[The revised version of standard terminology in gastroenterological endoscopy - result of a consensus project of the german society for gastroenterology, digestive and metabolic diseases]. / Neufassung der Standard-Terminologie in der gastroenterologischen Endoskopie ­ Ergebnis eines Konsensusprojekts der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten.

A uniform and comprehensive terminology is essential in the correct documentation of diagnostic or therapeutic endoscopic procedure. In the German-speaking world, the standard terminology available so far is based on a previous version published in 1999. Therefore, the German Society for Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS) has undergone a comprehensive revision and re-structuring of the terminology. This appeared mandatory due to various changes, new diagnoses and new endoscopic procedures. The suggestions drawn up by individual working groups were approved by consensus and are now available as an online document (https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-121167) for modifying current software systems. In order to ensure an up-to-date documentation in the future, it was decided that annual updates will be performed by the DGVS to check respective software packages for modifications and new contents.

Modeling the kinetics of enzymic reactions in mainly solid reaction mixtures.

There is currently considerable interest in using mainly solid reaction mixtures for enzymic catalysis. In these reactions starting materials dissolve into, and product materials crystalize out of, a small amount of liquid phase in which the catalytic reaction occurs. An initial mathematical model for mass transfer effects in such systems is constructed using some physically reasonable approximations. The model equations are solved numerically to determine how the reactant concentrations vary with time and position. To evaluate the extent to which mass transfer limits the overall rate of product formation, an effectiveness factor is defined as the ratio of the observed total reaction rate to the total reaction rate in the reaction limited limit. As expected, the value of the effectiveness factor in steady state is strongly dependent on the Thiele modulus. However, it is also observed that the effectiveness factor can vary widely as a result of changes in the other dimensionless groups characterizing the system. For example, there are situations with Thiele modulus equal to unity in which the value of the effectiveness factor varies between approximately 0.1 and 0.8 as the other parameters are varied in physically reasonable ranges. Analytical asymptotic solutions that provide good approximations to the numerically calculated results in various physically important limiting cases are also presented.

Litotripsia endoscópica à laser em cálculos difíceis näo responsivos à litotripsia extracorpórea por ondas de choque / Endoscopic laser lithotripsy for difficult bile duct stones after unsuccessful extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Introduçao: Em torno de 97 por cento dos casos de coledocolitíase podem ser resolvidos através da papilotomia endoscópica aliada à litotripsia mecânica intracoledociana ou à litotripsia extracorpórea por ondas de choque. Neste estudo avaliou-se o papel da litotripsia intracoledociana à laser após insucesso dos métodos de litotripsia citados acima, em pacientes com "cálculos coledocianos difíceis", ou seja, aqueles que nao respondem à terapêutica endoscópica habitual, ou por seu tamanho, ou por se situarem proximal a uma estenose. Métodos: Dezoito pacientes (l5M, 3H; idade mediana = 69 (28-83) anos) foram tratados por litotripsia à laser, por via endoscópica transpapilar, após insucesso de litotripsia mecânica ou extracorpórea. Utilizou-se um sistema de raios laser capaz de diferenciar tecido humano de cálculos biliares a base de Rodamina 6 G. Resultados: Dezessete pacientes foram tratados endoscopicamente e um por via percutânea após insucesso do método transpapilar, devido a uma estenose biliar. Em 14 (78 por cento) a via biliar foi liberada de cálculos após uma média de 1,56 sessoes de terapia com laser. Em outros dois pacientes, ocorreu fragmentaçao parcial dos cálculos, possibilitando o uso de litotripsia mecânica ou eletrohidráulica. No geral, a terapêutica foi bem sucedida em 89 por cento dos casos. Um paciente apresentou colangite como complicaçao e a mortalidade nessa série foi de zero. Conclusao: Conclui-se que a litotripsia por laser é uma alternativa eficaz e segura para uma populaçao altamente selecionada com cálculos coledocianos gigantes ou proximal a estenoses ("cálculos difíceis") e com considerável risco cirúrgico.