Role of Novel Motorized Enteroscopy in the Evaluation of Small Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Motorized spiral enteroscopy (MSE) has recently been introduced for small bowel evaluation. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of MSE for evaluation of small bowel diseases. METHODS: A literature search was performed in Embase, PubMed, Medline databases for studies evaluating MSE between January -2010 and October-2022. The primary outcome of the study was diagnostic yield with MSE. Secondary outcomes included technical success, procedure duration, depth of maximum insertion (DMI), rate of pan-enteroscopy and adverse events. RESULTS: 10 studies with 961 patients [581 (60.5%) males] were included in the analysis. 1068 MSE procedures were performed by antegrade route in 698, retrograde route in 215 and bidirectional in 155 patients. Technical success was achieved in 94.9% (95% CI 92.9% to 96.4%) procedures. The pooled diagnostic yield of MSE was 73.7% (95% CI 70.7% to 76.4%). Pooled rate of pan-enteroscopy by antegrade route was 21.9% (95% CI 18.1% to 26.1%), retrograde route was 6.9% (95% CI 2.4% to 18.3%) and combined route was 61.2% (95% CI 52.4% to 69.3%). Pooled rate of major adverse events was 1.9% (95% CI 1.2% to 3.2%). CONCLUSIONS: MSE is a safe and effective tool for evaluating small bowel disorders. High diagnostic yield and low rate of adverse events make it a potential alternative to balloon enteroscopy. However, comparative trials are required in the future.

A bromide substituted 2D additive for stable and efficient perovskite photovoltaics.

In this article, a bromide substituted 2D layered perovskite having a repeated vertical orientation and coexisting with the bulk of a 3D perovskite is reported for the first time. This novel structure is obtained through controlled compositional engineering of the perovskite precursor solution. The photovoltaic performance of this novel 2D/3D perovskite was higher than that of 3D MAPbI3 and a maximum photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.4% was achieved. The devices fabricated using this perovskite heterostructure were stable and retained their initial PCE up to 20 days when kept open in a laboratory environment with 40% relative humidity.

Characteristics and health implications of fine particulate matter near urban road site in Islamabad, Pakistan.

The escalating issue of air pollution has become a significant concern in urban regions, including Islamabad, Pakistan, due to the rise in air pollutant emissions driven by economic and industrial expansion. To gain a deeper understanding of air pollution, a study was conducted during winter 2022-2023, assessing physical, chemical, and biological factors in Islamabad. The findings revealed that the average concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was notably greater than the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, reaching 133.39 µg/m³. Additionally, the average concentration of bacteria (308.64 CFU/m³) was notably greater than that of fungi (203.55 CFU/m³) throughout the study. Analytical analyses, including SEM-EDS and FTIR, showed that the PM2.5 in Islamabad is composed of various particles such as soot aggregates, coal fly ash, minerals, bio-particles, and some unidentified particles. EF analysis distinguished PM2.5 sources, enhancing understanding of pollutants origin, whereas Spearman's correlation analysis elucidated constituent interactions, further explaining air quality impact. The results from the Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) indicated a gradual increase in the total elemental composition of PM2.5 from autumn to winter, maintaining high levels throughout the winter season. Furthermore, a significant variation was found in the mass concentration of PM2.5 when comparing samples collected in the morning and evening. The study also identified the presence of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in PM2.5 samples, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic compounds, with notable variations in their concentrations. Utilizing health risk assessment models developed by the US EPA, we estimated the potential health risks associated with PM2.5 exposure, highlighting the urgency of addressing air quality issues. These findings provide valuable insights into the sources and composition of PM2.5 in Islamabad, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of air quality and its potential environmental and health implications.

Urban trees' potential for regulatory services in the urban environment: an exploration of carbon sequestration.

Urbanisation has emerged as a formidable challenge for urban policymakers, reaching unparalleled heights and unsettling the ecological equilibrium of the cities. Urban areas now grapple with many issues encompassing climate change, resource depletion, population surges and increased pollution levels. Many planned cities have planted trees and other vegetation within the urban sectors to enhance air quality, mitigate climate effects and provide valuable ecosystem services. This study assessed tree species diversity and their potential for carbon sequestration in Panjab University Campus, Chandigarh. We established 188 plots, each comprising randomly selected quadrats measuring 10 m × 10 m, encompassing areas with varying levels of vegetation, ranging from low to moderate and high density. We used four different allometric equations to estimate tree biomass and carbon stock. Our findings revealed that 92 tree species belong to 72 genera and 35 families, with a total tree density of 975 ha-1. The total CO2 sequestration in form of carbon stock was 18,769.46 Mg C ha-1, with Manilkara hexandra (1239.20 Mg C ha-1), Ficus benghalensis (1072.24 Mg C ha-1), Kigelia pinnata (989.89 Mg C ha-1) and Lagerstroemia floribunda (716.88 Mg C ha-1) being the top contributors. Specifically, the equation of Chave et al. (2005) without tree height yielded the highest biomass and carbon stock estimates than other equations. The present study underscores the vital role of trees on the campus as potent carbon reservoirs meet to maintain an aesthetic sense for biotic components and alleviate rising levels of CO2 in the atmospheric environment. By emphasising the role of urban trees as potent carbon reservoirs, the study underscores the importance of integrating green infrastructure into urban planning strategies. Furthermore, it offers valuable guidance for urban planners. It suggests that strategic tree planting and maintenance can enhance green spaces, regulate temperatures and ultimately support regional and global climate change mitigation goals. Incorporating these findings into urban planning processes can aid policymakers in developing resilient, ecologically sustainable cities worldwide.

Disturbance and vegetational structure in an urban forest of Indian Siwaliks: an ecological assessment.

Urban forests face multiple human-mediated pressures leading to compromised ecosystem structure and functioning. Therefore, understanding ecosystem structure in response to ongoing pressures is crucial for sustaining ecological integrity and human well-being. We aim to assess the disturbance and its effects on the vegetation structure of urban forests in Chandigarh using a combination of remote sensing techniques and vegetation surveys. The disturbance was evaluated as a change in NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) from 2001 to 2021 by applying the BFAST (Breaks For Additive Season and Trend) algorithm to the MODIS satellite imagery data. A vegetation survey was conducted to compare the species composition, taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity as measures of forest vegetational structure. While signals of disturbance were evident, the changes in vegetation structure were not well established from our study. Further, this analysis indicated no significant differences in vegetation composition due to disturbance (F1,12 = 0.91, p = 0.575). However, the phylogenetic diversity was substantially lower for disturbed plots than undisturbed plots, though the taxonomic diversity was similar among the disturbed and undisturbed plots. Our results confirmed that disturbance effects are more prominent on the phylogenetic than taxonomic diversity. These findings can be considered early signals of disturbance and its impact on the vegetation structure of urban forests and contribute to the knowledge base on urban ecosystems. Our study has implications for facilitating evidence-based decision-making and the development of sustainable management strategies for urban forest ecosystems.

Liquid Phase Edge Epitaxy of Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers.

Precise monolayer epitaxy is important for two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors toward future electronics. Here, we report a new self-limited epitaxy approach, liquid phase edge epitaxy (LPEE), for precise-monolayer epitaxy of transition-metal dichalcogenides. In this method, the liquid solution contacts 2D grains only at the edges, which confines the epitaxy only at the grain edges and then precise monolayer epitaxy can be achieved. High-temperature in situ imaging of the epitaxy progress directly supports this edge-contact epitaxy mechanism. Typical transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers (MX2, M = Mo, W, and Re; X = S or Se) have been obtained by LPEE with a proper choice of molten alkali halide solvents (AL, A = Li, Na, K, and Cs; L = Cl, Br, or I). Furthermore, alloying and magnetic-element doping have also been realized by taking advantage of the liquid phase epitaxy approach. This LPEE method provides a precise and highly versatile approach for 2D monolayer epitaxy and can revolutionize the growth of 2D materials toward electronic applications.

An Effective Docking-Guided Strategy for Rational Tailoring of Fluorescent Aptamer Switches of Dimethylindole Red Analogue.

The light-up aptamer-dimethylindole red (DIR) complexes have been applied in biochemistry analysis as promising signal transduction tools. However, the unfavorable repulsions between DIR and the long-sequence aptamer switch hinder the complex's further development, and it is urgent to engineer a feasible and efficient strategy for synchronously and rationally adjusting the DIR chemical structure and the DIR aptamer performance. Herein, we communicate a versatile docking-guided rational tailoring strategy to effectively upgrade a DNA aptamer which specifically turns on the fluorescence of a synthesized amino-functionalized DIR analogue (NH2-DIR). After optimizing with three-level tailoring strategies including molecule docking-guided tailoring, coarse tailoring, and fine tailoring, the NH2-DIR aptamer switch with higher binding affinity and specificity, considerable fluorescence-activation ability, and 40% shortened length was obtained. Integrating the experimental and docking results, the binding mechanism between NH2-DIR and the tailored aptamer was deciphered via three types of interactions.

Dysregulation of butyrylcholinesterase, BCHE gene SNP rs1803274, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in occupational workers.

BACKGROUND: People in different occupations are exposed to a variety of xenobiotics which affect the health and physiological processes of the body. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), has been reported to play neuronal and non-neuronal roles, though its exact function is yet to be established. This study aimed to find the status and role of BChE in seven different occupational groups; gasoline fillers, auto-mechanics, carpenters, textile shop workers, furniture shop workers, electricians, and office workers. METHODS: A total of 400 samples were screened. BChE activity was determined by Worek et al. method based on Ellman's principle. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined by ELISA. Genotypic analysis of the K-variant of BCHE gene SNP was carried out by standard molecular methods. Among seven groups, office workers were taken as a control to compare the results with all other occupational groups. RESULTS: The results revealed a significant decrease in BChE activity in gasoline fillers (79.52%) followed by carpenters (73.49%), auto mechanics (39.76%), textile shop workers (18.07%), electricians (10.84%), and furniture shop workers (7.23%). TNF-α, IL-6, and IL1-ß were elevated in all groups. IL-6 and IL1-ß in gasoline fillers, and electricians were not statistically significantly increased. Binomial regression to determine the odd ratio was found to be significant (p < 0.05) in all groups. However, correlation (Pearson) did not reveal significance between different biochemical parameters. Genotypic analysis of the K-variant SNP of the BCHE gene showed a significant association with occupational groups when compared with control which indicates a possible association with xenobiotics exposure and the physiological role of K-variant in understudied occupational groups. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that BChE and its gene SNP rs 1803274 and proinflammatory cytokines significantly dysregulates under the exposure to cumulative multiple xenobiotics in different occupational groups which may lead to pathophysiological conditions.

CdSSe Nano-Flowers for Ultrasensitive Raman Detection of Antibiotics.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique is widely used for the highly sensitive detection of trace residues due to its unparalleled signal amplification ability and plays an important role in food safety, environmental monitoring, etc. Herein, CdSSe nano-flowers (CdSSe NFs) are synthesized via the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. CdSSe NFs thin film is used as a SERS substrate with an ultralow limit of detection (LOD, 10-14 M), high apparent enhancement factor (EF, 3.62 × 109), and excellent SERS stability (relative standard deviation, RSD = 3.05%) for probe molecules of Rh6G. Further, CdSSe NFs substrate is successfully applied in the sensitive, quantitative, and label-free analysis of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and enrofloxacin (ENR) antibiotics, which exhibit LODs of below 0.5 ppb. This excellent SERS platform may be widely utilized for sensitive life science and environmental sensing.

Left hepatectomy for hepatic hydatid cyst with intra-biliary rupture: Better to be radical.

Echinococcal liver cysts are predominantly located in the right lobe of the liver and are mostly asymptomatic. A frank intra-biliary rupture (IBR) of hydatid cyst is uncommon, having variable clinical presentation and treatment options. We present a case of a 60-year-old male patient who presented with pain in the upper abdomen associated with vomiting but without jaundice. On investigations, he was diagnosed to have a left lobe hepatic hydatid cyst (HHC) with IBR for which left hepatectomy with bile duct exploration was performed. It highlights the benign nature of the disease for which seldom major hepatectomies have to be performed.

Total robotic lateral pancreaticojejunostomy and modified Frey's procedure for chronic calcific pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Surgical intervention has been shown to have good post-operative outcomes in patients with chronic pancreatitis with pain refractory to oral analgesics. We present our initial experience with robotic lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) and modified Frey's procedure (MFP). METHODOLOGY: Patients with chronic calcific pancreatitis were evaluated with routine biochemical and radiological investigations. The indication of surgery was intractable pain which was recorded by an Intensity Frequency, Consequence (IFC) pain score. The patient was placed in a reverse Trendelenburg position with four 8-mm robotic ports and one 12-mm assistant port. Robotic ultrasound was utilized to identify the pancreatic duct. After retrieving all the calculi, which was confirmed by pancreatoscopy with the help of a video choledochoscope and performing the head coring in particular cases, the Roux-en-Y LPJ was performed. RESULTS: Among five patients (4 males, one female), robotic LPJ was performed in 2 and MFP in 3 patients. The cohort's median age was 32 (interquartile range (IQR), 28, 40) years, and the median (IQR) pancreatic duct size was 9 (9, 13) mm. The median (IQR) duration of the procedure was 385 (380, 405) minutes, with a median (IQR) blood loss of 100 (50-100) ml, and the patients were discharged on median post-operative day 5. The patients continue to do well at a median follow-up of 3-30 months without the requirement of oral analgesics. CONCLUSION: Robotic LPJ and MFP are feasible in experienced hands with good post-operative outcomes and enhanced quality of life. Intra-operative pancreatoscopy with the help of a choledochoscope can be utilized to ascertain the complete clearance of pancreatic duct stones and the consequent pain relief.

An all two-dimensional vertical heterostructure graphene/CuInP2S6/MoS2for negative capacitance field effect transistor.

As scaling down the size of metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (FETs), power dissipation has become a major challenge. Lowering down the sub-threshold swing (SS) is known as an effective technique to decrease the operating voltage of FETs and hence lower down the power consumption. However, the Boltzmann distribution of electrons (so-called 'Boltzmann tyranny') implements a physical limit to the SS value. Use of negative capacitance (NC) effect has enabled a new path to achieve a low SS below the Boltzmann limit (60 mV dec-1at room temperature). In this work, we have demonstrated a NC-FET from an all two-dimensional (2D) metal ferroelectric semiconductor (MFS) vertical heterostructure: Graphene/CuInP2S6/MoS2. The negative capacitance from the ferroelectric CuInP2S6has enabled the breaking of the 'Boltzmann tyranny'. The heterostructure based device has shown steep slopes switching below 60 mV dec-1(lowest to < 10 mV dec-1) over 3 orders of source-drain current, which provides an avenue for all 2D material based steep slope FETs.

Size-dependent strain-engineered nanostructures in MoS2monolayer investigated by atomic force microscopy.

The strain has been employed for controlled modification of electronical and mechanical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials. However, the thermal strain-engineered behaviors of the CVD-grown MoS2have not been systematically explored. Here, we investigated the strain-induced structure and properties of CVD-grown triangular MoS2flakes by several advanced atomic force microscopy. Two different kinds of flakes with sharp-corner or vein-like nanostructures are experimentally discovered due to the size-dependent strain behaviors. The critical size of these two kinds of flakes can be roughly estimated at âˆ¼17µm. Within the small flakes, the sharp-corner regions show specific strain-modified properties due to the suffering of large tensile strain. While in the large MoS2flakes, the complicated vein-like nanoripple structures were formed due to the interface slipping process under the larger tensile strain. Our work not only demonstrates the size-specific strain behaviors of MoS2flakes but also sheds light on the artificial design and preparation of strain-engineered nanostructures for the devices based on the 2D materials.

Phase Transition Photodetection in Charge Density Wave Tantalum Disulfide.

The charge density wave (CDW) phase is a macroscopic quantum state with periodic charge density modulation accompanied by periodic lattice distortion in low-dimensional metals. External fields, such as an electric field and optical excitation, can trigger the transitions among different CDW states, leaving an under-explored mechanism and attracting great interest toward optoelectronic applications. Here, we explore a photoinduced phase transition in 1T-TaS2 under an electrical field. By analyzing the phase transition probability, we obtained a linear dependence of the phase transition barrier on the electric field and laser energy density. Additionally, the threshold laser energy for the phase transition decreases linearly with an increasing applied electrical field. Finally, picojoule photodetection was realized in the visible and near-infrared ranges near the CDW transition edge. Our work will promote the understanding of the CDW phase transition mechanism as well as open pathways for optoelectronic applications.

Effectiveness of educational intervention in raising knowledge regarding breast cancer among female nurses.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of nursing educational session on nurses' knowledge level related to breast cancer. METHODS: The quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Dow University of Health Sciences, and the Dr. Ruth Pfau Civil Hospital, Karachi, from January to July 2018, and comprised nurses from two tertiary care hospitals. A single educational session lasting 90-120-minute was conducted for all the subjects. Knowledge level was tested at baseline and post-intervention using the Comprehensive Breast Cancer Knowledge Test questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. RESULTS: There were 131 nurses with a mean age of 31.05±6.23 years (range: 18-47 years). Overall, 53(40.5%) subjects had General Nursing Diploma; 92(70.2%) were married; 108(82.4%) had no history of breast cancer, 47(35.9%) had 1-4 years of working experience; and 106(80.9%) had completed their graduation from public-sector institutions. The improvement post-intervention was significant in all the three components of knowledge (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Nursing educational session was found to have increased nurses' knowledge related to breast cancer.

Insights into the Function and Horizontal Transfer of Isoproturon Degradation Genes (pdmAB) in a Biobed System.

Biobeds, designed to minimize pesticide point source contamination, rely mainly on biodegradation processes. We studied the interactions of a biobed microbial community with the herbicide isoproturon (IPU) to explore the role of the pdmA gene, encoding the large subunit of an N-demethylase responsible for the initial demethylation of IPU, via quantitative PCR (qPCR) and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) and the effect of IPU on the diversity of the total bacterial community and its active fraction through amplicon sequencing of DNA and RNA, respectively. We further investigated the localization and dispersal mechanisms of pdmAB in the biobed packing material by measuring the abundance of the plasmid pSH (harboring pdmAB) of the IPU-degrading Sphingomonas sp. strain SH (previously isolated from the soil used in the biobed) compared with the abundance of the pdmA gene and metagenomic fosmid library screening. pdmA abundance and expression increased concomitantly with IPU mineralization, verifying its major role in IPU transformation in the biobed system. DNA- and RNA-based 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis showed no effects on bacterial diversity. The pdmAB-harboring plasmid pSH showed a consistently lower abundance than pdmA, suggesting the localization of pdmAB in replicons other than pSH. Metagenomic analysis identified four pdmAB-carrying fosmids. In three of these fosmids, the pdmAB genes were organized in a well-conserved operon carried by sphingomonad plasmids with low synteny with pSH, while the fourth fosmid contained an incomplete pdmAB cassette localized in a genomic fragment of a Rhodanobacter strain. Further analysis suggested a potentially crucial role of IS6 and IS256 in the transposition and activation of the pdmAB operon.IMPORTANCE Our study provides novel insights into the interactions of IPU with the bacterial community of biobed systems, reinforces the assumption of a transposable nature of IPU-degrading genes, and verifies that on-farm biobed systems are hot spots for the evolution of pesticide catabolic traits.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles transformed synthetic textile dye into less toxic intermediate molecules through LC-MS analysis and treated the actual wastewater.

The illegal disposal of waste from textile industries having recalcitrant pollutants is a worldwide problem with more severity in developing nations. We used an ecofriendly method to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from a locally-isolated bacterial strain Bacillus marisflavi TEZ7 and employed them as photocatalysts to degrade not only synthetic azo dyes but also actual textile effluents followed by phytotoxicity evaluation and identification of degradation molecules. The strain TEZ7 was taxonomically identified through the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Biogenic AgNPs were characterized for stabilizing molecules, crystal structure, size, shape and elemental composition by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of biogenic AgNPs for three azo dyes such as Direct Blue-1, Methyl Red, and Reactive Black-5 ranged between 54.14 and 96.92% after 5 h of sunlight exposure at a concentration of 100 mg/L. Moreover, the actual wastewater treatment analysis revealed that the 100 mg/L dose of AgNPs significantly decreased the concentration of various physico-chemical parameters of textile effluents such as pH, EC, chlorides, sulphates, hardness, BOD, COD, TSS and TDS. Furthermore, six intermediate molecules of methyl red degradation were identified by LC-MS and it was established by a pot study that these degradation molecules have no phytotoxic effects on rice plants. It was concluded that the AgNPs can be used as an efficient and low-cost strategy for the degradation of azo dyes containing textile wastewaters.

Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) survey of canine rabies in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab Province of Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the extent of knowledge and understanding of rabies disease in rural and urban communities of Pakistan. It also identified malpractices after suspected dog bite that might pose a risk for humans contracting rabies. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted (n = 1466) on people having different age groups and educational levels in four different geographic regions of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces in Pakistan. Knowledge, attitude, and practices of people were assessed using a structured questionnaire. We used a bivariate and multivariate analysis to study the association between rabies related mortalities in near or extended family members and different risk behaviors. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that the majority of the juvenile population (less than 18 years of age) were not aware of the clinical signs of rabies in animals. 75% of the total respondents were not vaccinated against rabies, 60% did not seek a doctor's advice after a suspected animal bite, and 55% had inadequate health care facilities for rabies patients in local hospitals. Respondents that had pets at home had not vaccinated (38%; p < 0.05; odds ratio 1.58) themselves against rabies due to lack of knowledge and awareness of pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies (51%; p < 0.05; odds ratio 1.25). They also tend to not visit doctor after suspected bite (52%; p < 0.05; odds ratio 1.97), which may had resulted in more deaths (65%; p < 0.05; odds ratio 1.73) of someone in their near or extended family due to rabies. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of knowledge about the nature of rabies disease and prophylaxis has contributed to increase of rabies related deaths. Inadequate health care facilities and poor attitude of not seeking medical attention after suspected dog bite are the major reasons of rabies related deaths. These findings could help in devising a targeted management strategy and awareness program to control and reduce the incidence of human rabies related deaths in Pakistan.

Interfacial water intercalation-induced metal-insulator transition in NbS2/BN heterostructure.

Interfacial engineering, such as molecule intercalation, can modify properties and optimize performance of van der Waals heterostructures and their devices. Here, we investigated the pristine and water molecule intercalated heterointerface of niobium disulphide (NbS2) on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) (NbS2/BN) using advanced atomic force microscopy (AFM), and observed the metal-insulator transition (MIT) of first layer (1L-) of NbS2 induced by water molecule intercalation. In pristine sample, interfacial charge transfers were confirmed by the direct detection of trapped static charges at the post-exposed h-BN surface, produced by mechanically peeling off the 1L-NbS2 from the substrate. The interfacial charge transfers facilitate the intercalation of water molecules at the heterointerface. The intercalated water layers make a MIT of 1L-NbS2, while the pristine metallic state of the following NbS2 layers remains preserved. This work is of great significance to help understand the interfacial properties of 2D metal/insulator heterostructures and can pave the way for further preparation of an ultrathin transistor.

Organic charge transfer complexes on graphene with ultrahigh near infrared photogain.

Photodetectors have widespread applications in fields including telecommunications, thermal imaging and bio-medical imaging. The photogating effect, arising from charge trapping at defects and/or interfaces, can have extremely high photoelectric gain which can be a benefit to high-sensitivity room temperature photodetection. Here, we introduce thin layered organic charge transfer complexes (CPXs) integrated on graphene transistors for the development of hybrid phototransistors with ultra-high photoresponsivity of ∼106 A W-1 in the near infrared (NIR) region at room temperature. Our study has demonstrated a graphene-organic CPX with a broadband photoresponse ranging from the visible to the NIR region. The high photoelectric gain was from the photogating effect at the graphene/CPX interface. In addition, the photoresponse properties of the graphene-organic CPX can be regulated by electrical gating of graphene.