RESUMO
There is a growing focus on better understanding the complexity of dietary patterns and how they relate to health and other factors. Approaches that have not traditionally been applied to characterize dietary patterns, such as machine learning algorithms and latent class analysis methods, may offer opportunities to measure and characterize dietary patterns in greater depth than previously considered. However, there has not been a formal examination of how this wide range of approaches has been applied to characterize dietary patterns. This scoping review synthesized literature from 2005-2022 applying methods not traditionally used to characterize dietary patterns, referred to as novel methods. MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus were searched using keywords including machine learning, latent class analysis, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). Of 5274 records identified, 24 met the inclusion criteria. Twelve of 24 articles were published since 2020. Studies were conducted across 17 countries. Nine studies used approaches that have applications in machine learning to identify dietary patterns. Fourteen studies assessed associations between dietary patterns that were characterized using novel methods and health outcomes, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and asthma. There was wide variation in the methods applied to characterize dietary patterns and in how these methods were described. The extension of reporting guidelines and quality appraisal tools relevant to nutrition research to consider specific features of novel methods may facilitate complete and consistent reporting and enable evidence synthesis to inform policies and programs aimed at supporting healthy dietary patterns.
RESUMO
Most gene expression profiling studies of mesothelioma have been based on relatively small sample numbers, limiting their statistical power. We did Affymetrix U133A microarray analysis on 99 pleural mesotheliomas, in which multivariate analysis showed advanced-stage, sarcomatous histology and P16/CDKN2A homozygous deletion to be significant independent adverse prognostic factors. Comparison of the expression profiles of epithelioid versus sarcomatous mesotheliomas identified many genes significantly overexpressed among the former, including previously unrecognized ones, such as uroplakins and kallikrein 11, both confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Examination of the gene expression correlates of survival showed that more aggressive mesotheliomas expressed higher levels of Aurora kinases A and B and functionally related genes involved in mitosis and cell cycle control. Independent confirmation of the negative effect of Aurora kinase B was obtained by immunohistochemistry in a separate patient cohort. A role for Aurora kinases in the aggressive behavior of mesotheliomas is of potential clinical interest because of the recent development of small-molecule inhibitors. We then used our data to develop microarray-based predictors of 1 year survival; these achieved a maximal accuracy of 68% in cross-validation. However, this was inferior to prognostic prediction based on standard clinicopathologic variables and P16/CDNK2A status (accuracy, 73%), and adding the microarray model to the latter did not improve overall accuracy. Finally, we evaluated three recently published microarray-based outcome prediction models, but their accuracies ranged from 63% to 67%, consistently lower than reported. Gene expression profiling of mesotheliomas is an important discovery tool, but its power in clinical prognostication has been overestimated.
Assuntos
Deleção de Genes , Genes p16 , Mesotelioma/genética , Neoplasias Pleurais/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/biossíntese , Adulto , Idoso , Aurora Quinase B , Aurora Quinases , Análise por Conglomerados , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Mesotelioma/enzimologia , Mesotelioma/metabolismo , Mesotelioma/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Neoplasias Pleurais/enzimologia , Neoplasias Pleurais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pleurais/patologia , Prognóstico , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genéticaRESUMO
Most pancreatic endocrine neoplasms (PENs) show characteristic and well-recognized endocrine morphology; however, a lipid-rich pattern, which can present a diagnostic problem in biopsies, has been reported, mostly as individual cases. Some have been included in descriptions of the rare clear-cell variant associated with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome. The histogenesis, clinicopathologic characteristics, and significance of this lipid-rich pattern have not been unraveled. In this study, 11 PENs exhibiting foamy, microvesicular cytoplasm were analyzed. In some cases, the nuclei were distorted by the vesicles, and the usual endocrine chromatin pattern was not evident. The growth pattern was relatively diffuse, with vague compartmentalization of the cells by a delicate vasculature; prominent nesting was noted in only 4 cases. Pathology reports indicated substantial diagnostic challenge in these cases; on biopsies, 1 case was originally diagnosed as adrenal cortical carcinoma, another as renal cell carcinoma, a third as solid-pseudopapillary tumor, and a fourth had a fine needle aspiration cytologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. All cases were chromogranin and synaptophysin positive. Electron microscopy in 3 cases confirmed the cytoplasmic vesicles to be lipid vacuoles. Neurosecretory granules were also evident. Clinically, as in conventional PENs, there appeared to be two distinct subsets: Two cases were familial or functional/syndromic (1 with VHL and the other with MEN-1 and glucagonoma syndrome) and occurred in younger adults (ages 41 and 47 years); the majority (n = 9) were nonfunctional/nonsyndromic and nonfamilial. The latter group was mostly represented by elderly males (mean age: 65 vs. 58 years in conventional sporadic PENs). Immunohistochemically, markers implicated in VHL-associated neoplasia, including HIF-1alpha, inhibin, and Melan-A (in clear-cell PENs) and MUC6 (in serous cystadenomas) were mostly negative in lipid-rich PENs (1 of 10, 1 of 10, 0 of 10 and 0 of 10, respectively). In conclusion, the lipid-rich pattern, reminiscent of adrenal cortical cells, represents a distinct subset of PENs. It presents a diagnostic challenge for surgical pathologists, especially in biopsies. EM supports the name lipid-rich for this variant. The findings suggest that the pathogenesis of lipid-rich tumors may be different from the VHL-associated clear-cell variants of PENs.
Assuntos
Neoplasias das Glândulas Endócrinas/patologia , Lipídeos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Neoplasias das Glândulas Endócrinas/complicações , Neoplasias das Glândulas Endócrinas/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasia Endócrina Múltipla Tipo 1/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/complicações , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Doença de von Hippel-Lindau/complicaçõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mechanical installation workers experience work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) at high rates. OBJECTIVES: (1) Quantify the ergonomic demands during HVAC installation, (2) identify the tasks and task parameters that generated extreme ergonomic demands, and (3) propose improvements to reduce the WMSDs among mechanical workers. METHOD: The study focused on installation of rectangular ductwork components using ladders, and analyzed five operations by two mechanical contractors. Using continuous time observational assessment, the videotaped operations were analyzed along two dimensions: (1) the production tasks and durations, and (2) the ergonomic demands for four body regions (neck, arms/shoulders, back, and knees). The analysis identified tasks with low portion of productive time and high portion of extreme postures, and task parameters that generated extreme postures. RESULTS: Duct alignment was the task with the highest portion of extreme postures. The position of the ladder (angle and distance from the duct) was a task parameter that strongly influenced the extreme postures for back, neck and shoulders. Other contributing factors included the difficulty to reach the hand tools when working on the ladder, the congestion of components in the ceiling, and the space between the duct and the ceiling. CONCLUSIONS: The identified tasks and factors provide directions for improvement.
Assuntos
Ar Condicionado/efeitos adversos , Calefação/efeitos adversos , Traumatismos Ocupacionais/etiologia , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Ar Condicionado/métodos , Eficiência/fisiologia , Feminino , Calefação/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Traumatismos Ocupacionais/epidemiologia , Postura/fisiologia , Fatores de RiscoAssuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto/normas , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde/normas , Cirurgia Torácica/normas , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/cirurgia , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Excisão de Linfonodo/métodos , Excisão de Linfonodo/estatística & dados numéricos , Linfonodos/cirurgia , Invasividade Neoplásica/patologia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Sociedades Médicas/normas , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Doenças das Glândulas Salivares/imunologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/imunologia , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Idoso , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Doenças Autoimunes/complicações , Doenças Autoimunes/diagnóstico , Doenças Autoimunes/tratamento farmacológico , Biópsia por Agulha , Seguimentos , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Doenças Raras , Doenças das Glândulas Salivares/complicações , Doenças das Glândulas Salivares/diagnóstico , Doenças das Glândulas Salivares/terapia , Cirurgia Torácica Vídeoassistida/métodos , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose Pulmonar/complicações , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/terapiaRESUMO
CONTEXT: A subset of lung adenocarcinomas appears preferentially sensitive to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). EGFR-activating mutations and never smoking are associated with response to TKIs. OBJECTIVES: To describe the morphology of adenocarcinomas responsive to TKIs, compare it to tumors in nonresponding patients, and correlate findings with EGFR mutations, gene copy number, and protein expression. DESIGN: Material from 52 EGFR TKI-treated patients was studied: 29 responders and 23 nonresponders. Adenocarcinoma subtypes and morphologic features were defined in histologic and cytologic material. EGFR mutations were detected by sequencing, copy number by chromogenic in situ hybridization, and expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Tumors from TKI responders tended to be better-differentiated adenocarcinomas with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma components. Nonresponders showed more heterogeneous morphology, higher grade, and more subtypes, and were more likely to show solid growth. In nonresponders, the only pure bronchioloalveolar carcinoma was mucinous, a subtype known to be negative for EGFR mutations. Using World Health Organization criteria, all tumors in both groups other than pure bronchioloalveolar carcinomas would be classified as adenocarcinomas, mixed subtype, thereby obscuring some of these distinctions. EGFR mutations were significantly more common in responders (22/29 vs 0/23; P < .001). Immunohistochemistry and chromogenic in situ hybridization results were not significantly correlated with EGFR mutations or response to TKIs in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, histologic differences exist between tumors that respond to TKIs and those that do not, although sampling affects classification, and there is significant histologic overlap between the 2 groups. Response is strongly associated with EGFR mutations.