Reduced-Intensity Haploidentical Bone Marrow Transplantation with Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide for Solid Tumors in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients.

High-risk, recurrent, or refractory solid tumors in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult (AYA) patients have an extremely poor prognosis despite current intensive treatment regimens. We piloted an allogeneic bone marrow transplant platform using reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) and partially HLA-mismatched (haploidentical) related donors for this population of pediatric and AYA solid tumor patients. Sixteen patients received fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and low-dose total body irradiation RIC haploidentical BMT (haploBMT) followed by post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy), mycophenolate mofetil, and sirolimus. All assessable patients were full donor chimeras on day 30 with a median neutrophil recovery of 19 days and platelet recovery of 21 days. One patient (7%) exhibited secondary graft failure associated with concomitant infection. The median follow-up time was 15 months. Overall survival was 88%, 56%, and 21% at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Median survival from transplant date was 14 months with a median progression-free survival 7 months. We observed limited graft-versus-host disease in 3 patients and nonrelapse mortality in 1 patient. We demonstrated that RIC haploBMT with PTCy is feasible and has acceptable toxicities in patients with incurable pediatric and AYA solid tumors; thus, this approach serves as a platform for post-transplant strategies to prevent relapse and optimize progression-free survival.

Nonmyeloablative Haploidentical Bone Marrow Transplantation with Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide for Pediatric and Young Adult Patients with High-Risk Hematologic Malignancies.

Lower-intensity conditioning regimens for haploidentical blood or marrow transplantation (BMT) are safe and efficacious for adult patients with hematologic malignancies. We report data for pediatric/young adult patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies (n = 40) treated with nonmyeloablative haploidentical BMT with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide from 2003 to 2015. Patients received a preparative regimen of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and total body irradiation. Post-transplantation immunosuppression consisted of cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, and tacrolimus. Donor engraftment occurred in 29 of 32 (91%), with median time to engraftment of neutrophils >500/µL of 16 days (range, 13 to 22) and for platelets >20,000/µL without transfusion of 18 days (range, 12 to 62). Cumulative incidences of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) grades II to IV and grades III and IV at day 100 were 33% and 5%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD was 23%, with 7% moderate-to-severe chronic GVHD, according to National Institutes of Health consensus criteria. Transplantation-related mortality (TRM) at 1 year was 13%. The cumulative incidence of relapse at 2 years was 52%. With a median follow-up of 20 months (range, 3 to 148), 1-year actuarial overall and event-free survival were 56% and 43%, respectively. Thus, we demonstrate excellent rates of engraftment, GVHD, and TRM in pediatric/young adult patients treated with this regimen. This approach is a widely available, safe, and feasible option for pediatric and young adult patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies, including those with a prior history of myeloablative BMT and/or those with comorbidities or organ dysfunction that preclude eligibility for myeloablative BMT.

Tolerance and effectiveness of nivolumab after pediatric T-cell replete, haploidentical, bone marrow transplantation: A case report.

To date, there has been a lack of pediatric experience regarding the efficacy and tolerability of immune checkpoint inhibitors after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). We present the case of a 22-year-old female with multiple-relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) who presented with a new relapse after haploidentical (post-haplo) HSCT. Anti-PD-1 therapy with nivolumab resulted in significant objective disease response and clinical improvement without notable side effects, including the absence of a graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). This case report suggests that immune checkpoint inhibition may be safely tolerated even in the setting of haploidentical HSCT, without triggering overt GVHD.

Alternative-Donor Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation with Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide for Nonmalignant Disorders.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is curative for many nonmalignant pediatric disorders, including hemoglobinopathies, bone marrow failure syndromes, and immunodeficiencies. There is great success using HLA-matched related donors for these patients; however, the use of alternative donors has been associated with increased graft failure, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and transplant-related mortality (TRM). HSCT using alternative donors with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PT/Cy) for GVHD prophylaxis has been performed for hematologic malignancies with engraftment, GVHD, and TRM comparable with that seen with HLA-matched related donors. There are limited reports of HSCT in nonmalignant pediatric disorders other than hemoglobinopathies using alternative donors and PT/Cy. We transplanted 11 pediatric patients with life-threatening nonmalignant conditions using reduced-intensity conditioning, alternative donors, and PT/Cy alone or in combination with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. We observed limited GVHD, no TRM, and successful engraftment sufficient to eliminate manifestations of disease in all patients. Allogeneic HSCT using alternative donors and PT/Cy shows promise for curing nonmalignant disorders; development of prospective clinical trials to confirm these observations is warranted.