A qualitative exploration of patient safety in a hospital setting in Spain: Policy and practice recommendations on patients' and companions' participation.

INTRODUCTION: Patients' and companions' participation in healthcare could help prevent adverse events, which are a significant cause of disease and disability. Before designing interventions to increase participation, it is first necessary to identify attitudes to patient safety. This study aimed to explore patients' and companions' perceptions, attitudes and experiences of patient safety, taking into account contextual factors, such as cultural background, which are not usually captured in the literature. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study with a theoretical sampling of 13 inpatients and 3 companions in a university hospital in Barcelona, Spain. Information was obtained from individual and triangular interviews. A descriptive thematic content analysis was conducted by four analysts and a consensus was reached within the research team on the key categories that were identified. We also conducted a card-sorting exercise. RESULTS: All informants emphasized the role of good communication with health professionals, a calm environment and the need for patient education. Discursive positions differed by cultural background. Informants from a Pakistani-Bangladeshi background emphasized language barriers, while those from European and Latin-American backgrounds stressed health professionals' lack of time and the need for more interdisciplinary teamwork. The card-sorting exercise identified several opportunities to enhance participation: checking patient identification and medication dispensation, and maintaining personal and environmental hygiene. CONCLUSION: This exploration of informants' discourse on patient safety identified a wide variety of categories not usually considered from institutional perspectives. The findings of this study could enrich interventions in areas with diverse cultural backgrounds, as well as current frameworks based exclusively on institutional perspectives. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: The results of the study were communicated to patients and accompanying persons via telephone or email. Similarly, a focus group was held with a patient forum to comment on the results. In the design of subsequent interventions to improve patient safety at the hospital, the proposals of patients and companions for their participation will be included together with healthcare professionals' opinions.

Salivary Cortisol Determination in ACTH Stimulation Test to Diagnose Adrenal Insufficiency in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis.

PURPOSE: The prevalence of adrenal insufficiency (AI) in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis is unknown. Because these patients have lower levels of cortisol-binding carrier proteins, their total serum cortisol (TSC) correlates poorly with free serum cortisol (FC). Salivary cortisol (SaC) correlates better with FC. We aimed to establish SaC thresholds for AI for the 250 µg intravenous ACTH test and to estimate the prevalence of AI in noncritically ill cirrhotic patients. METHODS: We included 39 patients with decompensated cirrhosis, 39 patients with known AI, and 45 healthy volunteers. After subjects fasted ≥8 hours, serum and saliva samples were collected for determinations of TSC and SaC at baseline 0'(T0) and at 30-minute intervals after intravenous administration of 250 µg ACTH [30'(T30), 60'(T60), and 90'(T90)]. RESULTS: Based on the findings in healthy subjects and patients with known AI, we defined AI in cirrhotic patients as SaC-T0< 0.08 µg/dL (2.2 nmol/L), SaC-T60 < 1.43 µg/dl (39.5 nmol/L), or ΔSaC<1 µg/dl (27.6 nmol/L). We compared AI determination in cirrhotic patients with the ACTH test using these SaC thresholds versus established TSC thresholds (TSC-T0< 9 µg/dl [248 nmol/L], TSC-T60 < 18 µg/dl [497 nmol/L], or ΔTSC<9 µg/dl [248 nmol/L]). SaC correlated well with TSC. The prevalence of AI in cirrhotic patients was higher when determined by TSC (48.7%) than by SaC (30.8%); however, this difference did not reach statistical significance. AI was associated with sex, cirrhosis etiology, and Child-Pugh classification. CONCLUSIONS: Measuring SaC was more accurate than TSC in the ACTH stimulation test. Measuring TSC overestimated the prevalence of AI in noncritically ill cirrhotic patients.

Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Heme Oxygenase-1, Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance in Morbid Obesity with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

INTRODUCTION: Morbid obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) interact at an inflammatory level. Bariatric surgery reduces inflammatory responses associated with obesity. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an enzyme with anti-inflammatory properties, which might be increased in morbid obesity or OSA. We studied morbidly obese patients with OSA to determine: (a) HO-1 plasma concentrations according to OSA severity and their relationship with insulin resistance and inflammation and (b) the impact of bariatric surgery on HO-1 and parameters of insulin resistance and inflammation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed the homeostasis model insulin resistance index (HOMA) and plasma concentrations of HO-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-1-beta, C reactive protein (CRP), and adiponectin according to polysomnography findings in 66 morbidly obese patients before bariatric surgery and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: Before surgery, HO-1 plasma concentrations were similar in three groups of patients with mild, moderate, and severe OSA, and correlated with HOMA (r = 0.27, p = 0.02). Twelve months after surgery, low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance had decreased in all the groups, but HO-1 plasma concentration had decreased only in the severe OSA group (p = 0.02). In this group, the reduction in HO-1 correlated with a reduction in CRP concentrations (r = 0.43, p = 0.04) and with improved HOMA score (r = 0.37, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery decreases HO-1 concentrations in morbid obesity with severe OSA, and this decrease is associated with decreases in insulin resistance and in inflammation.

A preliminary study of the prevalence of intestinal parasites in immunocompromised patients with and without gastrointestinal manifestations.

The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of the intestinal parasites most commonly found in immunocompromised patients. A group of 111 individuals with acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other immunocompromised conditions (principally haematological disorders) was selected. A battery of tests was performed on each individual to identify the presence of parasites (three stool specimens with saline solution and Lugol both directly and by concentration, culture and special staining). No significant differences were found among the frequencies of the different parasites with the several types of immunocompromised conditions. The overall frequencies of potentially pathogenic and opportunistic parasites were 32.4% (36/111) and 9% (10/111) respectively, the most frequently encountered among the latter being Cryptosporidium sp., Microsporidia spp. and Strongyloides stercoralis.

A preliminary study of the prevalence of intestinal parasites in immunocompromised patients with and without gastrointestinal manifestations

The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of the intestinal parasites most commonly found in immunocompromised patients. A group of 111 individuals with acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other immunocompromised conditions (principally haematological disorders) was selected. A battery of tests was performed on each individual to identify the presence of parasites (three stool specimens with saline solution and Lugol both directly and by concentration, culture and special staining). No significant differences were found among the frequencies of the different parasites with the several types of immunocompromised conditions. The overall frequencies of potentially pathogenic and opportunistic parasites were 32.4 percent (36/111) and 9 percent (10/111) respectively, the most frequently encountered among the latter being Cryptosporidium sp., Microsporidia spp. and Strongyloides stercoralis

Creencias y prácticas alimentarias e higiénicas en madres: según el estado nutricional de su hijo / Alimentary and hygienic beliefs and practices in mothers associated with yhe nutritional status of their children

El objetivo fue estudiar en las madres las creencias, prácticas y disposición al cambio, en áreas de alimentación, nutrición e higiene y su relación con el estado nutricional de sus hijos, para identificar entre patrones referenciales y conductuales maternos, aquellos hábitos protectores/reproducibles o perjudiciales/prevenibles. Aplicamos un instrumento de evaluación a 50 madres de Isla de Coche. Paralelamente se evalúo el estado nutricional antropométrico de sus hijos (n=76) preescolares y escolares, determinando Z-score para talla/edad, peso/edad y peso/talla (referencia OMS/Punto de corte +/-1DE) dividiéndolos en eutróficos (32 por ciento) y con déficit en peso y/o talla/edad (68 por ciento). Compatible con el déficit antropométrico, observamos una marcada insuficiencia conceptual y práctica referente a los elementos básicos en estudio. Encontramos como factores protectores en los niños eutróficos el conocimiento de las madres sobre vegetales, cereales, proteínas, calcio y otros micronutrientes (p<0.0001). En cuanto a prácticas a preventivas resultaron favorables, la mayor disponibilidad materna de tiempo en casa y el número de comidas suministradas al niño (3 en vez de 2) (p<0.0001). Dada la influencia materna sobre la nutrición infantil, se justifica que las actividades de educación para la salud, sean precedidas por el reconocimiento y atención de las creencias y hábitos que la generan y sustentan

Factores que influyen en la prevalencia e intensidad de las parasitosis intestinal en Venezuela / Factors that influence the prevalence and intensity of parasitic infections in Venezuela

Numerosos estudios realizados en países subdesarrollados la asociación que existe entre la pobreza y las condiciones higienicas limitantes que se asocian en una alta frecuencia e intensidad de estas infecciones. La situcaión de pobreza que acompaña a las parasitosis intestinales también se caracteriza por deficiencias nutricionales importantes que hacen más susceptibles a continuas reinfecciones. En Venezuela hemos venido realizando un estudio sobre los factores que promueven la alta frecuencia de parasitosis intestinales en áreas rurales y marginales urbanas de nuestro país tanto en niños escolares como preescolares. Hemos realizado un estudio comparativo en comunidades centinelas de los Estados Trujillo, Miranda, Sucre, Nueva Esparta, Delta Amacuro y en los barrios del 23 de Enero y Los Erasos en Caracas. Encontramos que la prevalencia e intensidad por Ascaris y Trichuris es similar en todos los grupos rurales (65-70 por ciento), mientras que la intensidad de las mismas, medidas en número de huevos por gramo de heces, fue significativamente (p<0,05) más alta en los Estados Sucre Y Miranda. En el ambiente urbano (Los Erasos y 23 de Enero), las prevalencias e intensidades por Ascaris y Trichuris fueron significativamente mas bajas (p<0,05). Con respecto a la prevalencia de otras helmintiasis como estrongiloidiasis y necatoriasis, las mismas sólo se encontraron en comunidades del estado Sucre y en niños de la etnia Warao en Delta de Amacuro. Entre los factores ambientales más importantes que se asocian a la alta prevalencia de estas infecciones, se encuentran la falta de agua potable y fallas en la disposición de excretas que promueven un ambiente adecuado para las continuas reinfecciones.