The Power of Mindfulness: Examining Power Imbalances, Mindfulness, and Couples' Relational and Sexual Well-Being.

Perceptions of power imbalance are common in relationships. We used the relational model of mindfulness to examine links between marital perceptions of power, relational and sexual well-being and to evaluate whether trait mindfulness and sexual mindfulness moderate these associations. Using a nationally representative sample (N = 1,519 couples at Wave III) of mixed-sex newlywed couples, an actor-partner-interdependence model indicated that trait mindfulness and state sexually mindful awareness buffered the link between men's and women's own perceived power imbalance and relational well-being. Sexually mindful non-judgment, however, accentuated the negative association between perceived power imbalance and sexual well-being for men. We discuss the need for therapists to consider the need to encourage mindful awareness to attenuate perceptions of power imbalances and to evaluate how sexually mindful non-judgment influences men's feelings of sexual well-being. Therapeutic implications of these findings are also discussed.

The Association Between Sexual Initiation and Membership in Dyadic Profiles of Perceived Shared Power.

There is scarce empirical evidence examining whether sexual initiation and power are associated with each other. Utilizing latent profile analyses, we examined in a nationally representative sample of US newlywed heterosexual couples (N = 1,948 couples) whether wives' and husbands' sexual initiation patterns and satisfaction with these patterns were associated with membership in different profiles of wives' and husbands' perceptions of shared relational power while accounting for both partner's satisfaction with sexual frequency. We found four profiles of wives' and husbands' perceptions of power. The most common profile was when both wives and husbands perceived high levels of power compared to other profiles, but wives had significantly higher reports of perceived power than husbands (High Power, Wife Higher; 40.8%). Husbands' sexual initiation patterns were not associated with profile membership. Wives who reported equal sexual initiation patterns had a higher probability of being in the High Power, Wife Higher profile compared to the Wife Low Power, Husband Moderate Power profile. Both wives' and husbands' satisfaction with sexual initiation patterns were associated with profile membership. Wives and husbands that were satisfied with sexual initiation patterns had a higher probability of being in the High Power, Wife Higher profile compared to the profile where both wives and husbands had high perceptions of shared relational power compared to other profiles, but their scores were not significantly different from each other (High Power, Equal).

For richer, for poorer: Financial behaviors, power (im)balance, and relational aggression among different-gender newlyweds in the U.S.

Guided by an intersectional feminism framework, we used three-wave, dyadic survey data from a nationally representative sample of 1625 U.S. different-gender newlywed couples to test three research questions. First, as balanced power is considered a key concept for relational well-being in feminism, we examined developmental trajectories in husbands' and wives' perception of power (im)balance. Second, considering money as a major influence on power and aggression, we examined how financial behaviors relate to power (im)balance and in turn relational aggression-a type of intimate partner violence that is controlling and manipulative in nature. Third, informed by the intersectionality between gender and socioeconomic status (SES), we examined gender differences and SES disparities in the associations among financial behaviors, developmental trajectories of perception of power (im)balance, and relational aggression. Our findings demonstrate that newlywed different-gender couples are experiencing power struggles, where two partners diminish each other's influence over time. We also found that healthy financial behaviors are associated with balanced power and, in turn, less relational aggression (especially for wives and in lower-SES households). Taken collectively, we continue calling for efforts to facilitate money management skills and promote balanced marital power.

Mindfulness and Sexual Mindfulness as Moderators Between Conflict Resolution and Sexual and Relationship Satisfaction.

Mindfulness has shown positive links with conflict resolution. Additionally, couples skilled in conflict resolution report greater sexual and relationship satisfaction. However, no research has examined the moderating effect of mindfulness, specifically sexual mindfulness, between conflict resolution and sexual and relationship satisfaction. We used 1,627 couples from wave III of the Couple Relationships and Transition Experiences (CREATE) study. Sexual mindfulness moderated the association between conflict resolution and sexual satisfaction, even after controlling for attachment. Wives higher in sexual mindful awareness may rely less on conflict resolution for their sexual satisfaction. Karremans and colleagues' (2017) model of mindfulness and romantic relationships provides a framework for testing whether, when, and how mindfulness increases positive romantic relationship processes and outcomes. Under this framework, mindfulness may provide a mechanism to help couples achieve sexual and relationship satisfaction. Mindfulness and sexual mindfulness may provide a useful mechanism for therapists, educators, social workers, and couples to enhance satisfaction within the romantic and sexual relationship even without partner buy-in.

Linking Sexual Mindfulness to Mixed-Sex Couples' Relational Flourishing, Sexual Harmony, and Orgasm.

Marriage is an important adult relationship, and recent research indicates that sexual mindfulness, awareness and non-judgment, may be an important tool in helping maintain relational and sexual well-being. Using a nationally representative U.S. sample of newly married, mixed-sex couples (women's age M = 29.70 years; men's age M = 31.76 years; N = 1473 couples), we evaluated whether the two factors of sexual mindfulness, awareness and non-judgment, were linked with relational flourishing, sexual harmony, and orgasm consistency. We utilized an actor-partner interdependence model within a structural equation modeling framework to evaluate how husbands' and wives' awareness and non-judgment were associated with relational flourishing, sexual harmony, and orgasm consistency. Results indicated that both wives' and husbands' awareness was positively associated with relational flourishing, sexual harmony, and orgasm consistency. Partner effects were found for all outcomes. However, no partner effects were found between non-judgment and orgasm consistency. Therapists, educators, and couples may consider the use of sexual mindfulness skills when addressing marriage and sexual relationships.

Community pharmacist perceptions of increased technician responsibility.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacists have struggled to find time to spend on clinical tasks. As such, regulatory steps have been taken by some states to expand the scope of practice for community pharmacy technicians. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine what settings and characteristics predict pharmacists' comfort levels with technicians giving or receiving verbal prescriptions, performing nonclinical medication therapy management tasks, administering vaccinations, and verifying prescriptions. METHODS: This study employed a national Internet-based survey of community pharmacists using a health care marketing research panel. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used as a theoretical basis for inquiry, particularly the CFIR domains of "outer setting," "inner setting," and "individual characteristics." As the outcome variable of this study, the respondents were asked to report their comfort levels with technicians performing the 4 advanced tasks. Four multivariable linear regression models identified statistically significant predictors of pharmacists' comfort with each task. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the pharmacists' comfort levels among tasks. RESULTS: For all 4 tasks, pharmacists who believed that technicians had the ability to complete each task were more comfortable with technicians completing those tasks. In addition, pharmacists with perceptions of stronger technician interest in advanced tasks were found to be more comfortable with technicians taking on more responsibility for all tasks except vaccine administration. Repeated measures ANOVA found that pharmacists' comfort levels differed on all 4 tasks. CONCLUSION: This study found that the CFIR domains of inner setting (pharmacy location) and individual characteristics (perceptions of technicians and pharmacist education) affect pharmacists' level of comfort with technicians taking on additional responsibilities, but outer setting variables such as regulations do not. This suggests that pharmacist characteristics may affect the expansion of technician task responsibilities, no matter what state regulations allow.

Predictors of pharmacists' likelihood to query prescription drug monitoring program databases.

BACKGROUND: Low rates of enrollment and querying of the prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) may be detrimental to the effectiveness of controlling prescription drug misuse. A number of individual-level, organizational, and regulatory factors may affect a community pharmacist's likelihood to query their statewide PDMP. OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of pharmacists' likelihood to query the PDMP. METHODS: A self-administered survey was used to collect data from community pharmacists from a national panel. Measures were identified from previous literature assessing provider likelihood to query PDMPs. A principal components analysis of items pertaining to pharmacists' likelihood to query PDMPs was conducted as a data reduction technique to identify underlying dimensions. Multivariable linear regression was conducted to examine relationships between 5 predictor variables (state regulations, practice setting, workload, perceived barriers, and attitude) and the identified components. RESULTS: A total of 148 completed survey responses were included for final analysis. The pharmacists'-likelihood-to-query scale comprised 2 components accounting for 71% of the total variance. The 2 components were labeled as higher-risk situations and lower-risk situations. Multivariable linear regression indicated that pharmacists' likelihood to query the PDMP for the higher-risk situations was not statistically significant for any predictor variables. For the lower-risk situations, pharmacists who had a more positive attitude toward the effectiveness of the PDMP were more likely to query it in these situations (unstandardized coefficient = 0.167; P = 0.018). CONCLUSION: The factors affecting pharmacists' likelihood to query the PDMP may differ depending on the situations faced by the pharmacist. On the basis of the study results, it seems that pharmacists are currently aware of the importance of checking the PDMP and regularly query it. Overall, the respondent pharmacists had a positive attitude toward the effectiveness of the PDMP, which seems to have a role in their likelihood to query it in lower-risk situations.

Reporting interpersonal violence and abuse: What pharmacists need to know.

OBJECTIVE: To examine and describe the reporting requirements for pharmacists related to interpersonal violence and abuse in the United States. METHODS: A comprehensive search of state laws related to mandatory reporting of intimate partner violence and domestic violence (IPV), child abuse, and elder abuse was conducted. Identified statutes were reviewed to determine if pharmacists were mandatory reporters for each type of violence. RESULTS: Pharmacists are specifically identified as mandatory reporters of intimate partner violence in 10 states, of child abuse in 11, and of elder abuse in 20. They may also have reporting requirements in more states as statutes sometimes identify health care providers as mandatory reporters, but do not specify which types of providers. Additionally, many states require reporting of child and elder abuse by anyone who is aware of or suspects abuse. IPV statutes mainly require reporting when treating wounds from gunshots, stabbings, and burns. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists are accessible health care providers who should be aware of reporting requirements for their practice location and setting. They have mandatory reporting requirements in much of the United States, especially for child and elder abuse. They should seek specific guidance about their reporting requirements and reporting methods, as well as identify educational and local referral resources for victims they may encounter in practice.

Autism Prevalence in the Medicaid Program and Healthcare Utilization and Costs Among Adult Enrollees Diagnosed with Autism.

As the number of individuals diagnosed with autism increases, there is an increase in demand to provide support throughout their lifespan. This study aimed to: (1) estimate trends in the prevalence of autism diagnoses and medical services use in adults with autism diagnoses; (2) assess predictors of healthcare utilization and costs among adults with autism diagnoses enrolled in Medicaid. A retrospective analysis of 2006-2008 Medicaid claims for 39 states was conducted. There was a 38% increase in the prevalence of autism diagnoses from 2006 to 2008. Total expenditures and outpatient and ER visits varied significantly by demographic variables.

Implications of Coding Layers on Physical-Layer Security: A Secrecy Benefit Approach.

In this work, we consider the pros and cons of using various layers of keyless coding to achieve secure and reliable communication over the Gaussian wiretap channel. We define a new approach to information theoretic security, called practical secrecy and the secrecy benefit, to be used over real-world channels and finite blocklength instantiations of coding layers, and use this new approach to show the fundamental reliability and security implications of several coding mechanisms that have traditionally been used for physical-layer security. We perform a systematic/structured analysis of the effect of error-control coding, scrambling, interleaving, and coset coding, as coding layers of a secrecy system. Using this new approach, scrambling and interleaving are shown to be of no effect in increasing information theoretic security, even when measuring the effect at the output of the eavesdropper's decoder. Error control coding is shown to present a trade-off between secrecy and reliability that is dictated by the chosen code and the signal-to-noise ratios at the legitimate and eavesdropping receivers. Finally, the benefits of secrecy coding are highlighted, and it is shown how one can shape the secrecy benefit according to system specifications using combinations of different layers of coding to achieve both reliable and secure throughput.

The Significance of the Female Orgasm: A Nationally Representative, Dyadic Study of Newlyweds' Orgasm Experience.

BACKGROUND: Self-reported orgasm, perception of partner's orgasm, and misperception of partner's orgasm have each been correlated with individual sexual and relationship satisfaction, but these associations have rarely included dyadic data, have not fully accounted for potentially confounding variables such as sexual communication, and have never been simultaneously studied with a nationally representative sample. AIM: To provide a more complete picture of how the orgasmic experience within the heterosexual couple influences individual and partner sexual and relationship satisfaction. METHODS: Using a nationally representative dyadic sample of 1,683 newlywed heterosexual couples, a structural equation model was estimated to test associations between husband and wife self-reported orgasm frequency, husband and wife report of the other partner's orgasm frequency, and husband and wife misperception of their partner's orgasm frequency, as correlates of relationship and sexual satisfaction. OUTCOMES: Both husband and wife completed the Couples Satisfaction Index to assess their own relationship satisfaction, and completed a sexual satisfaction instrument designed for the CREATE study. RESULTS: 87% of husbands and 49% of wives reported consistently experiencing orgasm. 43% of husbands misperceived how often their wives experienced orgasm. The final structural equation model, including sexual communication, explained moderate amounts of variance in wives' and husbands' relationship satisfaction, and a high level of variance for wives' and husbands' sexual satisfaction. Wives' relationship satisfaction was positively associated with wives' and husbands' sexual communication. Wives' sexual satisfaction was positively associated with self-reported orgasm frequency, and both wives' and husbands' sexual communication. Husbands' relationship satisfaction was positively associated with husbands' and wives' sexual communication. Husbands' sexual satisfaction was positively associated with husbands' perception of wives' orgasm frequency, and both husbands' and wives' sexual communication. CLINICAL TRANSLATION: When counseling couples, clinicians should give particular attention to the wife's orgasm experiences, to potentially help both husbands and wives have higher sexual satisfaction. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: Strengths of this study include the use of a nationally representative sample and dyadic data. Limitations include cross-sectional data, and the assessment of sexual experiences only in newlywed couples. CONCLUSION: Wives' orgasm (wives' self-report of frequency and husbands' perception of frequency) has a unique positive association with sexual satisfaction, even after taking into account other aspects of the orgasm experience and sexual communication. Leonhardt ND, Willoughby BJ, Busby DM, et al. The Significance of the Female Orgasm: A Nationally Representative, Dyadic Study of Newlyweds' Orgasm Experience. J Sex Med 2018;15:1140-1148.

An evaluation of the psychometric properties of the sf-12v2 health survey among adults with hemophilia.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the psychometric properties of version 2 of the SF-12 Health Survey (SF-12v2) among adults with hemophilia in the United States. METHODS: This study employed a cross-sectional design using web-based and paper-based self-administered surveys. Hemophilia patients were recruited using an online panel and at a hemophilia treatment clinic. The psychometric properties of the SF-12v2 were assessed in terms of construct validity, internal consistency reliability, and presence of floor and ceiling effects. RESULTS: A total of 218 adults with hemophilia completed the survey, with most recruited via the online panel (78%). Confirmatory factor analysis using the WLSMV estimator in Mplus supported a two-factor model for the SF-12v2 where the physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, and general health items loaded onto a latent physical factor (LPF) and the role emotional, mental health, social functioning, and vitality items loaded onto a latent mental factor (LMF). Model fit statistics for the two-factor model were: Chi-square [df] = 172.778 [48]; CFI = 0.972; TLI = 0.962; RMSEA [90% CI] = 0.109 [0.092-0.127]; WRMR = 0.947. Correlated residuals for items belonging to similar domains were estimated and there was a significant correlation between LPF and LMF. All standardized factor loadings were strong and statistically significant, indicating adequate convergent validity. Item-to-other scale correlations were lower than item-to-hypothesized scale correlations suggesting good item discriminant validity. Model testing revealed that LPF and LMF were not perfectly correlated, suggesting adequate construct discriminant validity. Increasing levels of symptom severity were associated with significant decreases in physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores, supporting known-groups validity. Internal consistency reliability was satisfactory, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.848 for the LPF and 0.785 for the LMF items. Finally, none of the participants received the least or maximum possible PCS or MCS score, indicating the absence of floor and ceiling effects. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the SF-12v2 was found to have adequate psychometric validity in our sample of adults with hemophilia. These results add to the growing evidence of psychometric validity of the SF-12v2 in different patient populations including hemophilia.

How do men and women help? Validation of a multidimensional measure of prosocial behavior.

The current study sought to address gender differences in prosocial behavior by creating and validating a multidimensional measure of prosocial behavior that more fully captures the ways that men help others. The new measure is directed toward family, friend, and strangers, and has five factors: defending, emotional support, inclusion, physical helping, and sharing. In Study 1, CFA analyses performed on a sample of 463 emerging adults online (mean age 23.42) revealed good model fit and divergent validity for each of the five factors. Study 2 replicated the analyses on a sample of 453 urban adolescents in the Northwest (mean age 18.37). Results established that all factors had good model fit, construct validity, and convergent validity. The discussion focuses on implications of this measure for future prosocial research including an increased diversity in how people (particularly men) help others and developmental differences toward different targets of prosocial behavior.

Individual Beliefs and Experiences With Brain Health Dietary Supplements in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Although the use of brain health dietary supplements (brain DS) has increased, there is limited research on safety and risk of these products. Brain DS may be beneficial for improving memory, concentration, and focus but may also carry risks. OBJECTIVES: To assess brain DS users' utilization experiences and identify factors associated with likelihood of brain DS use among nonusers. DESIGN: An internet-based cross-sectional survey study was conducted using a sample of middle-aged US adults. Respondents' sociodemographic characteristics and health beliefs regarding brain DS were collected. Brain DS users' utilization experiences such as negative side effects and spending were also collected. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Purposive sampling was utilized for users and nonusers sample recruitment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Brain DS users' utilization experience and future likelihood of brain DS use among nonusers. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Descriptive statistics on brain DS users' utilization experiences were reported. Ordinal logistic regression with sociodemographic and belief characteristics as predictors was employed to identify factors associated with the likelihood of brain DS among nonusers. RESULTS: Five hundred twenty-five respondents (mean age = 43.8 ± 9.2 years) completed the survey. Among 260 users, primary reasons for use were enhancing memory (n = 136) and helping concentration and focus (n = 108). During the past year, 40% spent $50 to $200 (range = $0 to >$1,000) and 37% reported experiencing negative side effects. Among 265 nonusers, being female (odds ratio 2.04, 95% CI 1.21 to 3.45), perceived susceptibility to brain problems (odds ratio 1.90, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.83), recommendation from others (odds ratio 1.55, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.35) and perceived benefits of brain DS (odds ratio 2.82, 95% CI 1.60 to 4.96) were significantly associated with increased likelihood of future brain DS use. CONCLUSIONS: Individual spending on brain DS varies and about 40% of users reported experiencing negative side effects. As individuals primarily rely on healthcare providers for recommendations, health care providers should be prepared to engage in discussions about brain DS with patients.

Implementing 5 evidence-based learning principles into the pharmacy law course.

The overwhelming majority of states require pharmacists to pass the Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam (MPJE) prior to licensure, and student performance in the pharmacy law course is the biggest predictor of success on the MPJE. However, wide variation exists regarding the structure and delivery of the pharmacy law course. Evidence-based learning strategies are well described in the literature, including: (1) practice testing, (2) distributed practice, (3) interleaved practice, (4) self-explanation, and (5) interrogative elaboration, and an opportunity may exist to implement them into the pharmacy law course. We translated these five evidence-based learning principles into practice for pharmacy law educators with specific examples. Faculty directing the pharmacy law course may consider implementing evidence-based teaching strategies into their pharmacy law course to further support student success.

Mother knows best? Inhibitory maternal gatekeeping, psychological control, and the mother-adolescent relationship.

We used structural equation modeling to explore associations between inhibitory maternal gatekeeping attitudes, reports of inhibitory maternal gatekeeping behaviors, maternal psychological control, observed mother-adolescent warmth, and adolescent reports of maternal involvement. Our random stratified sample consisted of 315 mothers and their adolescents. Results revealed that inhibitory maternal gatekeeping attitudes were positively associated with reports of inhibitory gatekeeping behaviors. Psychological control fully mediated the relationship between inhibitory gatekeeping attitudes, reports of inhibitory gatekeeping behaviors, and adolescent reports of maternal involvement. Though gatekeeping attitudes and behaviors were not associated with observed mother-adolescent warmth, psychological control was negatively associated with observed mother-adolescent warmth. Thus, although prior research emphasized the negative effects of inhibitory gatekeeping on father-child relationships, the present research elucidates that in conjunction with psychological control, inhibitory gatekeeping negatively influences the mother-adolescent relationship. All findings are discussed in the context of family systems theory.

Student pharmacists' perceptions of community pharmacy residency programs.

OBJECTIVES: To compare penultimate-year (next-to-last) and final-year student pharmacists' perceptions of the educational value of community pharmacy residency programs (CPRPs) and to compare student pharmacists' perceptions of the educational value of CPRPs and health-system residency programs (HSRPs). METHODS: A self-administered online survey was sent to administrators at 119 Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education-accredited schools of pharmacy for ultimate distribution to penultimate- and final-year student pharmacists. The survey included demographic measures and a 20-item residency program "perceived value of skill development" scale developed for this study. RESULTS: 1,722 completed surveys were received and analyzed. Penultimate-year students attributed greater value to CPRPs more frequently than final-year students. Students more often attributed higher value to CPRPs for skills related to business management, practice management, and medication therapy management, while they attributed higher value to HSRPs for skills related to teaching, research, and clinical knowledge. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest students' perceived value of CPRPs may be related to their year of pharmacy school and the pharmacy practice skill in question.

The Development of a New Tool to Help Patients and Their Providers Evaluate Self-Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetes self-management or self-care activity related to diet, physical activity, and glucose monitoring, among other things, is recognized as important to effectively managing this condition. The aim of this study was to create an assessment tool for evaluating knowledge and self-management behavior in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) for patients and their providers. The study utilized an online survey with a cross-sectional design of adults diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. The survey consisted of 8 sections and a total of 56 questions, which were designed to measure the participants' current knowledge and behavior regarding diabetes self-management. The total sample size was 306 participants, and the results revealed a significant association between performance on diabetes knowledge questions and self-management behavior (ß = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.58; p < 0.001). Furthermore, education had a significant impact on diabetes self-management behavior (ß = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.14, 1.03; p = 0.01). Overall, the data indicated that participants who performed well on knowledge-based questions exhibited higher scores in desired diabetes management behaviors. Increasing awareness of this work in the diabetic community could facilitate the clinical encounters between diabetic patients and their healthcare providers, with an emphasis on each individual's needs being taken into consideration.

A survey study of adults with chronic conditions: Examining the correlation between patient activation and health locus of control.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine (1) the association between patient activation (PA), health locus of control (HLOC), sociodemographic and clinical factors, and (2) the effect of HLOC dimensions, sociodemographic and clinical factors on PA. METHODS: Three hundred U.S. adults, with at least one chronic condition (CC) were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk and completed an online survey which included sociodemographic questions, the Patient Activation Measure® - 10, and the Multidimensional Locus of Control (MHLC) - Form B. Statistical analyses, including descriptive, correlation, and multiple linear regression, were conducted using IBM SPSS v25. RESULTS: Of the 300 participants, more than half were male (66.3%), White (70.7%), with at least a college degree (76.0%), and employed full-time (79.0%). The average PA score was 68.8 ± 14.5. Multiple linear regression indicated that participants who reported they were Black, retired, with a greater number of CCs, and with higher scores in Chance MHLC had higher PA, while participants with higher scores in Internal MHLC, were unemployed and reported to have been affected by COVID-19-related worry or fear to manage their CC, had lower PA. DISCUSSION: HLOC dimensions should be addressed concurrently with PA for patients with CCs, thus adding to a more patient-centered clinical approach.

Pharmacy Technician Efficacies and Workforce Planning: A Consensus Building Study on Expanded Pharmacy Technician Roles.

The expansion of pharmacy technician scope of practice in recent years, though remaining somewhat contentious, has afforded multiple opportunities for pharmacy technicians to provide additional assistance within the pharmacy. However, much of the research examining this growth has focused on specific tasks, which were determined by either the researchers themselves or the respective state boards of pharmacy. This study aimed to gain a better understanding of what expanded tasks pharmacists believe technicians should have an increased role in performing. A consensus-building research methodology was used to survey practicing pharmacists to determine which tasks those pharmacists believed technicians should take an increased role in performing. This study used modified Delphi techniques to build consensus among panels of both hospital and community pharmacists regarding 20 setting-specific technician tasks. Results of our study indicated that both hospital and community pharmacists believed technicians should have an increased involvement in performing tasks which are more related to the operations of the pharmacy rather than tasks which are more clinical in nature. This finding illustrates a belief among a segment of pharmacists that expanded roles for technicians should do more to alleviate the managerial and operational burden placed on pharmacists, potentially allowing pharmacists to take on increased clinical roles.