Fusion Imaging of X-ray and Transesophageal Echocardiography Improves the Procedure of Left Atrial Appendage Closure.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) is an alternative treatment strategy for patients with atrial fibrillation who are at risk for thromboembolic events and considered not suitable for oral anticoagulation (OAC). LAAC is mainly performed under the guidance of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and fluoroscopy. The study presented here should analyze whether fusion imaging (FI) of transesophageal echocardiography and X-ray performed during LAAC is feasible and can improve the results of the procedure. METHODS: The data presented here are from a retrospective single center study. Sample size was defined as 50 patients in which LAAC was performed without fusion imaging (control group) and 25 patients were the LAAC procedure was guided by fusion imaging (treatment group). Inclusion criteria were defined as age > 18 years and completion of an LAAC procedure defined as deployment of a WATCHMAN 2.5 LAA occluder. Study endpoints were procedure time, amount of used contrast medium, radiation dose, final position of the WATCHMAN in TEE (deviation from ideal positioning), and clinical endpoints, respectively. RESULTS: LAA closure was successfully performed in all patients. No case of device embolism was occurring, and none of the patients experienced a periprocedural stroke/TIA nor a systemic embolism, respectively. Mean procedure time was 15 min shorter in the group of patients where fusion imaging was applied (p < 0.001). Additionally, the use of fusion imaging was associated with a significant reduction of contrast medium (20.6 ml less than in control; p < 0.045). Regarding the final position of the WATCHMAN, no relevant differences were found between the groups. The use of fusion imaging significantly reduced procedure time and the amount of contrast medium in patients undergoing LAAC.

Correction to: Fusion Imaging of X-ray and Transesophageal Echocardiography Improves the Procedure of Left Atrial Appendage Closure.

The article "Fusion Imaging of X-ray and Transesophageal Echocardiography Improves the Procedure of Left Atrial Appendage Closure."

Renal denervation as a second-line option in a patient with electrical storm resistant to medical treatment and conventional radiofrequency catheter ablation.

Electrical storm (ES) represents a critical state of electrical instability. We describe a patient with coronary artery disease, mechanical aortic valve replacement, and reduced left ventricular function with recurrent ICD shocks. Despite medical treatment with beta-blocker and amiodarone, and after successful ablation of different VT morphologies in combination with substrate modification, ES could not be controlled. We performed renal denervation (RDN) to reduce arrhythmic burden. Thereafter, patient remained free from sustained and non-sustained VTs at 6-month follow-up. RDN is an effective second-line treatment option in patients in whom conventional catheter ablation and medical treatment failed to control the VTs.

Transition from WATCHMAN V.2.5 to WATCHMAN FLX for closure of the left atrial appendage: echocardiographic and clinical findings.

INTRODUCTION: Interventional closure of the left atrial appendage (LAAC) has been established as an alternative treatment for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and an elevated risk of stroke. The WATCHMAN FLX (WM FLX) as the newest WATCHMAN LAAC device differs in several technical characteristics from its precursor, the WATCHMAN V.2.5 (WM V.2.5). METHODS: The data presented here are derived from a retrospective single-centre study. All patients in which an LAAC was performed between February 2017 and March 2021 with either a WM V.2.5 or WM FLX device were included. RESULTS: 169 patients were included in this study, of whom 95 had been treated with WM V.2.5 and 74 with WM FLX, respectively. Directly after implantation, only minor differences regarding membrane thickness and connector protrusion were noted, whereas no relevant differences were found regarding device sizing, device compression or peridevice leakage, respectively. However, at 3-month follow-up, device compression was significantly reduced in WM FLX indicating a continued device expansion which was paralleled by a reduced number of peridevice leakage in comparison to WM V.2.5. Additionally, the combined clinical endpoint of death, stroke/transistoric ischaemic attack, tamponade, device embolisation, device-related thrombosis or peridevice leakage was reduced in WM FLX. CONCLUSION: LAAC using the WM FLX device results in a continued device expansion over the first 3 months based on differences in radial force in comparison to WM V.2.5. This is accompanied by a reduction in adverse clinical endpoints.

A nasty surprise: cardiogenic shock induced by extensive dissection of the left internal mammary artery graft occurring 3 months after coronary angiography-a case report.

BACKGROUND: Acute dissection of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft in patients with previous cardiac bypass surgery is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. CASE SUMMARY: A 58-year-old man with history of coronary artery disease and bypass surgery 15 years ago presented with acute coronary syndrome (non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, NSTEMI). Angiography showed severe three-vessel disease with occlusion of a saphenous vein graft (SVG) to the first diagonal branch but patents grafts to left artery descendent (LIMA) and SVG to the right coronary artery. No coronary intervention was performed and the patient was treated medically (aspirin and ticagrelor) and discharged home after 6 days. Three months later, the patient again was admitted to the hospital with acute coronary syndrome (NSTEMI) and developing cardiogenic shock. Angiography now showed an extensive flow limiting dissection of his LIMA graft with the dissection starting at the ostium of the LIMA. After implantation of an Impella 2.5, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of the graft was performed under guidance by optical coherence tomography (OCT) leading to implantation of a drug-eluting stent into the ostium of the LIMA and repeated balloon dilatations of the medial and distal parts of the graft. Antegrade flow was established and the patient's condition improved so that the Impella was removed in the cath lab. After an uneventful course, the patient was discharged home after 6 days. Elective repeat angiography after 8 weeks showed an excellent functional result without persisting signs of LIMA dissection or stenosis. DISCUSSION: Acute dissection of a LIMA graft is a rare event that may lead to a life-threatening condition. According to the literature, LIMA dissection happens during coronary interventions in approximately half of the cases but it also may evolve spontaneously. However, as seen from our case, there might be a substantial delay between LIMA angiography and the clinical onset of dissection. In the vast majority of cases, dissection of LIMA can be treated by PCI. The use of Impella as reported for the first time in this case may improve the safety of the procedure. In accordance to PCI of the native coronary arteries, it seems possible to leave non-flow limiting dissections in cases of extensive disease in order to avoid the late complications of complete stenting of the graft.

Impact of ultrasound contrast agent on the detection of thrombi during transoesophageal echocardiography.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) carries the risk of thrombus formation in the left atrium and especially in the left atrial appendage (LAA). A transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) is routinely performed in these patients to rule out thrombi before cardioversion or structural interventions like LAA closure or pulmonary vein isolation. However, in a certain number of cases, inconclusive results of the TOE may result. This study was performed to analyse whether the routine use of ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) has an influence on the frequency of thrombus detection. Methods: In patients with AF who were scheduled for a subsequent interventional procedure, a TOE was initially performed without contrast agent. Then, the TOE was repeated with the use of UCA. The percentage of diagnostic findings regarding the prevalence of thrombus in the LAA with and without UCA were compared (thrombus present (T+), no thrombus (T-) and inconclusive result (T+/-)). Results: 223 patients were prospectively included into the trial. The numbers of thrombus detection were as follows: without UCA: 17 T+ (7.6%), 154 T- (69.1%), 52 T+/- (23,3%); with UCA: 16 T+ (7.2%), 179 T- (80.3%), 28 T+/- (12.6%; χ2: p<0.01). In 29 examinations (13.0%), the use of UCA had an impact on the subsequent treatment strategy. Conclusions: The use of UCA during TOE in patients with AF has a significant impact on the subsequent patient management especially due to an improved rule out of LAA thrombi.

[Acute chest pain and new ECG changes in pacemaker patients : A clinical challenge]. / Akuter Thoraxschmerz in Verbindung mit neuen EKG-Veränderungen bei Schrittmacherpatienten : Eine klinische Herausforderung.

We report the case of a 82-year-old woman who was admitted to our institution with acute chest pain, nausea, and vomiting. Because of atrial fibrillation with intermittent bradycardia, a single-chamber pacemaker was implanted 4 years ago. The initial 12-lead ECG showed atrial fibrillation with a heart rate of 70 bpm, narrow QRS, and T­wave inversions in the inferolateral leads. Coronary artery disease was excluded by immediate cardiac catheterization. A subsequent ECG three hours later showed a ventricular paced rhythm. During the subsequent clinical course, cardiac injury markers remained normal. However, serum amylase and lipase levels were 5 times above the normal range. According to these clinical findings, acute pancreatitis was the most likely diagnosis. Abdominal ultrasound excluded pancreatic necrosis and gallstones. Initial treatment consists of fasting, pain control, and intravenous fluids with resolution of symptoms after a few days. The patient could be discharged 7 days later. In conclusion, the observed ECG findings in combination with chest pain are suggestive for myocardial ischemia mandating immediate cardiac catheterization. However, acute pancreatitis might present with the aforementioned ECG changes and symptoms. The case was further complicated by a distinct electrocardiographic memory effect due to intermittent ventricular pacing.

ST-segment Elevation Following Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation in the Emergency Department: Unmasked Myocardial Infarction due to Left Main Coronary Artery Plaque Rupture or Unspecific Finding?

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a frequent reason for emergency department visits. According to current guidelines either rate- or rhythm-control are acceptable therapeutic options in such situations. In this report, we present the complicated clinical course of a patient with AF and a rapid ventricular response. Because of paroxysmal AF, the patient was on chronic oral anticoagulation therapy with warfarin. Pharmacological treatment was ineffective to control ventricular rate, and immediate synchronized electrical cardioversion was performed. One hour later, the patient complained of chest pain in combination with marked ST-segment elevation in the anterior leads. Cardiac catheterization with optical coherence tomography disclosed plaque rupture in the left main coronary artery without other significant stenosis. Stent implantation was performed successfully. During the course of the hospital stay, the patient remained asymptomatic and the ST-segment elevations resolved. However, despite treatment with amiodarone it was not possible to keep the patient permanently in sinus rhythm. Therefore, a biventricular pacemaker was implanted and AV node ablation performed.