Prognostic value of P-wave morphology in general population.

AIMS: To evaluate the prognostic significance of novel P-wave morphology descriptors in general population. METHODS AND RESULTS: Novel P-wave morphology variables were analyzed from orthogonal X-, Y-, Z-leads of the digitized electrocardiogram using a custom-made software in 6906 middle-aged subjects of the Mini-Finland Health Survey. A total of 3747 (54.3%) participants died during the follow-up period of 24.3 ± 10.4 years; 379 (5.5%) of the study population succumbed to sudden cardiac death (SCD), 928 (13.4%) to non-SCD (NSCD) and 2440 (35.3%) patients to non-cardiac death (NCD). In univariate comparisons, most of the studied P-wave morphology parameters had a significant association with all modes of death (P from <0.05 to <0.001). After relevant adjustments in the Cox multivariate hazards model, P-wave morphology dispersion (PMD) still tended to predict SCD [hazard ratio (HR): 1.006, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.000-1.012, P = 0.05) but not NSCD (HR: 0.999, 95% CI: 0.995-1.003, P = 0.68) or NCD (HR: 0.999, 95% CI: 0.997-1.001, P = 0.44). The P-wave maximum amplitude in the lead Z (P-MaxAmp-Z) predicted SCD even after multivariate adjustments (HR: 1.010, 95% CI: 1.005-1.015, P = 0.0002) but also NSCD (HR: 1.005, 95% CI: 1.002-1.009, P = 0.0005) and NCD (HR: 1.002, 95% CI: 1.000-1.005, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Abnormalities of P-wave morphology are associated with the risk of all modes of death in general population. After relevant adjustments, PMD was still closely associated with the risk of SCD but not with NSCD or NCD. P-MaxAmp-Z predicted SCD even after adjustments, however, it also retained its association with NSCD and NCD.

Associations of inflammatory polyarthritis with clinical and radiological findings of temporomandibular disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of different forms of inflammatory polyarthritis with clinical signs of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and radiological findings in temporomandibular joint (TMJ), based on a nationwide health survey in Finland. The aim was also to assess the presence of clinical and radiological TMD findings in subjects with increased risk for developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A nationally representative sample included 6331 Finnish adults who participated in the Health 2000 Survey (BRIF8901). Subjects were examined for signs of TMD, findings in panoramic radiograph of TMJ, musculoskeletal health and serology (rheumatoid factor, RF, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, aCCP). RESULTS: Sixty-four percent of seronegative RA and 60% of seropositive RA subjects had at least one sign of TMD. While adjusting for confounding factors (gender, age, dentures and smoking history), RA was significantly associated with crepitation and abnormal radiological findings in TMJ. Seronegative RA was also associated with restricted mouth opening. Systemic autoimmunity associated with RA ("at risk of RA") was not associated with clinical or radiological TMD findings. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and radiological findings of TMD are more prevalent among subjects with inflammatory polyarthritis than among the population in general in the Finnish adult population.

Association between educational level and smoking cessation in an 11-year follow-up study of a national health survey.

Aims: There is a lack of longitudinal, population-based studies on the association between education and smoking cessation. A more thorough examination of this association is needed to address inequalities in smoking. Methods: The longitudinal Health 2000 Survey and Health 2011 Survey, representing the Finnish population aged ⩾30 years, were analysed. Of the 1352 baseline daily smokers, 945 (70%) provided a smoking status at the follow-up. The analytic sample size was 884 (excluding the follow-up occasional smokers). Self-reported questionnaire data and measurements (e.g. plasma cotinine) from the baseline were utilised. The outcome variable was smoking cessation at the follow-up, and the main explanatory variable was education. Logistic regression was the main method for statistical analyses. All of the analyses accounted for the sampling design. Results: At the follow-up, 28% of the baseline daily smokers had quit smoking. An adjusted regression model showed that highly educated respondents had a higher likelihood of quitting smoking compared with those with basic education. Controlling for demographic and health-related variables had a modest effect on this association. Higher scores for plasma cotinine, symptoms of depression and heavy alcohol use were associated with a lower likelihood of quitting smoking. The association between education and smoking cessation was weaker for women than it was for men. Conclusions: High education is associated with smoking cessation among the general adult population, especially among men. A higher plasma cotinine level is strongly associated with continued smoking among both sexes. Background variables only modestly affected the association between education and smoking cessation.

Prognostic significance of flat T-waves in the lateral leads in general population.

BACKGROUND: Negative T-waves are associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk in the general population. Whether flat T-waves also predict SCD is not known. The aim of the study was to examine the clinical characteristics and risk of SCD in general population subjects with flat T-waves. METHODS: We examined the electrocardiograms of 6750 Finnish general population adults aged ≥30 years and classified the subjects into 3 groups: 1) negative T-waves with an amplitude ≥0.1 mV in ≥2 of the leads I, II, aVL, V4-V6, 2) negative or positive low amplitude T-waves with an amplitude <0.1 mV and the ratio of T-wave and R-wave <10% in ≥2 of the leads I, II, aVL, V4-V6, and 3) normal positive T-waves (not meeting the aforesaid criteria). The association between T-wave classification and SCD was assessed during a 10-year follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 215 (3.2%) subjects had negative T-waves, 856 (12.7%) flat T-waves, and 5679 (84.1%) normal T-waves. Flat T-wave subjects were older and had more often cardiovascular morbidities compared to normal T-wave subjects, while negative T-wave subjects were the oldest and had most often cardiovascular morbidities. After adjusting for multiple factors, both flat T-waves (hazard ratio [HR] 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-2.91) and negative T-waves (HR 3.27; 95% CI 1.85-5.78) associated with SCD. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular risk factors and disease are common among subjects with flat T-waves, but these minor T-wave abnormalities are also independently associated with increased SCD risk.

To what extent is severe osteoarthritis preventable? Occupational and non-occupational risk factors for knee and hip osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the relative contribution of cumulative physical workload, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, as well as prior injury to hospitalization due to knee and hip OA. METHODS: We examined a nationally representative sample of persons aged 30-59 years, who participated in a comprehensive health examination (the Health 2000 Study). A total of 4642 participants were followed from mid-2000 to end-2015 for the first hospitalization due to knee or hip OA using the National Hospital Discharge Register. We examined the association of possible risk factors with the outcome using a competing risk regression model (death was treated as competing risk) and calculated population attributable fractions for statistically significant risk factors. RESULTS: Baseline age and BMI as well as injury were associated with the risk of first hospitalization due to knee and hip OA. Composite cumulative workload was associated with a dose-response pattern with hospitalizations due to knee OA and with hospitalizations due to hip OA at a younger age only. Altogether, prior injury, high BMI and intermediate to high composite cumulative workload accounted for 70% of hospitalizations due to knee OA. High BMI alone accounted for 61% and prior injury only for 6% of hospitalizations due to hip OA. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that overweight/obesity, prior injury and cumulative physical workload are the most important modifiable risk factors that need to be targeted in the prevention of knee OA leading to hospitalization. A substantial proportion of hospitalizations due to hip OA can be reduced by controlling excess body weight.

Orthogonal P-wave morphology, conventional P-wave indices, and the risk of atrial fibrillation in the general population using data from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register.

AIMS: Identifying subjects at high and low risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) is of interest. This study aims to assess the risk of AF associated with electrocardiographic (ECG) markers linked to atrial fibrosis: P-wave prolongation, 3rd-degree interatrial block, P-terminal force in lead V1, and orthogonal P-wave morphology. METHODS AND RESULTS: P-wave parameters were assessed in a representative Finnish population sample aged ≥30 years (n = 7217, 46.0% male, mean age 51.4 years). Subjects (n = 5489) with a readable ECG including the orthogonal leads, sinus rhythm, and a predefined orthogonal P-wave morphology type [positive in leads X and Y and either negative (Type 1) or ± biphasic (Type 2) in lead Z; Type 3 defined as positive in lead X and ± biphasic in lead Y], were followed 10 years from the baseline examinations (performed 1978-80). Subjects discharged with AF diagnosis after any-cause hospitalization (n = 124) were defined as having developed AF. Third-degree interatrial block was defined as P-wave ≥120 ms and the presence of ≥2 ± biphasic P waves in the inferior leads. Hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were assessed with Cox models. Third-degree interatrial block (n = 103, HR 3.18, 95% CI 1.66-6.13; P = 0.001) and Type 3 morphology (n = 216, HR 3.01, 95% CI 1.66-5.45; P < 0.001) were independently associated with the risk of hospitalization with AF. Subjects with P-wave <110 ms and Type 1 morphology (n = 2074) were at low risk (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26-0.83; P = 0.006), compared to the rest of the subjects. CONCLUSION: P-wave parameters associate with the risk of hospitalization with AF.

Does lung function predict the risk of disability pension? An 11-year register-based follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Spirometry is widely used in medical surveillance in occupational health and as a diagnostic test for obstructive and restrictive lung disease. We evaluated the effect of spirometry parameters on the risk of all-cause disability pension in a follow-up study of an occupationally active general population-based cohort. METHODS: We measured the pulmonary function of 3386 currently working participants of the Health 2000 Survey in the clinical phase at baseline using spirometry. We obtained the retirement events of the cohort from the nationwide register for 2000-2011. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine disability pensions. RESULTS: At baseline, we identified 111 (3.3%) participants with obstructive spirometry, 95 (2.8%) with restrictive spirometry, and 3180 controls without restriction or obstruction. The age, sex, educational level, body-mass index, co-morbidities (1 or ≥ 2), and the smoking-adjusted hazard ratio of disability pension was 1.07 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.64-1.78) for those with obstructive spirometry, and 1.44 (95% CI 0.89-2.32) for those with restrictive spirometry. As continuous variables, and divided into quartiles, the risk of the lowest quartile of forced ventilation capacity (FVC)% of predicted was 1.49 (95%CI 1.10-2.01) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)% of predicted 1.66 (95%CI: 1.23-2.24) in comparison to the highest quartile in the adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: Obstructive or restrictive spirometry did not predict disability pension when dichotomized classified variables (normal compared to abnormal) were used. As continuous variables and when divided into quartiles, lower lung volumes showed an increase in the risk of disability pension. Physicians should take this into account when they use spirometry as a prognostic factor of work disability.

Long-term prognostic impact of hyperuricemia in community.

The debate whether an elevated level of serum uric acid (SUA) is an independent marker of cardiovascular risk is still going on. We examined morbidity and mortality related to SUA and hyperuricemia in a well-characterized population with very long follow-up. Study included 4696 participants (aged 30-59 years at baseline) of the coronary heart disease (CHD) Study of the Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of hyperuricemia (defined as ≥360 µmol/l and ≥420 µmol/l) and SUA quintiles for mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes are reported. During the mean follow up of 30.6 years there were 2723 deaths, 887 deaths for CHD of which 340 were classified as sudden cardiac deaths, 1642 hospitalizations due to CHD and 798 hospitalizations due to congestive heart failure. After adjusting to baseline risk factors and presence of cardiovascular diseases as well as the use of diuretics there were no significant differences in the risk of any of the outcomes when analyzed either according to quintiles of SUA or using a cut-off point SUA ≥360 µmol/l for hyperuricemia. Only a rare finding of hyperuricemia SUA ≥420 µmol/l among women (n = 17, 0.9%) was independently associated with significantly higher risk of mortality (adjusted HR: 2.59, 95% CI: 1.54-4.34) and a combination end-point of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) (HR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.56-4.66). SUA was not an independent indicator of morbidity and mortality, with the exception of particularly high levels of SUA among women.

Carpal tunnel release: Lifetime prevalence, annual incidence, and risk factors.

INTRODUCTION: We estimated the lifetime prevalence and incidence of carpal tunnel release (CTR) and identified risk factors for CTR. METHODS: The study population consisted of individuals aged ≥30 years living in Finland during 2000-2001 (N = 6,256) and was linked to the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register from 2000 to 2011. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of CTR was 3.1%, and incidence rate was 1.73 per 1,000 person-years. Female sex (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-2.8), age of 40-49 years (HR = 2.5, CI 1.7-3.8 compared with other age groups), education (HR = 0.6, CI 0.4-0.9 for high level vs. low/medium level), obesity (HR = 1.7, CI 1.2-2.5 for body mass index ≥30 vs. < 30 kg/m2 ), and hand osteoarthritis (HR = 2.4, CI 1.4-3.9) were associated with incidence of CTR. DISCUSSION: CTR is a common surgical procedure, performed on 1.9% of men and 4.1% of women during their lifetimes. Obesity and hand osteoarthritis are associated with an increased risk of CTR. Muscle Nerve 58: 497-502, 2018.

Airway obstruction and the risk of myocardial infarction and death from coronary heart disease: a national health examination survey with a 33-year follow-up period.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been associated with coronary mortality. Yet, data about the association between COPD and acute myocardial infarction (MI) remain scarce. We aimed to study airway obstruction as a predictor of MI and coronary mortality among 5576 Finnish adults who participated in a national health examination survey between 1978 and 1980. Subjects underwent spirometry, had all necessary data, showed no indications of cardiovascular disease at baseline, and were followed up through record linkage with national registers through 2011. The primary outcome consisted of a major coronary event-that is, hospitalization for MI or coronary death, whichever occurred first. We specified obstruction using the lower limit of normal categorization. Through multivariate analysis adjusted for potential confounding factors for coronary heart disease, hazard ratios (HRs) (with the 95% confidence intervals in parentheses) of a major coronary event, MI, and coronary death reached 1.06 (0.79-1.42), 0.84 (0.54-1.31), and 1.40 (1.04-1.88), respectively, in those with obstruction compared to others. However, in women aged 30-49 obstruction appeared to predict a major coronary event, where the adjusted HR reached 4.21 (1.73-10.28). In conclusion, obstruction appears to predict a major coronary event in younger women only, whereas obstruction closely associates with the risk of coronary death independent of sex and age.

Experiences in digitizing and digitally measuring a paper-based ECG archive.

BACKGROUND: No established method for digitizing and digital measuring of paper electrocardiograms (ECG) exists. We describe a paper ECG digitizing and digital measuring process, and report comparability to manual measurements. METHODS: A paper ECG was recorded from 7203 health survey participants in 1978-1980. With specific software, the ECGs were digitized (ECG Trace Tool), and measured digitally (EASE). A sub-sample of 100 ECGs was selected for manual measurements. RESULTS: The measurement methods showed good agreement. The mean global (EASE)-(manual) differences were 1.4ms (95% CI 0.5-2.2) for PR interval, -1.0ms (95% CI -1.5-[-0.5]) for QRS duration, and 11.6ms (95% CI 10.5-12.7) for QT interval. The mean inter-method amplitude differences of RampV5, RampV6, SampV1, TampII and TampV5 ranged from -0.03mV to 0.01mV. CONCLUSIONS: The presented paper-to-digital conversion and digital measurement process is an accurate and reliable method, enabling efficient storing and analysis of paper ECGs.

The Value of FLG Null Mutations in Predicting Treatment Response in Atopic Dermatitis: An Observational Study in Finnish Patients.

The contribution of filaggrin null mutations to predicting atopic dermatitis (AD) treatment response is not clear, nor have such mutations been studied in the Finnish population. This study tested the association of the 4 most prevalent European FLG null mutations, the 2 Finnish enriched FLG null mutations, the FLG 12-repeat allele, and 50 additional epidermal barrier gene variants, with risk of AD, disease severity, clinical features, risk of other atopic diseases, age of onset, and treatment response in 501 patients with AD and 1,710 controls. AD, early-onset AD, palmar hyperlinearity, and asthma showed significant associations with the combined FLG null genotype. Disease severity and treatment response were independent of patient FLG status. Carrier frequencies of R501X, 2282del4, and S3247X were notably lower in Finns compared with reported frequencies in other populations. This data confirms FLG mutations as risk factors for AD in Finns, but also questions their feasibility as biomarkers in predicting treatment response.

Risk factors for first hospitalization due to meniscal lesions - a population-based cohort study with 30 years of follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Meniscal lesions are among the most common injuries of the knee, yet limited epidemiologic data is available on their risk factors. We investigated the association of lifestyle factors and physical strenuousness of work on knee injuries with a focus on meniscal lesions. METHODS: We examined a nationally representative sample of persons aged 30 to 59 years, who participated in a comprehensive health examination (the Mini-Finland Health Survey). Subjects without any injury or osteoarthritis in the knee joint at baseline (n = 4713) were subsequently followed via the National Hospital Discharge Register up to 30 years. RESULTS: During the follow-up, 338 knee injuries were identified of which 224 were meniscal lesions. Obesity and regular leisure time physical exercise were associated with an increased risk of first hospitalization due to meniscal lesions (hazard ratio (HR) 1.62 and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-2.48 and 1.53, 95% CI 1.05-2.23, respectively). The types of sports predicting the highest risk of meniscal lesions were ballgames, gymnastics and jogging. Physical strenuousness of work did not predict meniscal lesion. The hazard of other knee injury was increased among those reporting irregular or regular physical exercise at baseline (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.03-2.64 and 1.88 CI 1.05-2.36, respectively). Smoking or alcohol intake were not associated with knee injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Better safety measures in high-risk sports and weight control would likely improve the prevention of meniscal lesions in populations.

Tuberculosis, Airway Obstruction and Mortality in a Finnish Population.

There is little long-term follow-up data concerning the association between past pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), airway obstruction and mortality. We aimed to analyse a national health examination survey data from 6701 adult Finns undergoing spirometry between 1978 and 1980 (follow-up through 2013). We identified TB either through a disease history or by a TB-indicative scar on a chest x-ray. We specified obstruction using the lower limit of normal (LLN) and classified severity using the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages 1-4. After adjusting for smoking and other confounders, past TB associated with obstruction. Compared to non-TB patients, the adjusted odds ratio (OR; 95% CI) of obstruction reached 2.21 (1.52-3.21) among patients with a scar recorded by one radiologist, 2.48 (1.63-3.78) when recorded by both radiologists and 4.59 (2.86-7.37) among patients with a disease history. Among those with neither past TB nor obstruction, with past TB only, with an obstruction only and with both, we found hazard ratios (HRs; 95% CIs) for subsequent mortality of 1.00 (reference), 1.11 (1.03-1.20), 1.62 (1.31-2.00) and 1.77 (1.45-2.16), adjusted for age, gender, smoking, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, education and general health. In conclusion, past TB strongly determines obstruction, although on its own quite weakly predicts premature death. TB and obstruction combined predict an additive mortality pattern.

Association study of MMP8 gene in osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVES: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease common in the elderly. There is a prior functional evidence for different matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP8 and MMP9, having a role in the breakdown of cartilage extracellular matrix in OA. Thus, we analyzed whether the common genetic variants of MMP8 and MMP9 contribute to the risk of OA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 13 common tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were studied in a discovery knee OA cohort of 185 cases and 895 controls. For validation, two knee OA replication cohorts and two hand OA replication cohorts were studied (altogether 1369 OA cases, 4445 controls in the five cohorts). The χ(2) test for individual study cohorts and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test for combined meta-analysis were calculated using Plink. RESULTS: The rs1940475 SNP in MMP8 showed suggestive association in the discovery cohort (OR = 0.721, 95% CI 0.575-0.906; p = 0.005). Other knee and hand OA replication study cohorts showed similar trend for the predisposing allele without reaching statistical significance in independent replication cohorts nor in their meta-analysis (p > 0.05). Meta-analysis of all five hand and knee OA study cohorts yielded a p-value of 0.027 (OR = 0.904, 95% CI 0.826-0.989). CONCLUSIONS: Initial analysis of the MMP8 gene showed suggestive association between rs1940475 and knee OA, but the finding did not replicate in other study cohorts, even though the trend for predisposing allele was similar in all five cohorts. MMP-8 is a good biological candidate for OA, but our study did not find common variants with significant association in the gene.

Evidence of inbreeding depression on human height.

Stature is a classical and highly heritable complex trait, with 80%-90% of variation explained by genetic factors. In recent years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified many common additive variants influencing human height; however, little attention has been given to the potential role of recessive genetic effects. Here, we investigated genome-wide recessive effects by an analysis of inbreeding depression on adult height in over 35,000 people from 21 different population samples. We found a highly significant inverse association between height and genome-wide homozygosity, equivalent to a height reduction of up to 3 cm in the offspring of first cousins compared with the offspring of unrelated individuals, an effect which remained after controlling for the effects of socio-economic status, an important confounder (χ(2) = 83.89, df = 1; p = 5.2 × 10(-20)). There was, however, a high degree of heterogeneity among populations: whereas the direction of the effect was consistent across most population samples, the effect size differed significantly among populations. It is likely that this reflects true biological heterogeneity: whether or not an effect can be observed will depend on both the variance in homozygosity in the population and the chance inheritance of individual recessive genotypes. These results predict that multiple, rare, recessive variants influence human height. Although this exploratory work focuses on height alone, the methodology developed is generally applicable to heritable quantitative traits (QT), paving the way for an investigation into inbreeding effects, and therefore genetic architecture, on a range of QT of biomedical importance.

Weight histories and mortality among finnish adults: the role of duration and peak body mass index.

BACKGROUND: Many studies use information on weight histories to examine the association between body weight and mortality. A recent paper in Epidemiology (2013;25:707-710) developed a typology of the most common weight-history specifications. METHODS: We use data from a sample of Finnish adults to explore the associations of body weight and mortality, using existing specifications and also peak body mass index (BMI), a new specification. RESULTS: We confirm earlier findings that longer time in a high BMI state is predictive of mortality. Peak BMI (the highest BMI attained in life or available in the data) is also positively associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The specifications of duration in a high BMI state and peak BMI are both valuable for understanding the relationship between lifetime weight dynamics and mortality. The collection of information on peak body weight may be useful when collection of more detailed weight histories is not feasible.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d concentration and risk of dementia.

BACKGROUND: High vitamin D status has been hypothesized to protect against dementia. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level predicts dementia risk. METHODS: The study was based on the Mini-Finland Health Survey. The study population consisted of 5010 men and women, aged 40-79 years, and free of dementia at baseline. During a 17-year follow up, 151 incident cases of dementia (International Classification of Diseases, revision 8, code 290) occurred, according to population registers. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was determined from serum samples frozen at -20 °C and stored at baseline. RESULTS: Among women, these with higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations showed a reduced risk of dementia. The hazard ratio between the highest and lowest quartiles of serum 25(OH)D was 0.33 (95% confidence interval = 0.15-0.73) in women and 0.74 (0.29-1.88) in men, after adjustment for age, month of blood draw, education, marital status, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, blood pressure, plasma fasting glucose, serum triglycerides, and serum total cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: The results are in line with the hypothesis that low vitamin D status may be a risk factor for dementia.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the risk of knee and hip osteoarthritis leading to hospitalization: a cohort study of 5274 Finns.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] predicts the development of knee or hip OA. METHODS: The cohort consisted of 5274 participants in a national health examination survey who had no knee or hip OA at baseline. Information about the incidence of OA was drawn from the National Health Care Register. During the follow-up of 10 years (50 134 person-years), 127 subjects developed incident, physician-diagnosed OA in the knee and 45 in the hip joint. The information on covariates, including age, sex, education, BMI, work load, leisure time physical activity, smoking history, knee or hip complaint during the past month and previous injuries, was gathered at baseline. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were determined from baseline serum samples. RESULTS: After adjustment for age and gender, serum 25(OH)D showed statistically significant associations with known risk factors for OA except injuries. In the fully adjusted model, low serum 25(OH)D concentration did not predict increased incidence of knee and hip OA. CONCLUSION: The results do not support the hypothesis that low levels of serum 25(OH)D contribute to the development of knee or hip OA.

Reduced risk of Parkinson's disease associated with lower body mass index and heavy leisure-time physical activity.

The risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD) are not well established. We therefore examined the prediction of various lifestyle factors on the incidence of PD in a cohort drawn from the Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey, conducted in 1973-1976. The study population comprised 6,715 men and women aged 50-79 years and free of PD at the baseline. All of the subjects completed a baseline health examination (including height and weight measurements) and a questionnaire providing information on leisure-time physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. During a 22-year follow-up, 101 incident cases of PD occurred. The statistical analyses were based on Cox's model including age, sex, education, community density, occupation, coffee consumption, body mass index (BMI), leisure-time physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption as independent variables. At first, BMI was not associated with PD risk, but after exclusion of the first 15 years of follow-up, an elevated risk appeared at higher BMI levels (P for trend 0.02). Furthermore, subjects with heavy leisure-time physical activity had a lower PD risk than those with no activity [relative risk (RR) 0.27, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.08-0.90]. In variance with findings for other chronic diseases, current smokers had a lower PD risk than those who had never smoked (RR 0.23, 95 % CI 0.08-0.67), and individuals with moderate alcohol intake (at the level of <5 g/day) had an elevated PD risk compared to non-drinkers. The results support the hypothesis that lifestyle factors predict the occurrence of Parkinson's disease, but more research is needed.