Caffeine protects against hippocampal alterations in type 2 diabetic rats via modulation of gliosis, inflammation and apoptosis.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is implicated in the injury of several organs, including the brain resulting in neuronal damage, which may lead to cognitive impairment and dementia. Additionally, it is linked to inflammation, cytokine release, apoptosis and various degenerative conditions. Astrocytes and microglia might have a role in mediating these processes. Caffeine, a psychoactive beverage, has been shown to reduce the risk of cognitive and memory impairment. This study proposes anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic role of caffeine, which can be mediated via microglia/astrocyte activation and overexpression of pro-inflammatory molecules. T2D was induced in rats by feeding with high fat high sugar diet and injecting a single low dose streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally. Other diabetic rats were given caffeine orally (in two doses) for 5 weeks, starting 1 week before STZ injection. Measurement of plasma cytokines, TNFα and IL6, was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. After sacrificing animals, brains were obtained and processed for histological evaluation. Immunohistochemistry was also performed using the following primary antibodies, anti-astrocyte marker GFAP, anti-microglia marker CD11b and apoptotic marker (anti-cleaved caspase-3). There was upregulation of IL6 and TNF-α in diabetic rats. Additionally, histological evaluation of the hippocampus of diabetic rats revealed cellular degeneration. There was increased immunostaining of GFAP, CD11b and cleaved caspase-3 in diabetic rats. Pretreatment with caffeine to diabetic rats, resulted in improvement of structural changes and decrease in cytokine levels and immuno-markers, expression, and this was in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, caffeine had an ameliorative role in enhancing hippocampal degenerative changes in T2D.

Clinical delineation of myasthenia gravis in the Kingdom of Bahrain.

OBJECTIVES: To report demographic and clinical data on 98 myasthenia gravis (MG) patients, seen over 5 years (January 2014-December 2018). METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational cohort study carried out at 3 hospitals in Bahrain. MG was classified into ocular or generalized types. We subdivided MG into early-onset (EOMG, ≤ 49 years) or late-onset (LOMG, > 49 years). Demographic and clinical data were recorded. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. RESULTS: 61.2% were females. The mean age at onset was 43.8±17.7 years in males and 43.1±15.7 years in females. 72.4% had EOMG. A pure ocular presentation was most common (51%). Limb weakness was more prevalent in AChR-positive patients. The MuSK group had more severe presentation. 57.1% of patients were AChR-positive, 3.1% MuSK-positive, and 39.8% double-seronegative. Generalized disease onset was more likely with AChR. Abnormal CT chest was seen in 24/69 (35%) including thymic hyperplasia, thymoma, and thymic atrophy. Pathology findings were thymic hyperplasia (55.0%), thymoma (30%), thymolipoma (10%), and normal thymus (5%). Treatment outcomes were favorable. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that MG was more common in females, with similar age at onset between males and females. The majority of patients had EOMG with ocular disease and AChR positivity. The clinical outcomes were favorable. Following a standardized protocol for MG diagnosis and workup is recommended.

Pharmacology and therapeutics resource session attendance and academic performance of pre-clerkship medical students in problem-based learning curricula.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between large-group classroom attendance by students and test achievement in problem-based learning (PBL) curricula is unclear. This study examined the correlation between attendance at resource sessions (hybrid lectures in the PBL curriculum) and test scores achieved in pharmacology and determined whether the score achieved was related to student gender. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study over one academic year of 1404 pre-clerkship medical students was performed. Class attendance during pharmacology resource sessions and MCQ test scores achieved in pharmacology were analysed. RESULTS: The percentage of students' attendance in resource sessions declined over three years of the programme, from 78.7 ± 27.5 in unit I to 22.1 ± 35.6 (mean ± SD) in unit IX. A significant but weakly positive correlation was evident between attendance and achievement in pharmacology (r = 0.280; p < 0.0001). The mean score of the students who attended > 50% of the resource sessions was significantly higher (p < 0.0001). Students who attended ≤50% were more likely to achieve lower tertile scores. The mean score achieved and the number of higher tertile scorers were higher among students who attended > 50% of the resource sessions. Although female students' attendance was significantly higher, no significant gender-related differences in either mean scores or top grades achieved were found. CONCLUSIONS: In a PBL curriculum, the classroom attendance of students in pharmacology declined during the pre-clerkship phase. A weak positive correlation was found between attendance and academic achievement, as measured by MCQ test scores. Factors other than motivation and attendance may confound gender-based academic performance and merit further research.

Association of Overweight and Obesity with High Fast Food Consumption by Gulf Cooperation Council Medical Students.

Fast food and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption, adiposity, and physical activity behavior were determined through a cross-sectional study with 251 medical students from the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Approximately 38% of the students were overweight or obese, and 56.2% consumed fast food in the past 24 h. Main reasons for consuming fast foods were lack of time to cook healthy food (51%), pleasant taste (26%) and the influence of family and friends (15%). Overweight status or obesity was more prevalent among males (50%), those having greater knowledge about calories in fast-food meals (51.6%), who checked fast food calories before eating (47.7%) or overestimated the amount of sugar in a soft drink (17.82 ± 26.59 spoons). Overweight or obese participants also performed more moderate physical activity (1.73 ± 2.08 days per week) compared to those with normal weight or underweight (p = <0.05). Fast food consumption can be curtailed by improving the availability of and access to healthier foods and implementing behavior change and regulatory interventions.

The Platelet Count and its Implications in Sickle Cell Disease Patients Admitted for Intensive Care.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In sickle cell disease (SCD) patients admitted for intensive care, evaluation of platelet counts in different types of sickle cell complications and its prognostic relevance are not well-studied. Illuminating these aspects were the objectives of this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A chart review of 136 adult SCD patients consecutively admitted to our Intensive Care Unit (ICU) was done. The prognosis on day 1 was assessed by Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) and multiple organ dysfunction scores (MODS). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves evaluated the ability of platelet counts, MODS, and APACHE II scores to predict survival. RESULTS: The most common types of crises were severe pain (n = 53), acute chest syndrome (n = 40), and infection (n = 18); 17 patients were nonsurvivors. Platelet counts varied widely (range, 19-838 × 109/L) with thrombocytopenia (n = 30) and thrombocytosis (n = 11). Counts correlated directly with leukocytes and reticulocytes; inversely with lactate dehydrogenase, APACHE, and MODS scores. Areas under ROC curve for platelets, MODS, and APACHE scores to predict survival were 0.73, 0.85, and 0.93, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In severe sickle cell crisis thrombocytopenia is more common than thrombocytosis. In the ICU, day 1 platelet counts correlate inversely with prognostic scores and are significantly reduced in multi-organ failure and nonsurvivors. A platelet count above 175 × 109/L predicts patient survival with high specificity and positive predictive value but lacks sensitivity.

Ethnic-Based Assessment of Vitamin D and Magnesium Status in the Kingdom of Bahrain.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is a major global health problem. Most previous studies focused attention on the significant role of sunlight exposure in the homeostasis of vitamin D and calcium blood levels. Magnesium is pivotal in the proper functioning of vitamin D, and the physiologic functions of different organs require a balanced vitamin D and magnesium status. The relationship between sunlight exposure and blood levels of vitamin D and magnesium has often been overlooked. The aim of this study was to evaluate vitamin D and magnesium status based on sunlight exposure and ethnicity in Bahraini and expatriate workers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2018 and September 2019. One hundred and seventy-four subjects participated in this study were subdivided based on their ethnicity and work environment-dependent exposure to sunlight into four groups: (1) Bahraini exposed (n=94), (2) Bahraini non-exposed (n=25), (3) expatriate exposed (n=31), and (4) expatriate non-exposed (n=24). Blood levels of vitamin D and magnesium were evaluated for all the participants. RESULTS:  Independent of ethnicity, vitamin D levels were insignificantly different among the studied groups and were all below the normal reference range. Yet, there was still a sunlight-dependent increase in vitamin D level that could be seen only in Bahraini workers. Magnesium levels were significantly higher in expatriates when compared to Bahraini workers. Sunlight-exposed expatriates had significantly higher magnesium levels than their Bahraini counterparts, while there was no significant difference between both ethnicities in the non-exposed groups. CONCLUSION: Country- and ethnic-specific definitions for vitamin D status and sunlight exposure are recommended. The assessment of magnesium status is pivotal in the overall assessment of vitamin D status.

Pre-hypertension and Hypertension Among University Students in Bahrain: A Study of Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In the last 20 years, hypertension has become more common among younger age groups. Based on a global meta-analysis, the combined prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension were 4.0% and 9.7%, respectively. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among university students and their associated risk factors. METHODS: Four hundred and eleven students aged between 18 and 25 (196 males and 215 females) were randomly selected to participate from the College of Medicine and Medical Sciences (CMMS) and the College of Business Administration, Bahrain. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire, which gathered information about lifestyle habits. Trained students measured the participant's blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) according to standardized settings. All risk factors were studied according to the study field and their gender. RESULTS:  The mean age of the participants was 16.4±0.9 years. Of the total participants, 61.3% (n= 252) were normotensive, 30.7% (n= 126) were pre-hypertensive, and 8% (n= 33) were hypertensive. The prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension was higher in male students, 13.8% (n=27) and 44.9% (n= 88), compared to female students, 2.8% (n=6) and 17.7% (n=38), respectively. The results of the univariate analysis showed an association of hypertension with the field of study, gender, age, BMI, exercise frequency, frequency of eating junk food, and family history of hypertension (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis found a significant association between hypertension and pre-hypertension with gender, the field of study, and BMI. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study revealed that hypertension and pre-hypertension are common among university students in Bahrain. The risk factors for these conditions include studying medicine, being male, and being obese.

Quality of Life in Kidney Donors: A Single-Center Experience.

BACKGROUND: Live kidney donation is used to treat end-stage renal disease, but it poses risks and decision-making challenges for donors. This study examines kidney donors' long-term quality of life (QOL). METHODS:  We conducted a cross-sectional survey on kidney donors between 1982 and 2018. We used the Short Form-36 (SF-36) (Arabic version) to measure the donors' QOL. Out of 60 donors contacted, 44 agreed to participate and responded. Demographic information, donor-recipient relationships, and specific questions about the donation were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of the donors was 50.1 ± 11.7 years at follow-up, and 26 (59.1%) were males. Most donors were siblings and parents, accounting for 36.4% (n=16) each. The time since the donation was 111.5 ± 97.1 months. All donors decided voluntarily to donate and all of them would do it again if given a chance. However, one donor (2.3%) complained that the donation had caused problems in his marriage, while six donors (13.4%) experienced clinically relevant distress, and two donors (4.5%) experienced financial disadvantages. Donors had high QOL scores, with a mean score of 73.1 and 96.9 (on a scale of 1-100) for the eight subscales. The highest score was for role social functioning, while the lowest was for energy/fatigue. The mean scores for the four fatigue subscales were low, ranging from 61.8 to 86.8. The lowest score was for feeling calm and reassured, while the highest was for feeling frustrated. In social functioning, the highest score was for the effect of mental health on work performance (97.2). We analyzed various demographic factors and their correlation with QOL and found no significant correlation in most domains regarding sociodemographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Our research indicates that most kidney donors have had a positive experience over the past four decades. Both male and female donors of all ages reported good long-term QOL, further enhanced by recognition and support from their families and friends. These findings provide further support for our current policy on organ donation.

Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, and Barriers Regarding Prediabetes Among Adults in Saudi Arabia.

Background Prediabetes refers to a clinical condition in which blood glucose levels are elevated but do not meet the threshold for diabetes. Prediabetes is now thought to be reversible; lifestyle changes and other interventions can be successfully implemented during the prediabetes phase to avoid the development of type 2 diabetes. This study aims to improve health outcomes among Saudi community members who are at risk of developing prediabetes by assessing their knowledge, attitudes, practices, and barriers using a validated prediabetes questionnaire. Methods This study employed a cross-sectional design across various regions of Saudi Arabia. It included patients who were all non-diabetic Saudi adults over 18 years old and visited outpatient clinics. Structured questionnaires, which included participants' demographic information, knowledge, attitudes, practices, and barriers related to prediabetes, were employed. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY) software program. Results Data from 641 patients were collected in this survey. The respondents were predominantly female (330, 51.5%), with the mean ± SD of age being 36.3 ± 12.3. The participant knowledge levels of prediabetes were found to be good (399, 62.2%), moderate (193, 30.1%), and poor (49, 7.6%). The knowledge scores were significantly associated with age (P = 0.027), educational level (P < 0.001), education in the medical field (P = 0.019), and monthly family income (P = 0.009). The overall attitude of the participants toward prediabetes was generally positive (468, 73%). The practices related to diet and lifestyle among the participants were generally poor (538, 84%). Some participants did not take blood sugar tests because they were not available (121, 18.9%), lacked time (179, 27.9%), and were afraid of learning the test results (130, 20.3%). Conclusion The study found that, despite possessing an adequate level of knowledge and positive attitudes, Saudi patients poorly practice prevention methods for prediabetes. It highlights the need for targeted interventions to improve prediabetes awareness, promote healthier lifestyles, and address screening barriers. Prioritizing evidence-based strategies that cater to diverse demographic needs can prevent the progression of type 2 diabetes and enhance public health. The findings emphasize the importance of health education in Saudi Arabia and suggest that future research should focus on overcoming barriers, such as management complexity, diagnosis apprehension, and time constraints for check-ups.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Colorectal Cancer's Prevention and Early Detection Among Older Adults in Kuwait: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, colorectal cancer is one of the significant public health concerns that imposes a substantial risk of morbidity and mortality. Early detection and management of colorectal cancer are necessary to improve the patient's prognosis and outcomes. Hence, several guidelines recommend screening patients at risk of colorectal cancer periodically. Patients' knowledge and attitudes toward screening measures influence their compliance with the guidelines. This study aimed to determine knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to prevention and early detection among older adults in Kuwait. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among Kuwaiti adults aged between 45 and 75 years attending the outpatient department in Kuwait's seven major hospitals. A convenience sampling technique was used to recruit the participants. A self-administered questionnaire consisted of four parts: sociodemographic and baseline characteristics, knowledge of colorectal cancer screening, attitudes toward colorectal cancer screening, and practices toward colorectal cancer screening. RESULTS: A total of 570 Kuwaiti patients were included, and half of them were males (n = 285). Most patients were aged between 45 and 50 years (53.8%), had a secondary school certificate (n = 357, 62.6%), and were unmarried (n = 419, 73.5%). Low levels of knowledge (<50%) and practices (<30%) toward colorectal cancer screening were seen among the participants. Statistically significant correlations were found between patients' knowledge about colorectal cancer screening and their attitudes (r = 0.317, P < 0.001) and practices (r = 0.330, P < 0.001). In addition, a moderately significant association was found between patients' attitudes and practices toward colorectal cancer screening. CONCLUSION: The study found that despite positive attitudes, Kuwaiti patients have low levels of knowledge and practice regarding colorectal cancer screening. This suggests a need for targeted, culturally sensitive educational programs and national campaigns to improve screening rates and address knowledge gaps.

Frequency of palmaris longus absence and its association with other anatomical variations in the Egyptian population.

The palmaris longus (PL) is one of the most variable muscles in the human body. Racial differences in its variation have been documented. Several studies have attempted to correlate PL absence with other anatomical variations. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of absence of PL, correlate it with gender and body side and to determine its association with other anatomical variations in the Egyptian population. The presence of PL was clinically determined in 386 Egyptians using the standard technique. All subjects were examined for the presence of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) to the fifth finger. Allen's test was done to assess the completeness of the superficial palmar arch (SPA). The overall prevalence of absence of the PL in Egyptian subjects was 50.8%. There was no significant difference in PL absence with regard to the body side but a significant difference was seen as regards gender and when bilateral absence of PL was compared to its unilateral absence. Absence of FDS tendon to the fifth finger was seen in 1.3% subjects. There was no association between the absence of the FDS tendon to the fifth finger and either presence or absence of PL and also between the absence of PL and the incompleteness of SPA in both genders. In conclusion, the prevalence of absence of PL in the Egyptian population represents one of the highest rates of absence to be reported for this muscle, which is significantly different from that in other ethnic groups.

Comparing Online and Face-to-Face Performance in Scientific Courses: A Retrospective Comparative Gender Study of Year-1 Students.

Purpose: As a result of COVID-19 pandemic, medical education at the Arabian Gulf University was instructed to apply online teaching instead of face-to-face for all phases of teaching at the University. Phase-1 is concerned with basic science courses delivered to year 1 students. We conducted this study to detect if there are any differences in the performance of medical students between online and face-to-face ways of learning. Also, a comparison between male and female performance in scientific courses was carried out in pre and during COVID-19 periods. Methods: The participant were first year students for pre COVID-19 period from 2018 to 2019 and during COVID-19 period from 2020 to 2021. The university used Moodle and Zoom as an online way of teaching. The students' performance in the year 1 (three-semester) -online period of teaching were compared with a three-semester-performance of conventional teaching prior to COVID-19. This is a retrospective study that attempts to shed some light on the efficiency of AGU experience in online learning for year 1 (Phase I) students. This study evaluates the outcome of both, online and face-to-face examinations for scientific courses. Results: The results showed that the mean performance of year one medical students in all basic scientific courses (Phase I) during the coronavirus pandemic was greater than the mean performance before the pandemic with the exception of the Biostatistics course. The results by gender showed that the mean performance of females was better than males across all scientific courses before coronavirus. Also, during the COVID pandemic, the mean performance of females was better than males in all basic science courses. Conclusion: Year -1 students' performance in science courses during the coronavirus period seems better than pre COVID19 era. Females' performance was better than males' in both periods; pre and during COVID -19 periods.

Quality of Life among Hemodialysis Patients: Role of the Dialysis Shift.

This study examined the effects of the time of hemodialysis (HD) on patients' quality of life (QOL). This study included 175 HD patients (116 males, 59 females), aged 18-80 years (mean = 58.1 ± 11.3 years). Shift 1 was 7:00-11:00 AM, Shift 2 was 12:00-4:00 PM, Shift 3 was 5:00-9:00 PM, and Shift 4 was 10:00-2:00 AM (38, 38, 43, and 56 patients, respectively). Those on Shift 4 had a higher mean age compared with the other shifts, with a higher number of widowed people (8.6%). The proportions of males and females showed no significant differences among the shifts. The mean duration on dialysis was 42.1 ± 39.3 months, with a shorter duration for Shift 4. We observed the highest QOL score for the psychological and spiritual subscale, followed by the family subscale. Half the patients were dissatisfied with their jobs and had less satisfaction with their sexual life, their education, and getting a kidney transplant. We found a significant difference in overall QOL among shifts, with the greatest difference between Shifts 3 and 4. Health and functioning, psychological and spiritual, and social and economic scores were lowest in Shift 4, which was significantly different from Shift 1 and Shift 3. We found significant associations between overall QOL and general health, and the scores from different domains. Satisfaction was moderate in all groups. The study revealed poor QOL among Shift 4 patients; hence, they need more support in clinical practice guidelines.

Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Versus Peritoneal Dialysis Patients in Bahrain.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic diseases, including chronic kidney disease, affect patients' quality of life (QOL). Hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) are renal replacement methods in these patients. This work aimed to study the relationship between QOL scores in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on HD and PD. METHODS: This study was done at Salmaniya Medical Complex (SMC), Bahrain, from May to July 2023. A standard QOL index score instrument in Arabic form was used on 76 HD and 38 PD patients. The inclusion criteria included dialysis for at least three months and an age of more than 18 years with no severe morbidities or psychological diseases. RESULTS: The mean age of HD and PD patients was 58.7 ± 11.2 and 55.9 ± 12.1 years, respectively. Thirty-five (46.1%) of the HD patients and 17 (44.7%) of the PD patients were females. In most dimensions, the QOL score of the patients treated with PD was better than that of the HD group. The number of hospital admissions was statistically significantly higher in the HD group (p = 0.007); however, there was no significant difference in the causes of admissions (p = 0.131). In this study, we observed the highest QOL score in the family subscale (93.2 ± 9.2 and 98.6 ± 4.7), followed by the psychological/spiritual subscale (81.1 ± 16.7 and 97.6 ± 3.9) in the HD and PD groups, respectively), but it was statistically significantly higher in the PD group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings show that patients starting PD had better QOL scores in all domains than patients starting HD. Moreover, patients on PD maintained more active social support and ultimately felt better emotional well-being and physical health than those undergoing HD.

Predictive validity of admission criteria in predicting academic performance of medical students: A retrospective cohort study.

Introduction: Admission to medical school is one of the most competitive entry points in higher education. Medical school admissions committees need accurate and precise screening tools to select among well-qualified applicants. This study explores data from a cohort of graduated medical students over 6 years to offer a critical perspective on predictive validity in medical school admissions. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 160 students was performed to identify the predictive validity of admission criteria for medical students to predict academic performance over 6 years for a cohort of all students enrolled in the medical program during the academic year 2013-2014. Results: The main results indicated that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the admission criteria and Students' performance in Year 1, Year 4, B.Sc. (Bachelor of Medical Science) exam, and Medical Doctor (MD) exam across the 6 years of the medical program, except for the English Test, which showed that there was no significant correlation with average MD exam scores for students who enrolled directly in Year 1. The results related to students who were admitted to the Foundation Program showed that there was no significant correlation between high school Grade Point Average (HSGPA) and their academic performance in Year 1, Year 4, B.Sc. exam, and MD exam. The overall results related to all study samples indicated that all predictor variables correlate significantly with all outcome variables (academic performance), and the results showed that Science test scores demonstrated 27.7, 15.0, 19.7, and 12.6% of variation in Students' performance in Year 1, Year 4, B.Sc. exam, and MD exam, respectively. Conclusion: Science test scores were found to be more predictive of academic performance compared to other predictors. Not all the admission criteria used for student selection are good indicators of their achievement in the medical program. It is recommended that other valid and reliable admission tools, such as the multiple mini-interviews and the questionnaire for a candidate's suitability to follow a problem-based learning curriculum, should be considered.

Online, Face-to-Face, or Blended Learning? Faculty and Medical Students' Perceptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Method Study.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic forced educational institutions to adopt online methods which were inevitable to keep continuity of education across all academia after suspension of traditional educational systems. The aim of this study was to explore the experience of faculty and students of online and face-to-face learning, and their preference of the mode of learning after the pandemic. METHODS: This is a mixed-method study. Quantitative data was collected through a survey from 194 medical students and 33 faculty members, while qualitative data was collected through two focus group discussions with 9 students and another two with 13 faculty members. Quantitative variables were presented as means and standard deviations. Paired samples t-test and Chi-square test were used. Thematic analysis of qualitative data was used to code, interpret, and make sense of data. RESULTS: Mean scores of responses of faculty members and students were higher for face-to-face and blended learning compared to online learning in all survey statements with statistically significant differences. More than half of the students (53.1%) preferred the face-to-face mode of learning, while most of the faculty members (60.6%) preferred the blended mode of learning. Qualitative analysis identified five themes, namely: "Transforming the way theoretical teaching sessions are given," "Face-to-face teaching at campus cannot be replaced for some types of education," "Interaction in online sessions is limited," "Problems and challenges of online examinations," and "Technical issues and challenges of online education." It revealed suggestions that at least 30% of the curriculum could be taught online post-COVID-19. Some aspects of clinically oriented teaching including history taking and case discussions can also be delivered online in the future. Faculty members and students reported that dealing with online education was not difficult, although the transition was not smooth. CONCLUSION: Medical students and faculty members were in favor of face-to-face and blended modes of learning. However, they perceived online mode of learning as an acceptable adaptation in theoretical teaching and in some clinically oriented teaching including history taking and clinical case discussions. Although face-to-face education in medicine is irreplaceable, the blended mode of learning remains an acceptable and practical solution for the post-COVID era.

Safety and Immunogenicity of COVID-19 BBIBP-CorV Vaccine in Children 3-12 Years Old.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the current COVID-19 pandemic, children below the age of 12 could manifest COVID-19 symptoms and serve as a reservoir for the virus in the community. The present study was conducted to evaluate the reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of BBIBP-CorV, prior to involving this age group in the vaccination program in the kingdom of Bahrain. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study included 582 children from 3 to 12 years old of Bahraini and non-Bahraini nationality, all of which contributed to the reactogenicity study. Of those, 401 contributed to the immunogenicity study. All children received 2 doses of BBIBP-CorV inactivated virus 3 weeks apart. To assess reactogenicity, children were followed up for 5 weeks to evaluate any vaccine-related adverse events (AE). To assess immunogenicity, blood was collected on day 0 and day 35 to assess antibody titer against S, N, and neutralizing antibody. RESULTS: Of the 582 participants, (45.4%) were female, (54.61%) were male, with 49% in 9-12 age group. Of the 401 children contributing to the immunogenicity study, 274 (68.3%) had no prior exposure to COVID-19. The overall incidence of AE was 27.7%. No significant difference was found among different age groups. The most frequent AE was local (at the injection site) and occurred in 16% of children, followed by fever in 9.3%. No serious adverse events were reported. The Seroconversion rate was 100% among children with no prior exposure to COVID-19. Children with previous COVID-19 exposure had higher averages of anti-S (2379 U/mL compared to 409.1), anti-N (177.6 U/mL compared to 30.9) and neutralizing antibody (93.7 U/mL compared to 77.1) than children with no prior exposure at day 35. CONCLUSIONS: Two doses of COVID-19 BBIBP-CorV on the subjects aged between 3 to 12 has good safety and tolerance and can induce an effective immune response and neutralizing antibody titer.

Molecular detection of plasmid-derived AmpC ß-lactamase among clinical strains of Enterobacteriaceae in Bahrain.

BACKGROUND: Enterobacteriaceae with AmpC ß-lactamase are multidrug-resistant organisms and represent a significant challenge to patient care. This study aims to determine the prevalence of plasmid-derived AmpC ß-lactamase among extended spectrum ß-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains in Bahrain. METHODS: It was a cross-sectional study. A total of 185 ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates were recovered from clinically significant specimens from January 2018 to December 2019. The samples underwent initial screen for cefoxitin resistance by disc diffusion test and subsequent phenotypic confirmation of AmpC production with phenyl boronic acid assays as well as genotypic analysis by multiplex polymerase chain reactions for AmpC subtypes. Drug-resistant features of these clinical isolates were also examined. RESULTS: Twenty-nine ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates were cefoxitin resistant. Phenotypic and genotypic analyses confirmed that 8 and 12 cefoxitin-resistant isolates are AmpC positive, respectively. These AmpC producers are multidrug resistant, and Escherichia coli is the dominant strain among them. CONCLUSIONS: Plasmid-mediated spread of AmpC is present in clinically relevant Enterobacteriaceae species in Bahrain. Rational antimicrobial therapy against these multidrug-resistant organisms and continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms among the clinical isolates are recommended for optimal patient care.

Outcome of Undergraduate Medical Education using Medical Simulation according to Students' Feedback.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine students' overall satisfaction with clinical simulation sessions and compare the satisfaction levels of obstetrics/gynaecology (OBGYN) students (group one) and internal medicine students (group two). METHODS: This study was conducted from January to June 2019 at the Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain. Students from year five were included and offered sessions that used simulations to support clinical skill development. Data were collected using a five-point Likert scale (i.e. strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree) via feedback forms. RESULTS: A total of 150 students were included in this study (response rate: 99.07%). In groups of seven, the students attended five cycles of simulations with two sessions per cycle in each specialty over six months. The mean percentage of responses of "strongly agree" and "agree" was 97.8 ± 2.3% in group one and 95.7 ± 2.7% in group two. The satisfaction scores of group one were higher than those from group two for all statements. Significant differences were found between groups one and two in their responses to the statement of whether the simulation session was relevant to clinical practice (100% versus 92.9%; P <0.001) and whether the debriefing session was useful (98.1% versus 94.8%; P = 0.015). CONCLUSION: Students indicated high satisfaction after attending the simulation sessions; however, OBGYN students were more satisfied compared to those studying internal medicine.

Quality of life and its determinants among hemodialysis patients: A single-center study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between selected demographic and clinical characteristics and quality of life (QOL) scores in patients with end-stage renal disease who receive dialysis. We conducted the study at one hemodialysis (HD) unit in Bahrain from May 2018 to July 2018. We used standard QOL Index (QOLI) score instrument in Arabic form. This study included 100 patients (66 men and 34 women), aged 22 to 80 years on treatment with maintenance HD for four to 190 months. Inclusion criteria were as follows: those aged >18 years with no severe morbidities or psychological diseases and were on dialysis for at least three months. The following QOL scores were recorded: the health and functioning domain (64.8 ± 15.3), the social and economic domain (65.6 ± 14.1), the psychological/spiritual domain (74.9 ± 14.3), and the family subscale domain (75.9 ± 14.5). Male patients had reduced QOL though not statistically significant and younger patients had better QOL scores. The QOL scores revealed a decreasing trend with decreasing level of education, and they were higher among those who were not working and stayed at home. In addition, the family subclass scores were significantly higher among the married patients. Correlations between the demographic characteristics and QOL scores showed that there was a significant negative correlation between family domain and educational level and marital status, while there was a significant positive correlation between residence and psychological domain. Age, gender, marital status, residence, ethnicity, education level, employment status, income, and duration on HD nonsignificantly affected one or more domains of QOLI scores in such patients. Adequate management of these factors could influence patient outcomes.