RESUMO
Worldwide, each year over 30,000 patients undergo an allogeneic hema-topoietic stem cell transplantation with the intent to cure high-risk hematologic malignancy, immunodeficiency, metabolic disease, or a life-threatening bone marrow failure syndrome. Despite substantial advances in donor selection and conditioning regimens and greater availability of allograft sources, transplant recipients still endure the morbidity and mortality of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Herein, we identify key aspects of acute and chronic GVHD pathophysiology, including host/donor cell effectors, gut dysbiosis, immune system and cytokine imbalance, and the interface between inflammation and tissue fibrosis. In particular, we also summarize the translational application of this heightened understanding of immune dysregulation in the design of novel therapies to prevent and treat GVHD.
Assuntos
Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro , Neoplasias Hematológicas , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Animais , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/etiologia , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/terapia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Condicionamento Pré-Transplante , Transplante HomólogoRESUMO
Allogeneic T cell expansion is the primary determinant of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and current dogma dictates that this is driven by histocompatibility antigen disparities between donor and recipient. This paradigm represents a closed genetic system within which donor T cells interact with peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs), though clonal interrogation remains challenging due to the sparseness of the T cell repertoire. We developed a Bayesian model using donor and recipient T cell receptor (TCR) frequencies in murine stem cell transplant systems to define limited common expansion of T cell clones across genetically identical donor-recipient pairs. A subset of donor CD4+ T cell clonotypes differentially expanded in identical recipients and were microbiota dependent. Microbiota-specific T cells augmented GVHD lethality and could target microbial antigens presented by gastrointestinal epithelium during an alloreactive response. The microbiota serves as a source of cognate antigens that contribute to clonotypic T cell expansion and the induction of GVHD independent of donor-recipient genetics.
Assuntos
Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/imunologia , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/microbiologia , Animais , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Microbiota/imunologia , Seleção Clonal Mediada por Antígeno , Transplante Homólogo , Teorema de Bayes , Transplante de Células-Tronco/efeitos adversos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Immune-modulating therapies have revolutionized the treatment of chronic diseases, particularly cancer. However, their success is restricted and there is a need to identify new therapeutic targets. Here, we show that natural killer cell granule protein 7 (NKG7) is a regulator of lymphocyte granule exocytosis and downstream inflammation in a broad range of diseases. NKG7 expressed by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells played key roles in promoting inflammation during visceral leishmaniasis and malaria-two important parasitic diseases. Additionally, NKG7 expressed by natural killer cells was critical for controlling cancer initiation, growth and metastasis. NKG7 function in natural killer and CD8+ T cells was linked with their ability to regulate the translocation of CD107a to the cell surface and kill cellular targets, while NKG7 also had a major impact on CD4+ T cell activation following infection. Thus, we report a novel therapeutic target expressed on a range of immune cells with functions in different immune responses.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Leishmania donovani/fisiologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/imunologia , Malária/imunologia , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Plasmodium/fisiologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Exocitose , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Vesículas Secretórias/metabolismoRESUMO
Tissue health is dictated by the capacity to respond to perturbations and then return to homeostasis. Mechanisms that initiate, maintain, and regulate immune responses in tissues are therefore essential. Adaptive immunity plays a key role in these responses, with memory and tissue residency being cardinal features. A corresponding role for innate cells is unknown. Here, we have identified a population of innate lymphocytes that we term tissue-resident memory-like natural killer (NKRM) cells. In response to murine cytomegalovirus infection, we show that circulating NK cells were recruited in a CX3CR1-dependent manner to the salivary glands where they formed NKRM cells, a long-lived, tissue-resident population that prevented autoimmunity via TRAIL-dependent elimination of CD4+ T cells. Thus, NK cells develop adaptive-like features, including long-term residency in non-lymphoid tissues, to modulate inflammation, restore immune equilibrium, and preserve tissue health. Modulating the functions of NKRM cells may provide additional strategies to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Assuntos
Infecções por Citomegalovirus , Muromegalovirus , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Células Matadoras Naturais , Imunidade Adaptativa , Linfócitos T , Imunidade InataRESUMO
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) remains a major limitation of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT), and severe intestinal manifestation is the major cause of early mortality. Intestinal microbiota control MHC class II (MHC-II) expression by ileal intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) that promote GVHD. Here, we demonstrated that genetically identical mice of differing vendor origins had markedly different intestinal microbiota and ileal MHC-II expression, resulting in discordant GVHD severity. We utilized cohousing and antibiotic treatment to characterize the bacterial taxa positively and negatively associated with MHC-II expression. A large proportion of bacterial MHC-II inducers were vancomycin sensitive, and peri-transplant oral vancomycin administration attenuated CD4+ T cell-mediated GVHD. We identified a similar relationship between pre-transplant microbes, HLA class II expression, and both GVHD and mortality in a large clinical SCT cohort. These data highlight therapeutically tractable mechanisms by which pre-transplant microbial taxa contribute to GVHD independently of genetic disparity.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Camundongos , Animais , Vancomicina , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/etiologia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversos , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/métodos , Transplante Homólogo/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the principal determinant of lethality following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Here, we examined the mechanisms that initiate GVHD, including the relevant antigen-presenting cells. MHC class II was expressed on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) within the ileum at steady state but was absent from the IECs of germ-free mice. IEC-specific deletion of MHC class II prevented the initiation of lethal GVHD in the GI tract. MHC class II expression on IECs was absent from mice deficient in the TLR adaptors MyD88 and TRIF and required IFNγ secretion by lamina propria lymphocytes. IFNγ responses are characteristically driven by IL-12 secretion from myeloid cells. Antibiotic-mediated depletion of the microbiota inhibited IL-12/23p40 production by ileal macrophages. IL-12/23p40 neutralization prevented MHC class II upregulation on IECs and initiation of lethal GVHD in the GI tract. Thus, MHC class II expression by IECs in the ileum initiates lethal GVHD, and blockade of IL-12/23p40 may represent a readily translatable therapeutic strategy.
Assuntos
Apresentação de Antígeno/imunologia , Células Apresentadoras de Antígenos/imunologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/etiologia , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe II/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Animais , Células Apresentadoras de Antígenos/metabolismo , Biomarcadores , Citocinas/metabolismo , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/mortalidade , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe II/genética , Íleo/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Subpopulações de Linfócitos/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Prognóstico , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) remains a significant complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is becoming increasingly recognized, in which brain-infiltrating donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) drive pathology. BMDM are also mediators of cutaneous and pulmonary cGVHD, and clinical trials assessing the efficacy of antibody blockade of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) to deplete macrophages are promising. We hypothesized that CSF1R antibody blockade may also be a useful strategy to prevent/treat CNS cGVHD. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability during acute GVHD (aGVHD) facilitated CNS antibody access and microglia depletion by anti-CSF1R treatment. However, CSF1R blockade early after transplant unexpectedly exacerbated aGVHD neuroinflammation. In established cGVHD, vascular changes and anti-CSF1R efficacy were more limited. Anti-CSF1R-treated mice retained donor BMDM, activated microglia, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and local cytokine expression in the brain. These findings were recapitulated in GVHD recipients, in which CSF1R was conditionally depleted in donor CX3CR1+ BMDM. Notably, inhibition of CSF1R signaling after transplant failed to reverse GVHD-induced behavioral changes. Moreover, we observed aberrant behavior in non-GVHD control recipients administered anti-CSF1R blocking antibody and naïve mice lacking CSF1R in CX3CR1+ cells, revealing a novel role for homeostatic microglia and indicating that ongoing clinical trials of CSF1R inhibition should assess neurological adverse events in patients. In contrast, transfer of Ifngr-/- grafts could reduce MHC class II+ BMDM infiltration, resulting in improved neurocognitive function. Our findings highlight unexpected neurological immune toxicity during CSF1R blockade and provide alternative targets for the treatment of cGVHD within the CNS.
Assuntos
Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/etiologia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversos , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Macrófagos/patologia , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases , Receptores de Fator Estimulador de ColôniasRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is the standard of care consolidation therapy for eligible patients with myeloma but most patients eventually progress, an event associated with features of immune escape. Novel approaches to enhance antimyeloma immunity after ASCT represent a major unmet need. Here, we demonstrate that patient-mobilized stem cell grafts contain high numbers of effector CD8 T cells and immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). We showed that bone marrow (BM)-residing T cells are efficiently mobilized during stem cell mobilization (SCM) and hypothesized that mobilized and highly suppressive BM-derived Tregs might limit antimyeloma immunity during SCM. Thus, we performed ASCT in a preclinical myeloma model with or without stringent Treg depletion during SCM. Treg depletion generated SCM grafts containing polyfunctional CD8 T effector memory cells, which dramatically enhanced myeloma control after ASCT. Thus, we explored clinically tractable translational approaches to mimic this scenario. Antibody-based approaches resulted in only partial Treg depletion and were inadequate to recapitulate this effect. In contrast, a synthetic interleukin-2 (IL-2)/IL-15 mimetic that stimulates the IL-2 receptor on CD8 T cells without binding to the high-affinity IL-2Ra used by Tregs efficiently expanded polyfunctional CD8 T cells in mobilized grafts and protected recipients from myeloma progression after ASCT. We confirmed that Treg depletion during stem cell mobilization can mitigate constraints on tumor immunity and result in profound myeloma control after ASCT. Direct and selective cytokine signaling of CD8 T cells can recapitulate this effect and represent a clinically testable strategy to improve responses after ASCT.
Assuntos
Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Mieloma Múltiplo , Humanos , Mieloma Múltiplo/patologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/métodos , Mobilização de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/métodos , Transplante Autólogo , Transplante de Células-TroncoRESUMO
The reactivation of viruses from latency after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) continues to represent a major clinical challenge requiring sophisticated monitoring strategies in the context of prophylactic and/or preemptive antiviral drugs that are associated with significant expense, toxicity and rates of failure. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the association of polyfunctional virus-specific T cells with protection from viral reactivation, affirmed by the ability of adoptively transferred virus-specific T cells to prevent and treat reactivation and disease. The roles of natural killer cells in early viral surveillance and of dendritic cells in priming of T cells have also been delineated. Most recently, a role for strain-specific humoral responses in preventing early cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation has been demonstrated in preclinical models. Despite these advances, many unknowns remain: what are the critical innate and adaptive responses over time; are the origin (eg, recipient vs donor) and localization (eg, in parenchymal tissue vs lymphoid organs) of these responses important; how does graft-versus-host disease and the prevention and treatment thereof (eg, high-dose steroids) affect the functionality and relevance of a particular immune axis; do the immune parameters that control latency, reactivation, and dissemination differ; and what is the impact of new antiviral drugs on the development of enduring antiviral immunity. Thus, although antiviral drugs have provided major improvements over the past two decades, understanding the immunological paradigms underpinning protective antiviral immunity after SCT offers the potential to generate nontoxic, immune-based therapeutic approaches for lasting protection from viral reactivation.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/imunologia , Citomegalovirus/fisiologia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Ativação Viral/imunologia , Latência Viral/imunologia , Animais , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/tratamento farmacológico , HumanosRESUMO
Prolonged lymphopenia represents a major clinical problem after cytoreductive therapies such as chemotherapy and the conditioning required for hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT), contributing to the risk of infections and malignant relapse. Restoration of T-cell immunity depends on tissue regeneration in the thymus, the primary site of T-cell development, although the capacity of the thymus to repair itself diminishes over its lifespan. However, although boosting thymic function and T-cell reconstitution is of considerable clinical importance, there are currently no approved therapies for treating lymphopenia. Here we found that zinc (Zn) is critically important for both normal T-cell development and repair after acute damage. Accumulated Zn in thymocytes during development was released into the extracellular milieu after HCT conditioning, where it triggered regeneration by stimulating endothelial cell production of BMP4 via the cell surface receptor GPR39. Dietary supplementation of Zn was sufficient to promote thymic function in a mouse model of allogeneic HCT, including enhancing the number of recent thymic emigrants in circulation although direct targeting of GPR39 with a small molecule agonist enhanced thymic function without the need for prior Zn accumulation in thymocytes. Together, these findings not only define an important pathway underlying tissue regeneration but also offer an innovative preclinical approach to treat lymphopenia in HCT recipients.
Assuntos
Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Linfopenia , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Camundongos , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Timo/metabolismo , Transplante Homólogo , Zinco/metabolismoRESUMO
Despite advances in the field, chronic graft-versus-host-disease (cGVHD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality following allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Because treatment options remain limited, we tested efficacy of anticancer, chromatin-modifying enzyme inhibitors in a clinically relevant murine model of cGVHD with bronchiolitis obliterans (BO). We observed that the novel enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) inhibitor JQ5 and the BET-bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 each improved pulmonary function; impaired the germinal center (GC) reaction, a prerequisite in cGVHD/BO pathogenesis; and JQ5 reduced EZH2-mediated H3K27me3 in donor T cells. Using conditional EZH2 knockout donor cells, we demonstrated that EZH2 is obligatory for the initiation of cGVHD/BO. In a sclerodermatous cGVHD model, JQ5 reduced the severity of cutaneous lesions. To determine how the 2 drugs could lead to the same physiological improvements while targeting unique epigenetic processes, we analyzed the transcriptomes of splenic GCB cells (GCBs) from transplanted mice treated with either drug. Multiple inflammatory and signaling pathways enriched in cGVHD/BO GCBs were reduced by each drug. GCBs from JQ5- but not JQ1-treated mice were enriched for proproliferative pathways also seen in GCBs from bone marrow-only transplanted mice, likely reflecting their underlying biology in the unperturbed state. In conjunction with in vivo data, these insights led us to conclude that epigenetic targeting of the GC is a viable clinical approach for the treatment of cGVHD, and that the EZH2 inhibitor JQ5 and the BET-bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 demonstrated clinical potential for EZH2i and BETi in patients with cGVHD/BO.
Assuntos
Bronquiolite Obliterante , Proteína Potenciadora do Homólogo 2 de Zeste , Centro Germinativo , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro , Proteínas , Animais , Linfócitos B/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Linfócitos B/patologia , Bronquiolite Obliterante/genética , Bronquiolite Obliterante/metabolismo , Bronquiolite Obliterante/patologia , Doença Crônica , Proteína Potenciadora do Homólogo 2 de Zeste/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Potenciadora do Homólogo 2 de Zeste/genética , Proteína Potenciadora do Homólogo 2 de Zeste/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Centro Germinativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Centro Germinativo/patologia , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/tratamento farmacológico , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/genética , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/patologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Proteínas/metabolismo , TranscriptomaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AIMS: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the main mediators of peripheral tolerance. Treg-directed therapy has shown promising results in preclinical studies of diverse immunopathologies. At present, the clinical applicability of adoptive Treg transfer is limited by difficulties in generating Tregs at sufficient cell dose and purity. METHODS: We developed a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) compliant method based on closed-system multiparametric Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) to purify Tregs, which are then expanded in vitro and gene-marked with a clinical grade retroviral vector to enable in vivo fate tracking. Following small-scale optimization, we conducted four clinical-scale processing runs. RESULTS: We showed that Tregs could be enriched to 87- 92% purity following FACS-sorting, and expanded and transduced to yield clinically relevant cell dose of 136-732×106 gene-marked cells, sufficient for a cell dose of at least 2 × 106 cells/kg. The expanded Tregs were highly demethylated in the FOXP3 Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR), consistent with bona fide natural Tregs. They were suppressive in vitro, but a small percentage could secrete proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon-γ and interleukin-17A. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the feasibility of isolating, expanding and gene-marking Tregs in clinical scale, thus paving the way for future phase I trials that will advance knowledge about the in vivo fate of transferred Tregs and its relationship with concomitant Treg-directed pharmacotherapy and clinical response.
Assuntos
Citometria de Fluxo , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead , Linfócitos T Reguladores , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Humanos , Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/genética , Separação Celular/métodos , Vetores Genéticos/genéticaRESUMO
Infants with attenuated type III IFN (IFN-λ) responses are at increased risk of severe lower respiratory tract infection (sLRI). The IL-28Rα-chain and IL-10Rß-chain form a heterodimeric receptor complex, necessary for IFN-λ signaling. Therefore, to better understand the immunopathogenic mechanisms through which an IFN-λlo microenvironment predisposes to a sLRI, we inoculated neonatal wild-type and IL-28R-deficient (IL-28R -/-) mice with pneumonia virus of mice, a rodent-specific pneumovirus. Infected IL-28R -/- neonates displayed an early, pronounced, and persistent neutrophilia that was associated with enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, NETosis, and mucus hypersecretion. Targeted deletion of the IL-28R in neutrophils was sufficient to increase neutrophil activation, ROS production, NET formation, and mucus production in the airways. Inhibition of protein-arginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4), a regulator of NETosis, had no effect on myeloperoxidase expression, citrullinated histones, and the magnitude of the inflammatory response in the lungs of infected IL-28R -/- mice. In contrast, inhibition of ROS production decreased NET formation, cellular inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion. These data suggest that IFN-λ signaling in neutrophils dampens ROS-induced NETosis, limiting the magnitude of the inflammatory response and mucus production. Therapeutics that promote IFN-λ signaling may confer protection against sLRI.
Assuntos
Bronquiolite Viral , Armadilhas Extracelulares , Interferons/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Bronquiolite Viral/metabolismo , Bronquiolite Viral/patologia , Armadilhas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , NADPH Oxidases/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Proteína-Arginina Desiminase do Tipo 4 , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Damage to the gastrointestinal tract following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a significant contributor to the severity and perpetuation of graft-versus-host disease. In preclinical models and clinical trials, we showed that infusing high numbers of regulatory T cells reduces graft-versus-host disease incidence. Despite no change in in vitro suppressive function, transfer of ex vivo expanded regulatory T cells transduced to overexpress G protein-coupled receptor 15 or C-C motif chemokine receptor 9, specific homing receptors for colon or small intestine, respectively, lessened graft-versus-host disease severity in mice. Increased regulatory T cell frequency and retention within the gastrointestinal tissues of mice that received gut homing T cells correlated with lower inflammation and gut damage early post-transplant, decreased graft-versus-host disease severity, and prolonged survival compared with those receiving control transduced regulatory T cells. These data provide evidence that enforced targeting of ex vivo expanded regulatory T cells to the gastrointestinal tract diminishes gut injury and is associated with decreased graft-versus-host disease severity.
Assuntos
Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Animais , Camundongos , Linfócitos T Reguladores , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/etiologia , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/prevenção & controle , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/tratamento farmacológico , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversos , Intestino Delgado , InflamaçãoRESUMO
We determined the efficacy of tocilizumab (TCZ) in preventing grade 2-4 acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in patients with acute leukemia or myelodysplasia undergoing matched sibling donor (MSD) or volunteer unrelated donor (VUD) allogeneic stem cell transplantation after myeloablative or reduced-intensity conditioning across 5 Australian centers. A total of 145 patients (50 MSD, 95 VUD) were randomly assigned to placebo or TCZ on day -1. All patients received T-cell-replete peripheral blood stem cell grafts and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis with cyclosporin/methotrexate. A planned substudy analyzed the VUD cohort. With a median follow-up of 746 days, the incidence of grade 2-4 aGVHD at day 100 for the entire cohort was 36% for placebo vs 27% for TCZ (hazard ratio [HR], 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38-1.26; P = .23) and 45% vs 32% (HR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.31-1.22; P = .16) for the VUD subgroup. The incidence of grade 2-4 aGVHD at day 180 for the entire cohort was 40% for placebo vs 29% for TCZ (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.38-1.22; P = .19) and 48% vs 32% (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.30-1.16; P = .13) for the VUD subgroup. Reductions in aGVHD were predominantly in grade 2 disease. For the entire cohort, transplant-related mortality occurred in 8% vs 11% of placebo-treated vs TCZ-treated patients, respectively (P = .56), and overall survival was 79% vs 71% (P = .27). Median day to neutrophil and platelet engraftment was delayed by 2 to 3 days in TCZ-treated patients, whereas liver toxicity and infectious complications were similar between groups. In this phase 3 randomized double-blind trial, TCZ showed nonsignificant trends toward reduced incidence of grade 2-4 aGVHD in recipients from HLA-matched VUDs but no improvements in long term-survival.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Ciclosporina/uso terapêutico , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/prevenção & controle , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Metotrexato/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Leucemia/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/terapia , Efeito Placebo , Transplante Homólogo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Donor and recipient cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus correlate with transplant-related mortality that is associated with reduced survival following allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT). Prior epidemiologic studies have suggested that CMV seronegative recipients (R-) receiving a CMV-seropositive graft (D+) experience inferior outcomes compared with other serostatus combinations, an observation that appears independent of viral reactivation. We therefore investigated the hypothesis that prior donor CMV exposure irreversibly modifies immunologic function after SCT. We identified a CD4+/CD57+/CD27- T-cell subset that was differentially expressed between D+ and D- transplants and validated results with 120 patient samples. This T-cell subset represents an average of 2.9% (D-/R-), 18% (D-/R+), 12% (D+/R-), and 19.6% (D+/R+) (P < .0001) of the total CD4+ T-cell compartment and stably persists for at least several years post-SCT. Even in the absence of CMV reactivation post-SCT, D+/R- transplants displayed a significant enrichment of these cells compared with D-/R- transplants (P = .0078). These are effector memory cells (CCR7-/CD45RA+/-) that express T-bet, Eomesodermin, granzyme B, secrete Th1 cytokines, and are enriched in CMV-specific T cells. These cells are associated with decreased T-cell receptor diversity (P < .0001) and reduced proportions of major histocompatibility class (MHC) II expressing classical monocytes (P < .0001), myeloid (P = .024), and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (P = .0014). These data describe a highly expanded CD4+ T-cell population and putative mechanisms by which prior donor or recipient CMV exposure may create a lasting immunologic imprint following SCT, providing a rationale for using D- grafts for R- transplant recipients.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD4/imunologia , Antígenos CD57/imunologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/imunologia , Citomegalovirus/imunologia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversos , Células T de Memória/imunologia , Antígenos CD4/análise , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Antígenos CD57/análise , Células Cultivadas , Citomegalovirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/complicações , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/etiologia , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/imunologia , Humanos , Doadores de Tecidos , Transplante Homólogo/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Immunopathology and intestinal stem cell (ISC) loss in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the prima facie manifestation of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and is responsible for significant mortality after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Approaches to prevent GVHD to date focus on immune suppression. Here, we identify interferon-λ (IFN-λ; interleukin-28 [IL-28]/IL-29) as a key protector of GI GVHD immunopathology, notably within the ISC compartment. Ifnlr1-/- mice displayed exaggerated GI GVHD and mortality independent of Paneth cells and alterations to the microbiome. Ifnlr1-/- intestinal organoid growth was significantly impaired, and targeted Ifnlr1 deficiency exhibited effects intrinsic to recipient Lgr5+ ISCs and natural killer cells. PEGylated recombinant IL-29 (PEG-rIL-29) treatment of naive mice enhanced Lgr5+ ISC numbers and organoid growth independent of both IL-22 and type I IFN and modulated proliferative and apoptosis gene sets in Lgr5+ ISCs. PEG-rIL-29 treatment improved survival, reduced GVHD severity, and enhanced epithelial proliferation and ISC-derived organoid growth after BMT. The preservation of ISC numbers in response to PEG-rIL-29 after BMT occurred both in the presence and absence of IFN-λ-signaling in recipient natural killer cells. IFN-λ is therefore an attractive and rapidly testable approach to prevent ISC loss and immunopathology during GVHD.
Assuntos
Transplante de Medula Óssea , Citocinas/farmacologia , Gastroenteropatias , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro , Interleucinas/farmacocinética , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Citocinas/imunologia , Gastroenteropatias/tratamento farmacológico , Gastroenteropatias/genética , Gastroenteropatias/imunologia , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/tratamento farmacológico , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/genética , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/imunologia , Interleucinas/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Receptores de Interferon/genética , Receptores de Interferon/imunologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Transplante HomólogoRESUMO
The nuclear receptor (NR) subclass, retinoid X receptors (RXRs), exert immunomodulatory functions that control inflammation and metabolism via homodimers and heterodimers, with several other NRs, including retinoic acid receptors. IRX4204 is a novel, highly specific RXR agonist in clinical trials that potently and selectively activates RXR homodimers, but not heterodimers. In this study, in vivo IRX4204 compared favorably with FK506 in abrogating acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which was associated with inhibiting allogeneic donor T-cell proliferation, reducing T-helper 1 differentiation, and promoting regulatory T-cell (Treg) generation. Recipient IRX4204 treatment reduced intestinal injury and decreased IFN-γ and TNF-α serum levels. Transcriptional analysis of donor T cells isolated from intestines of GVHD mice treated with IRX4204 revealed significant decreases in transcripts regulating proinflammatory pathways. In vitro, inducible Treg differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells was enhanced by IRX4204. In vivo, IRX4204 increased the conversion of donor Foxp3- T cells into peripheral Foxp3+ Tregs in GVHD mice. Using Foxp3 lineage-tracer mice in which both the origin and current FoxP3 expression of Tregs can be tracked, we demonstrated that IRX4204 supports Treg stability. Despite favoring Tregs and reducing Th1 differentiation, IRX4204-treated recipients maintained graft-versus-leukemia responses against both leukemia and lymphoma cells. Notably, IRX4204 reduced in vitro human T-cell proliferation and enhanced Treg generation in mixed lymphocyte reaction cultures. Collectively, these beneficial effects indicate that targeting RXRs with IRX4204 could be a novel approach to preventing acute GVHD in the clinic.