRISPR technology, we demonstrate that p53 loss enhances the apoptosis caused by RUNX2 knockdown. Mechanistically, RUNX2 provides the survival signal partially through inducing MYC transcription. Cancer cells have high levels of activating histone marks on the MYC locus and concomitant high MYC expression. RUNX2 knockdown decreases the levels of these histone modifications and the recruitment of the Menin/MLL1 (mixed lineage leukemia 1) complex to the MYC locus. Two inhibitors of the Menin/MLL1 complex induce apoptosis in p53 defective cancer cells. Together, we identify a RUNX2-mediated epigenetic mechanism of the survival of p53 defective cancer cells and provide a proof-of-principle that the inhibition of this epigenetic axis is a promising strategy to kill p53 defective cancer cells.

Retromer Is Essential for Autophagy-Dependent Plant Infection by the Rice Blast Fungus.

The retromer mediates protein trafficking through recycling cargo from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network in eukaryotes. However, the role of such trafficking events during pathogen-host interaction remains unclear. Here, we report that the cargo-recognition complex (MoVps35, MoVps26 and MoVps29) of the retromer is essential for appressorium-mediated host penetration by Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal pathogen of the blast disease in rice. Loss of retromer function blocked glycogen distribution and turnover of lipid bodies, delayed nuclear degeneration and reduced turgor during appressorial development. Cytological observation revealed dynamic MoVps35-GFP foci co-localized with autophagy-related protein RFP-MoAtg8 at the periphery of autolysosomes. Furthermore, RFP-MoAtg8 interacted with MoVps35-GFP in vivo, RFP-MoAtg8 was mislocalized to the vacuole and failed to recycle from the autolysosome in the absence of the retromer function, leading to impaired biogenesis of autophagosomes. We therefore conclude that retromer is essential for autophagy-dependent plant infection by the rice blast fungus.

Effects and mechanism of freeze-thawing cycles on the soil N2O fluxes in the temperate semi-arid steppe.

High nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions during freeze-thawing period (FTP) have been observed in many different ecosystems. However, the knowledge about the dynamic of soil N2O emissions and its main driving mechanism during the freeze-thawing processes in grassland ecosystem is still limited. An in-situ experiment was conducted during the FTP on the sites with 0 and 15% surplus of the average rainfall and two levels of N addition (0,10gN/(m2·year)) during growing season (marked as W0N0, W15N0, W0N10, W15N10, respectively) to explore the effects of water and N background on soil N2O emissions during FTPs and the relationship between soil N2O emissions and environmental factors. The results indicated that water and N treatments conducted during growing season did not show significant effect on the N2O effluxes of FTP, but the soil mineral N contents of W0N10 treatment were significantly higher than those of W0N0, W15N0, W15N10 treatments (p<0.05). The soil PLFA concentrations of microbial groups monitored during 2015 spring freeze-thawing period (2015S-FTP) were lower than those during winter freeze-thawing period of 2014 (2014W-FTP), while cumulative soil N2O emissions of 2015S-FTP were higher than those of 2014W-FTP. The correlations between soil N2O effluxes and most of the measured environmental factors were insignificant, multiple stepwise regression analysis indicated that the soil temperature, soil NH4+-N content and air temperature were the major environmental factors which significantly influenced the N2O effluxes during 2014W-FTP, and air temperature and soil water content were the significant influencing factors during 2015S-FTP.

p53 loss increases the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells.

The tumor suppressor, p53, plays a critical role in suppressing osteosarcoma. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, also known as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells) have been suggested to give rise to osteosarcomas. However, the role of p53 in BMSCs has not been extensively explored. Here, we report that p53 regulates the lineage choice of mouse BMSCs (mBMSCs). Compared to mBMSCs with wild-type p53, mBMSCs deficient in p53 have enhanced osteogenic differentiation, but with similar adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. The role of p53 in inhibiting osteogenic lineage differentiation is mainly through the action of Runx2, a master transcription factor required for the osteogenic differentiation of mBMSCs. We find that p53 indirectly represses the expression of Runx2 by activating the microRNA-34 family, which suppresses the translation of Runx2. Since osteosarcoma may derive from BMSCs, we examined whether p53 has a role in the osteogenic differentiation of osteosarcoma cells and found that osteosarcoma cells with p53 deletion have higher levels of Runx2 and faster osteogenic differentiation than those with wild-type p53. A systems biology approach reveals that p53-deficient mBMSCs are more closely related to human osteosarcoma while mBMSCs with wild-type p53 are similar to normal human BMSCs. In summary, our results indicate that p53 activity can influence cell fate specification of mBMSCs, and provide molecular and cellular insights into the observation that p53 loss is associated with increased osteosarcoma incidence.

Neoadjuvant therapy for non-small cell lung cancer and esophageal cancer.

As the major malignant tumors in the chest, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and esophageal cancer (EC) bring huge health burden to human beings worldwide. Currently, surgery is still the mainstay for comprehensive treatment for NSCLC and EC, but the prognosis is still poor as the results of cancer recurrence and distant metastasis. Neoadjuvant therapy refers to a single or combined treatment before surgery, aiming to improve the therapeutic effects of the traditional therapies. Unfortunately, the clinical outcomes and effects of neoadjuvant therapy are still controversial due to its apparent advantages and disadvantages, and different patients may respond differentially to the same scheme of neoadjuvant therapy, which makes it urgent and necessary to develop personalized scheme of neoadjuvant therapy for different individuals. Therefore, this review summarizes the novel schemes and strategies of neoadjuvant therapy, which may help to significantly improve of life quality of patients suffering from chest-related malignancies.

Decadal soil total carbon loss in northern hinterland of Tibetan Plateau.

As the largest and highest plateau in the world, ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) imply fundamental ecological significance to the globe. Among the variety, alpine grassland ecosystem on the TP forms a critical part of the global ecosystem and its soil carbon accounts over nine tenths of ecosystem carbon. Revealing soil carbon dynamics and the underlying driving forces is vital for clarifying ecosystem carbon sequestration capacity on the TP. By selecting northern TP, the core region of the TP, this study investigates spatiotemporal dynamics of soil total carbon and the driving forces based on two phases of soil sampling data from the 2010s and the 2020s. The research findings show that soil total carbon density (STCD) in total-surface (0-30 cm) in the 2010s (8.85 ± 3.08 kg C m-2) significantly decreased to the 2020s (7.15 ± 2.90 kg C m-2), with a decreasing rate (ΔSTCD) of -0.17 ± 0.39 kg C m-2 yr-1. Moreover, in both periods, STCD exhibited a gradual increase with soil depth deepening, while ΔSTCD loss was more apparent in top-surface and mid-surface than in sub-surface. Spatially, ΔSTCD loss in alpine desert grassland was -0.41 ± 0.48 kg C m-2 yr-1, which is significantly higher than that in alpine grassland (-0.11 ± 0.31 kg C m-2 yr-1) or alpine meadow (-0.04 ± 0.28 kg C m-2 yr-1). The STCD in 2010s explained >30 % of variances in ΔSTCD among the set of covariates. Moreover, rising temperature aggravates ΔSTCD loss in alpine desert grassland, while enhanced precipitation alleviates ΔSTCD loss in alpine meadow. This study sheds light on the influences of climate and background carbon on soil total carbon loss, which can be benchmark for predicting carbon dynamics under future climate change scenarios.

Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy improves clinical outcomes of patients with esophageal cancer by mediating anti-tumor immunity of CD8+ T (Tc1) and CD16+ NK cells.

Background: Esophageal cancer (ESCA) is one of the most common tumors in the world, and treatment using neoadjuvant therapy (NT) based on radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy has still unsatisfactory results. Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy (NICT) has also become an effective treatment strategy nowadays. However, its impact on the tumor microenvironment (TME) and regulatory mechanisms on T cells and NK cells needs to be further elucidated. Methods: A total of 279 cases of ESCA who underwent surgery alone [non-neoadjuvant therapy (NONE)], neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT), and NICT were collected, and their therapeutic effect and survival period were compared. Further, RNA sequencing combined with biological information was used to analyze the expression of immune-related genes. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to verify the activation and infiltration status of CD8+ T and CD16+ NK cells, as well as the function and regulatory pathway of killing tumor cells. Results: Patients with ESCA in the NICT group showed better clinical response, median survival, and 2-year survival rates (p < 0.05) compared with the NCT group. Our RNA sequencing data revealed that NICT could promote the expression of immune-related genes. The infiltration and activation of immune cells centered with CD8+ T cells were significantly enhanced. CD8+ T cells activated by PD-1 inhibitors secreted more IFN-γ and cytotoxic effector factor cells through the transcription factor of EOMES and TBX21. At the same time, activated CD8+ T cells mediated the CD16+ NK cell activation and secreted more IFN-γ to kill ESCA cells. In addition, the immunofluorescence co-staining results showed that more CD276+ tumor cells and CD16+ NK cells were existed in pre-NCT and pre-NICT group. However, CD276+ tumor cells were reduced significantly in the post-NICT group, while they still appeared in the post-NCT group, which means that CD16+ NK cells can recognize and kill CD276+ tumor cells after immune checkpoint blocker (ICB) treatment. Conclusion: NICT can improve the therapeutic effect and survival period of resectable ESCA patients. NICT could promote the expression of immune-related genes and activate CD8+ T and CD16+ NK cells to secrete more IFN-γ to kill ESCA cells. It provides a theoretical basis and clinical evidence for its potential as an NT strategy in ESCA.

Genome-wide studies of the transcriptional regulation by p53.

The tumor suppressor p53 is arguably the most important transcription factor that safe-guards the genome. Although it is clear that the transcriptional activity of p53 is required for its tumor suppressive function, the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. In the past several years, genome-wide approaches have provided novel insights into the tumor suppressive functions of p53. This mini-review summarizes recent progress in studying these functions using genome-wide approaches, and offers some perspectives on this rapidly expanding field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chromatin in time and space.

Resource co-limitation of community biomass but not structure of an alpine grassland.

Anthropogenic environmental changes are influencing the structure and function of many ecological communities, but their underlying mechanisms are often poorly understood. We conducted a 7-year field experiment to explore the ecological consequences of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) enrichment in a high-altitude Tibetan alpine grassland. We found that the enrichment of both N and P, but not either alone, increased plant above- and belowground biomass. In contrast, N, but not P, enrichment reduced species richness and altered plant phylogenetic diversity and structure. Whereas plant species loss and changes in phylogenetic structure were mainly driven by higher soil manganese levels under N addition, they were mainly driven by increased plant belowground biomass under the addition of both N and P. Our study highlights the resource co-limitation of community biomass but not the structure of the study grassland, while also identifying soil metal toxicity and belowground competition as important mechanisms driving community changes following nutrient amendment.

Nitrogen enrichment differentially regulates the response of ecosystem stability to extreme dry versus wet events.

Extreme climate events, such as severe droughts and heavy rainfall, have profound impacts on the sustainable provision of ecosystem functions and services. However, how N enrichment interacts with discrete extreme climate events to affect ecosystem functions is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the responses of the temporal stability (i.e., resistance, recovery, and resilience) of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in an alpine meadow to extreme dry and wet events under six N addition treatments (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 g N m-2 year-1). We found that N addition had contrasting effects on the responses of ANPP to the extreme dry versus wet events, which resulted in no overall significant effects on ANPP stability across 2015-2019. Specifically, high N addition rates reduced the stability, resistance, and resilience of ANPP in response to extreme drought, whereas medium N addition rates increased ANPP stability and recovery in response to the extreme wet event. The main mechanisms underlying the response of ANPP to extreme drought and wet events were discrepant. Species richness, asynchrony, and dominant species resistance contributed most to the reduction of ANPP resistance to extreme drought, while species asynchrony and dominant and common species resilience contributed most to the decrease of ANPP resilience from extreme drought with N enrichment. The ANPP recovery from the extreme wet event was mainly explained by dominant and common species recovery. Our results provide strong evidence that N deposition mediates ecosystem stability in response to extreme dry and wet events in different ways and modulates the provisioning of grassland ecosystem functions under increasing extreme climate events.

Depth-dependent drivers of soil aggregate carbon across Tibetan alpine grasslands.

Elucidating the effects underlying soil organic carbon (SOC) variation is imperative for ascertaining the potential drivers of mitigating climate change. However, the drivers of variations in various SOC fractions (e.g., macroaggregate C, microaggregate C, and silt and clay C) at different soil depths remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects and relative contributions of climatic, plant, edaphic, and microbial factors on soil aggregate C between the topsoil (0-10 cm) and subsoil (20-30 cm) across alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau. Results showed that the C content of macroaggregates, microaggregates, and silt and clay fractions in the topsoil was 128.6 %, 49.6 %, and 242.4 % higher than that in the subsoil, respectively. Overall, plant properties were the most determinants controlling soil macroaggregate, microaggregate, and silt + clay associated C for both two soil depths, accounting for 32.2 %, 37.4 %, and 38.8 % of the variation, respectively, followed by edaphic, microbial, and climatic factors. The aggregate C of both soil depths was significantly related with the climatic, plant, edaphic, and microbial factors, but the relative importance of these determinants was soil-depth dependent. Specifically, the effects of plant root biomass and microbial (e.g., microbial biomass carbon and fungal diversity index) factors on each aggregate C weakened with soil depth, but the importance of edaphic factors (e.g., clay content, pH, and bulk density) strengthened with soil depth, except for the weakened effect of bulk density on the microaggregate C. And the effects of climatic factor (e.g., mean annual precipitation) on macroaggregate and microaggregate C increased with soil depth. Our results highlight differential drivers and their impacts on soil aggregate C between the topsoil and subsoil, which benefits biogeochemical models for more accurately forecasting soil C dynamics and its feedbacks to environmental changes.

Targeting protein lysine methylation and demethylation in cancers.

During the last decade, we saw an explosion of studies investigating the role of lysine methylation/demethylation of histones and non-histone proteins, such as p53, NF-kappaB, and E2F1. These 'Ying-Yang' post-translational modifications are important to fine-tuning the activity of these proteins. Lysine methylation and demethylation are catalyzed by protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) and protein lysine demethylases (PKDMs). PKMTs, PKDMs, and their substrates have been shown to play important roles in cancers. Although the underlying mechanisms of tumorigenesis are still largely unknown, growing evidence is starting to link aberrant regulation of methylation to tumorigenesis. This review focuses on summarizing the recent progress in understanding of the function of protein lysine methylation, and in the discovery of small molecule inhibitors for PKMTs and PKDMs. We also discuss the potential and the caveats of targeting protein lysine methylation for the treatment of cancer.