Prospective systematic risk analysis of the digital technology use within pharmaceutical care.

BACKGROUND: Digital technologies are present in every phase of a drug lifecycle, from drug design and development to its dispensing and use. However, given the rapid development and implementation of digital solutions, their monitoring, evaluation, and risk assessment are limited and lacking. OBJECTIVE: This research is aiming to identify potential errors, quantify and prioritize associated risks in the context of certain technologies used in pharmaceutical care, as well as define corrective measures to improve patient safety and the quality of pharmaceutical care. METHODS: A 10-member multidisciplinary team conducted Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) to identify critical risks, their causes and effects, along with developing corrective measures within the selected digital health components: Telepharmacy, mHealth, Artificial intelligence (AI), and Software infrastructure and systems. Critical risks were determined by calculating risk priority numbers (RPNs) from severity, occurence, and detectability scores. RESULTS: This study identified 42 risks regarding the 4 components. After calculating RPNs and the threshold RPN (RPN=30), 8 critical risks were identified. Corrective measures were proposed for these failure modes, after which the risks were re-evaluated (RPN sum was reduced from 414 to 156). The risk with the highest RPN value was Internet/identity fraud, while the rest included inadequate and incomplete data entry and management, flawed implementation, human and technology errors, and lack of transparency, personalization and infrastructure. For the critical risks, 42 different causes were recognized on a system, technological and individual level while their effects were discussed in terms of patient safety and business management in pharmacies. CONCLUSION: Digitalization of pharmaceutical practice promises greater effectiveness of pharmaceutical care, but in order to achieve this, efforts, resources and initiatives must be directed toward timely identification of problems, appropriate monitoring, and building adequate infrastructure that can support safe implementation of digital tools and services despite the swift development of innovations.

Exploring experiences of pharmacists and pharmacy students using mHealth apps: A qualitative study of user experience.

PURPOSE: Pharmacists can enhance mHealth delivery by promoting the awareness and use of health apps, while pharmacy students and early career pharmacists allow broader perspective for further development. This study aimed to explore the experiences and attitudes of pharmacy students and pharmacists, on the use, advantages and possible improvement of available mHealth platforms in Serbia. METHODS: One-on-one interviews were conducted online in two phases, during March and April 2020 (n = 40) and during March 2021 (n = 20), using a published, validated interview guide which was adapted for this study. Interviews were transcribed ad verbatim, coded and thematically analysed. RESULTS: Although participants recognized room for optimization, most apps had satisfactory user experience. Participants used health apps as a source of updated information and tools in education and work, but also for self-development. During working hours, participants mostly used medication-related apps, however, it was shown that they use different health apps in order to provide the best possible care to patients. CONCLUSIONS: Greater insight into usage, expectations, benefits and challenges of mHealth in pharmacy was obtained and can lead into better informed design of health apps to encourage students and pharmacists, both as professionals and individuals, on the path of their continuous improvement.