The Nonclinical Assessment of Trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze (E)), a Near Zero Global Warming Potential Propellant for Use in Metered Dose Inhalation Products.

HFO-1234ze (E) is proposed as a near zero global warming propellant for use in metered dose inhaled (MDI) products. This paper describes the non-clinical safety assessment in mice, rats, and dogs and supplements previously reported data (genetic toxicology, short-term toxicology, and reproductive toxicology). In all species, HFO-1234ze (E) was only detectable in blood for a short period after dosing with no evidence of accumulation. HFO-1234ze (E) was without any toxicological effects at very high doses in subchronic (13-week mouse) and chronic (39-week dog) studies. Chronic (26-week) administration to rats at very high doses was associated with an exacerbation of rodent progressive cardiomyopathy, a well-documented background finding in rodents. In a 2-generation study, extremely high doses were associated with the early euthanasia of some lactating female rats. This finding was considered to be significantly influenced by a state of negative energy balance, reflecting the specific vulnerability of rats during lactation. These findings are considered to not pose a risk to humans with typical MDI use given they occurred at doses which far exceed those expected in patients. Overall, the nonclinical safety data for HFO-1234ze (E) support its further development as an MDI propellant.

Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Primary Digital Histopathology Evaluation and Peer Review for Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) Nonclinical Toxicology Studies.

The Society of Toxicologic Pathology's Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee formed a working group to consider the present and future use of digital pathology in toxicologic pathology in general and specifically its use in primary evaluation and peer review in Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) environments. Digital histopathology systems can save costs by reducing travel, enhancing organizational flexibility, decreasing slide handling, improving collaboration, increasing access to historical images, and improving quality and efficiency through integration with laboratory information management systems. However, the resources to implement and operate a digital pathology system can be significant. Given the magnitude and risks involved in the decision to adopt digital histopathology, this working group used pertinent previously published survey results and its members' expertise to create a Points-to-Consider article to assist organizations with building and implementing digital pathology workflows. With the aim of providing a comprehensive perspective, the current publication summarizes aspects of digital whole-slide imaging relevant to nonclinical histopathology evaluations, and then presents points to consider applicable to both primary digital histopathology evaluation and digital peer review in GLP toxicology studies. The Supplemental Appendices provide additional tabulated resources.

Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Brief Communication: 2019 Survey on Use of Digital Histopathology Systems in Nonclinical Toxicology Studies.

Histopathologic evaluation and peer review using digital whole-slide images (WSIs) is a relatively new medium for assessing nonclinical toxicology studies in Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) environments. To better understand the present and future use of digital pathology in nonclinical toxicology studies, the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) formed a working group to survey STP members with the goal of creating recommendations for implementation. The survey was administered in December 2019, immediately before the COVID-19 pandemic, and the results suggested that the use of digital histopathology for routine GLP histopathology assessment was not widespread. Subsequently, in follow-up correspondence during the pandemic, many responding institutions either began investigating or adopting digital WSI systems to reduce employee exposure to COVID-19. Therefore, the working group presents the survey results as a pre-pandemic baseline data set. Recommendations for use of WSI systems in GLP environments will be the subject of a separate publication.

Effect of sequence features on assembly of spider silk block copolymers.

Bioengineered spider silk block copolymers were studied to understand the effect of protein chain length and sequence chemistry on the formation of secondary structure and materials assembly. Using a combination of in vitro protein design and assembly studies, we demonstrate that silk block copolymers possessing multiple repetitive units self-assemble into lamellar microstructures. Additionally, the study provides insights into the assembly behavior of spider silk block copolymers in concentrated salt solutions.

Deep Learning of Binary Solution Phase Behavior of Polystyrene.

Predicting binary solution phase behavior of polymers has remained a challenge since the early theory of Flory-Huggins, hindering the processing, synthesis, and design of polymeric materials. Herein, we take a complementary data-driven approach by building a machine learning framework to make fast and accurate predictions of polymer solution cloud point temperatures. Using polystyrene, both upper and lower critical solution temperatures are predicted within experimental uncertainty (1-2 °C) with a deep neural network, Gaussian process regression (GPR) model, and a combination of polymer, solvent, and state features. The GPR model also enables intelligent exploration of solution phase space, where as little as 25 cloud points are required to make predictions within 2 °C for polystyrene of arbitrary molecular weight in cyclohexane. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of machine learning for the prediction of liquid-liquid equilibrium of polymer solutions and establishes a framework to incorporate other polymers and complex macromolecular architectures.

International recommendations for training future toxicologic pathologists participating in regulatory-type, nonclinical toxicity studies.

The International Federation of Societies of Toxicologic Pathologists (IFSTP) proposes a common global framework for training future toxicologic pathologists who will support regulatory-type, nonclinical toxicology studies. Optimally, trainees should undertake a scientific curriculum of at least five years at an accredited institution leading to a clinical degree (veterinary medicine or medicine). Trainees should then obtain four or more years of intensive pathology practice during a residency and/or on-the-job "apprenticeship," at least two years of which must be focused on regulatory-type toxicologic pathology topics. Possession of a recognized pathology qualification (i.e., certification) is highly recommended. A nonclinical pathway (e.g., a graduate degree in medical biology or pathology) may be possible if medically trained pathologists are scarce, but this option is not optimal. Regular, lifelong continuing education (peer review of nonclinical studies, professional meetings, reading, short courses) will be necessary to maintain and enhance one's understanding of current toxicologic pathology knowledge, skills, and tools. This framework should provide a rigorous yet flexible way to reliably train future toxicologic pathologists to generate, interpret, integrate, and communicate data in regulatory-type, nonclinical toxicology studies.

Experimental melting curve of zirconium metal to 37 GPa.

In this report, we present results of high-pressure experiments probing the melt line of zirconium (Zr) up to 37 GPa. This investigation has determined that temperature versus laser power curves provide an accurate method to determine melt temperatures. When this information is combined with the onset of diffuse scattering, which is associated with the melt process, we demonstrate the ability to accurately determine the melt boundary. This presents a reliable method for rapid determination of melt boundary and agrees well with other established techniques for such measurements, as reported in previous works on Zr.

Silk-fibronectin protein alloy fibres support cell adhesion and viability as a high strength, matrix fibre analogue.

Silk is a natural polymer with broad utility in biomedical applications because it exhibits general biocompatibility and high tensile material properties. While mechanical integrity is important for most biomaterial applications, proper function and integration also requires biomaterial incorporation into complex surrounding tissues for many physiologically relevant processes such as wound healing. In this study, we spin silk fibroin into a protein alloy fibre with whole fibronectin using wet spinning approaches in order to synergize their respective strength and cell interaction capabilities. Results demonstrate that silk fibroin alone is a poor adhesive surface for fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells in the absence of serum. However, significantly improved cell attachment is observed to silk-fibronectin alloy fibres without serum present while not compromising the fibres' mechanical integrity. Additionally, cell viability is improved up to six fold on alloy fibres when serum is present while migration and spreading generally increase as well. These findings demonstrate the utility of composite protein alloys as inexpensive and effective means to create durable, biologically active biomaterials.

Introducing biomimetic shear and ion gradients to microfluidic spinning improves silk fiber strength.

Silkworm silk is an attractive biopolymer for biomedical applications due to its high mechanical strength and biocompatibility; as a result, there is increasing interest in scalable devices to spin silk and recombinant silk so as to improve and customize their properties for diverse biomedical purposes (Vepari and Kaplan 2007 Prog. Polym. Sci. 32 ). While artificial spinning of regenerated silk fibroins adds tunability to properties such as degradation rate and surface functionalization, the resulting fibers do not yet approach the mechanical strength of native silkworm silk. These drawbacks reduce the applicability and attractiveness of artificial silk (Kinahan et al 2011 Biomacromolecules 12 ). Here, we used computational fluid dynamic simulations to incorporate shear in tandem with biomimetic ion gradients by coupling a modular novel glass microfluidic device to our previous co-axial flow device. Fibers spun with this combined apparatus demonstrated a significant increase in mechanical strength compared to fibers spun with the basic apparatus alone, with a three-fold increase in Young's modulus and extensibility and a twelve-fold increase in toughness. These results thus demonstrate the critical importance of ionic milieu and shear stress in spinning strong fibers from solubilized silk fibroin.

Predicting Silk Fiber Mechanical Properties through Multiscale Simulation and Protein Design.

Silk is a promising material for biomedical applications, and much research is focused on how application-specific, mechanical properties of silk can be designed synthetically through proper amino acid sequences and processing parameters. This protocol describes an iterative process between research disciplines that combines simulation, genetic synthesis, and fiber analysis to better design silk fibers with specific mechanical properties. Computational methods are used to assess the protein polymer structure as it forms an interconnected fiber network through shearing and how this process affects fiber mechanical properties. Model outcomes are validated experimentally with the genetic design of protein polymers that match the simulation structures, fiber fabrication from these polymers, and mechanical testing of these fibers. Through iterative feedback between computation, genetic synthesis, and fiber mechanical testing, this protocol will enable a priori prediction capability of recombinant material mechanical properties via insights from the resulting molecular architecture of the fiber network based entirely on the initial protein monomer composition. This style of protocol may be applied to other fields where a research team seeks to design a biomaterial with biomedical application-specific properties. This protocol highlights when and how the three research groups (simulation, synthesis, and engineering) should be interacting to arrive at the most effective method for predictive design of their material.

Effect of Terminal Modification on the Molecular Assembly and Mechanical Properties of Protein-Based Block Copolymers.

Accurate prediction and validation of the assembly of bioinspired peptide sequences into fibers with defined mechanical characteristics would aid significantly in designing and creating materials with desired properties. This process may also be utilized to provide insight into how the molecular architecture of many natural protein fibers is assembled. In this work, computational modeling and experimentation are used in tandem to determine how peptide terminal modification affects a fiber-forming core domain. Modeling shows that increased terminal molecular weight and hydrophilicity improve peptide chain alignment under shearing conditions and promote consolidation of semicrystalline domains. Mechanical analysis shows acute improvements to strength and elasticity, but significantly reduced extensibility and overall toughness. These results highlight an important entropic function that terminal domains of fiber-forming peptides exhibit as chain alignment promoters, which ultimately has notable consequences on the mechanical behavior of the final fiber products.

Predictive modelling-based design and experiments for synthesis and spinning of bioinspired silk fibres.

Scalable computational modelling tools are required to guide the rational design of complex hierarchical materials with predictable functions. Here, we utilize mesoscopic modelling, integrated with genetic block copolymer synthesis and bioinspired spinning process, to demonstrate de novo materials design that incorporates chemistry, processing and material characterization. We find that intermediate hydrophobic/hydrophilic block ratios observed in natural spider silks and longer chain lengths lead to outstanding silk fibre formation. This design by nature is based on the optimal combination of protein solubility, self-assembled aggregate size and polymer network topology. The original homogeneous network structure becomes heterogeneous after spinning, enhancing the anisotropic network connectivity along the shear flow direction. Extending beyond the classical polymer theory, with insights from the percolation network model, we illustrate the direct proportionality between network conductance and fibre Young's modulus. This integrated approach provides a general path towards de novo functional network materials with enhanced mechanical properties and beyond (optical, electrical or thermal) as we have experimentally verified.

Structure-function-property-design interplay in biopolymers: spider silk.

Spider silks have been a focus of research for almost two decades due to their outstanding mechanical and biophysical properties. Recent advances in genetic engineering have led to the synthesis of recombinant spider silks, thus helping to unravel a fundamental understanding of structure-function-property relationships. The relationships between molecular composition, secondary structures and mechanical properties found in different types of spider silks are described, along with a discussion of artificial spinning of these proteins and their bioapplications, including the role of silks in biomineralization and fabrication of biomaterials with controlled properties.

High-pressure cell for neutron diffraction with in situ pressure control at cryogenic temperatures.

Pressure generation at cryogenic temperatures presents a problem for a wide array of experimental techniques, particularly neutron studies due to the volume of sample required. We present a novel, compact pressure cell with a large sample volume in which load is generated by a bellow. Using a supply of helium gas up to a pressure of 350 bar, a load of up to 78 kN is generated with leak-free operation. In addition, special fiber ports added to the cryogenic center stick allow for in situ pressure determination using the ruby pressure standard. Mechanical stability was assessed using finite element analysis and the dimensions of the cell have been optimized for use with standard cryogenic equipment. Load testing and on-line experiments using NaCl and BiNiO3 have been done at the WISH instrument of the ISIS pulsed neutron source to verify performance.

Sound velocities of PbTe to 14 GPa: evidence for coupling between acoustic and optic phonons.

Sound velocities of PbTe have been determined to 14 GPa using an ultrasonic interferometric method, which allowed for a detailed investigation of the characteristic variations of P and S wave velocities across the phase transitions from Fm3¯m (B1) to the orthorhombic Pbnm to Pm3¯m (B2). Elastic bulk and shear moduli and their pressure derivatives have been determined by fitting the measured velocities using a finite-strain approach. Based on the measured velocities and Debye theory, an estimate is made of the acoustic phonon contribution to the thermal conductivity, considering inter-phonon interactions only. By combining this result with previous determinations of the thermal conductivity due to electrons, the combination was found to have a significantly lower value than the previously determined total thermal conductivity. This is interpreted as evidence for coupling between the low-lying transverse optic (TO) and longitudinal acoustic (LA) modes, allowing the transfer of thermal energy from the acoustic to the optic modes. Possible explanations are discussed in the paper.

International recommendations for training future toxicologic pathologists participating in regulatory-type, nonclinical toxicity studies.

The International Federation of Societies of Toxicologic Pathologists (IFSTP) proposes a common global framework for training future toxicologic pathologists who will support regulatory-type - nonclinical toxicology studies. Trainees optimally should undertake a scientific curriculum of at least 5 years at an accredited institution leading to a clinical degree (veterinary medicine or medicine). Trainees should then obtain 4 or more years of intensive pathology practice during a residency and/or on-the-job "apprenticeship," at least 2 years of which must be focused on regulatory-type toxicologic pathology topics. Possession of a recognized pathology qualification (i.e., certification) is highly recommended. A nonclinical pathway (e.g., a graduate degree in medical biology or pathology) may be possible if medically trained pathologists are scarce, but this option is not optimal. Regular, lifelong continuing education (peer review of nonclinical studies, professional meetings, reading, short courses) will be necessary to maintain and enhance one's understanding of current toxicologic pathology knowledge, skills, and tools. This framework should provide a rigorous yet flexible way to reliably train future toxicologic pathologists to generate, interpret, integrate, and communicate data in regulatory-type, nonclinical toxicology studies.

International recommendations for training future toxicologic pathologists participating in regulatory-type, nonclinical toxicity studies.

The International Federation of Societies of Toxicologic Pathologists (IFSTP) proposes a common global framework for training future toxicologic pathologists who will support regulatory-type nonclinical toxicology studies. Trainees optimally should undertake a scientific curriculum of at least 5 years at an accredited institution leading to a clinical degree (veterinary medicine or medicine). Trainees should then obtain 4 or more years of intensive pathology practice during a residency and/or on-the-job "apprenticeship," at least 2 years of which must be focused on regulatory-type toxicologic pathology topics. Possession of a recognized pathology qualification (i.e., certification) is highly recommended. A non-clinical pathway (e.g., a graduate degree in medical biology or pathology) may be possible if medically trained pathologists are scarce, but this option is not optimal. Regular, lifelong continuing education (peer review of nonclinical studies, professional meetings, reading, short courses) will be necessary to maintain and enhance one's understanding of current toxicologic pathology knowledge, skills, and tools. This framework should provide a rigorous yet flexible way to reliably train future toxicologic pathologists to generate, interpret, integrate, and communicate data in regulatory-type, nonclinical toxicology studies.

A hitchhiker's guide to parasite transmission: The phoretic behaviour of feather lice.

Transmission to new hosts is a fundamental challenge for parasites. Some species meet this challenge by hitchhiking on other, more mobile parasite species, a behaviour known as phoresis. For example, feather-feeding lice that parasitise birds disperse to new hosts by hitchhiking on parasitic louse flies, which fly between individual birds. Oddly, however, some species of feather lice do not engage in phoresis. For example, although Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) "wing" lice (Columbicola columbae) frequently move to new hosts phoretically on louse flies (Pseudolynchia canariensis), Rock Pigeon "body" lice (Campanulotes compar) do not. This difference in phoretic behaviour is puzzling because the two species of lice have very similar life cycles and are equally dependent on transmission to new hosts. We conducted a series of experiments designed to compare the orientation, locomotion and attachment capabilities of these two species of lice, in relation to louse flies. We show that wing lice use fly activity as a cue in orientation and locomotion, whereas body lice do not. We also show that wing lice are more capable of remaining attached to active flies that are walking, grooming or flying. The superior phoretic ability of wing lice may be related to morphological adaptations for life on wing feathers, compared to body feathers.

1H NMR pattern recognition and 31P NMR studies with d-Serine in rat urine and kidney, time- and dose-related metabolic effects.

Proton NMR spectroscopy of urine has previously been used to gain insight into the site and mechanism of toxic injury to the kidney. d-Serine injures the rat kidney, causing selective necrosis of the proximal straight tubules. Damage is accompanied by proteinuria, glucosuria, and amino aciduria, the latter preceding the onset of necrosis. This study has employed (1)H NMR spectroscopy of urine and (1)H NMR and (31)P NMR spectroscopy of kidney extracts to examine the nephrotoxic action of d-serine. Urine was collected 0-8 h (all doses) and 8-24, 24-48, 48-72, 72-96, and 96-120 h (500 mg/kg only) postdosing from Alderley Park rats given d-serine (62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg ip). (1)H NMR spectra were monitored for markers of tubular damage. Additionally, ATP and ADP were quantitated in kidney perchloric acid extracts, prepared after 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h (500 mg/kg) to assess energy status; serine was also measured in these samples. At 500 mg/kg, glucosuria, amino aciduria, and reduced citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and succinate were observed in urine at 0-8 h. Furthermore, serine and pyruvate levels were elevated at this time. After 8-24 h, similar changes were observed; however, they were more severe reflecting the development of the lesion prior to recovery. These perturbations were dose-related, in particular, for serine and pyruvate, with no alterations seen at 62.5 mg/kg. Kidney serine concentration rapidly increased, where it was maximal after 30 min and cleared by 8 h. A decline in ATP, to approximately 60-70% of control, was observed within the kidney at 2-4 h postdosing, when necrosis first becomes evident suggesting that mitochondrial function might be impaired in the early stages of d-serine-induced nephrotoxicity. The use of NMR spectroscopy has given a comprehensive overview of the effects of d-serine in vivo. Information on the excretion of serine and its effect on renal energy metabolism provides insight into the possible mechanism of renal tubule injury.

1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance pattern recognition studies with N-phenylanthranilic acid in the rat: time- and dose-related metabolic effects.

N-Phenylanthranilic acid (NPAA) causes renal papillary necrosis (RPN) in the rat following repeated oral dosing. Non-invasive early detection of RPN is difficult, but a number of potential biomarkers have been investigated, including phospholipid and uronic acid excretion. This study used 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis of urine to investigate urinary metabolic perturbations occurring in the rat following exposure to NPAA. Male Alderley Park rats received NPAA (300, 500 or 700 mg kg(-1) day(-1) orally) for 7 days, and urine was collected on days 7-8, 14-15, 21-22 and 28-29. In a separate study, urine was collected on days 1-2, 3-4, 5-6 and 7-8 from rats receiving 500 mg kg(-1) day(-1). Samples were analysed by 1H NMR spectroscopy combined with multivariate data analysis and clinical chemistry. Histopathology and clinical chemistry analysis of terminal blood samples was carried out following termination on days 4, 6, 8 and 29 (4 week time course) and days 2, 4, 6 and 8 (8 day study). Urine analysis revealed a marked, though variable, excretion of beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone (ketone bodies) seen on days 3-4, 5-6 and 7-8 of the study. It is postulated that the ketonuria might be secondary to an alteration in fatty acid metabolism due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. In addition, an elevation in urinary ascorbate was observed during the first 8 days of the study. Ascorbate is considered to be a biomarker of hepatic response, probably reflecting an increased hepatic activity due to glucuronidation of NPAA.